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The economic burden of HIV extends beyond the individual level and affects communities and countries. HIV can lead to decreased economic growth due to lost productivity and increased healthcare costs. In some countries, the HIV epidemic has led to a reduction in life expectancy, which can impact the overall quality of life and economic prosperity. Therefore, it is significant to investigate the intricate dynamics of this viral infection to know how the virus interacts with the immune system. In the current research, we will formulate the dynamics of HIV infection in the host body to conceptualize the interaction of T-cells and the immune system. The recommended model of HIV infection is presented with the help of fractional calculus for more precious outcomes. We introduce numerical methods to demonstrate how the input parameters affect the output of the system. The dynamical behavior and chaotic nature of the system are visualized with the variation of different input factors. The system’s tracking path has been numerically depicted and the impact of the viruses on T-cells has been demonstrated. In addition to this, the key factors of the system has been predicted through numerical findings. Our results predict that the strong non-linearity of the system is responsible for the chaos and oscillation, which are so closely related. The chaotic parameters of the system are highlighted and are recommended for the control of the chaos of the system.

In this article, a generalized midpoint-type Hermite–Hadamard inequality and Pachpatte-type inequality via a new fractional integral operator associated with the Caputo–Fabrizio derivative are presented. Furthermore, a new fractional identity for differentiable convex functions of first order is proved. Then, taking this identity into account as an auxiliary result and with the assistance of Hölder, power-mean, Young, and Jensen inequality, some new estimations of the Hermite-Hadamard (H-H) type inequality as refinements are presented. Applications to special means and trapezoidal quadrature formula are presented to verify the accuracy of the results. Finally, a brief conclusion and future scopes are discussed.

In this paper, we obtain reverse Minkowski inequalities pertaining to new weighted generalized fractional integral operators. Moreover, we derive several important special cases for suitable choices of functions. In order to demonstrate the efficiency of our main results, we offer many concrete examples as applications.

This article deals with analysing the positivity, monotonicity and convexity of the discrete nabla fractional operators with exponential kernels from the sense of Riemann and Caputo operators. These operators are called discrete nabla Caputo–Fabrizio–Riemann and Caputo–Fabrizio–Caputo fractional operators. Further, some of our results concern sequential nabla Caputo–Fabrizio–Riemann and Caputo–Fabrizio–Caputo fractional differences, such as ∇aCFRμ∇bCFCυh(x), for various values of start points a and b, and for orders υ and μ in different ranges. Three illustrative examples of the main lemmas in the case of Riemann–Liouville are given at the end of the article.

In the present work, we study the COVID-19 infection through a new mathematical model using the Caputo derivative. The model has all the possible interactions that are responsible for the spread of disease in the community. We first formulate the model in classical differential equations and then extend it into fractional differential equations using the definition of the Caputo derivative. We explore in detail the stability results for the model of the disease-free case when R0<1. We show that the model is stable locally when R0<1. We give the result that the model is globally asymptotically stable whenever R0≤1. Further, to estimate the model parameters, we consider the real data of the fourth wave from Pakistan and provide a reasonable fitting to the data. We estimate the basic reproduction number for the proposed data to be R0=1.0779. Moreover, using the real parameters, we present the numerical solution by first giving a reliable scheme that can numerically handle the solution of the model. In our simulation, we give the graphical results for some sensitive parameters that have a large impact on disease elimination. Our results show that taking into consideration all the possible interactions can describe COVID-19 infection.

Here, in this article, we investigate the solution of a general family of fractional-order differential equations by using the spectral Tau method in the sense of Liouville–Caputo type fractional derivatives with a linear functional argument. We use the Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind to develop a recurrence relation subjected to a certain initial condition. The behavior of the approximate series solutions are tabulated and plotted at different values of the fractional orders ν and α. The method provides an efficient convergent series solution form with easily computable coefficients. The obtained results show that the method is remarkably effective and convenient in finding solutions of fractional-order differential equations.

In this paper, the authors define a new generic class of functions involving a certain modified Fox–Wright function. A useful identity using fractional integrals and this modified Fox–Wright function with two parameters is also found. Applying this as an auxiliary result, we establish some Hermite–Hadamard-type integral inequalities by using the above-mentioned class of functions. Some special cases are derived with relevant details. Moreover, in order to show the efficiency of our main results, an application for error estimation is obtained as well.