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Women are thought to form fear memory more robust than men do and testosterone is suspected to play a role in determining such a sex difference. Mouse cued fear freezing was used to study the sex-related susceptibility and the role of testosterone in fear memory in humans. A 75-dB tone was found to provoke weak freezing, while 0.15-mA and 0.20-mA footshock caused strong freezing responses. No sex differences were noticed in the tone- or footshock-induced (naïve fear) freezing. Following the conditionings, female mice exhibited greater tone (cued fear)-induced freezing than did male mice. Nonetheless, female mice demonstrated indistinctive cued fear freezing across the estrous phases and ovariectomy did not affect such freezing in female mice. Orchidectomy enhanced the cued fear freezing in male mice. Systemic testosterone administrations and an intra-lateral nucleus of amygdala (LA) testosterone infusion diminished the cued fear freezing in orchidectomized male mice, while pretreatment with flutamide (Flu) eradicated these effects. Long-term potentiation (LTP) magnitude in LA has been known to correlate with the strength of the cued fear conditioning. We found that LA LTP magnitude was indeed greater in female than male mice. Orchidectomy enhanced LTP magnitude in males' LA, while ovariectomy decreased LTP magnitude in females' LA. Testosterone decreased LTP magnitude in orchidectomized males' LA and estradiol enhanced LTP magnitude in ovariectomized females' LA. Finally, male mice had lower LA GluR1 expression than female mice and orchidectomy enhanced the GluR1 expression in male mice. These findings, taken together, suggest that testosterone plays a critical role in rendering the sex differences in the cued fear freezing and LA LTP. Testosterone is negatively associated with LA LTP and the cued fear memory in male mice. However, ovarian hormones and LA LTP are loosely associated with the cued fear memory in female mice., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study was undertaken to test whether de novo protein synthesis in the basolateral (BLA) and central (CeA) nucleus of amygdala was required for reconsolidation of emotion-related memories. Mice were trained to sequentially acquire both cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and step through passive avoidance (PA) memories. Immediately following PA retrieval, intra-BLA anisomycin infusion was found to decrease subsequent PA performance in retests. Immediately following PA retrieval, intra-CeA anisomycin infusion did not acutely affect PA performance but decreased such a PA memory 5 days later. Given PA retrieval procedure was omitted, intra-BLA and intra-CeA anisomycin infusion did not affect PA memory. Likewise, intra-BLA anisomycin infusion immediately following cocaine-induced CPP retrieval was found to decrease cocaine-induced CPP magnitude in early and late retests. Immediately after cocaine-induced CPP retrieval, intra-CeA anisomycin infusion did not acutely affect cocaine-induced CPP but decreased this memory 5 days later. Given the cocaine-induced CPP retrieval procedure was omitted, intra-BLA and intra-CeA anisomycin infusion did not affect cocaine-induced CPP in subsequent retests. These results, taken together, imply that de novo protein synthesis in amygdala plays an important role in modulating reconsolidation of emotion-related memory. More importantly, de novo protein synthesis in the BLA is essential for early phase reconsolidation of retrieved emotion-related memories. Protein synthesis in the CeA is required for late phase reconsolidation of retrieved emotion-related memories.

Two hypotheses were tested in this study. First, blockade of neural activity by lidocaine immediately following the retrieval of a memory may impair the reconsolidation and subsequent expression of that memory. Second, a non-retrieved memory would not be affected by this lidocaine treatment. Since the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is involved in emotion-related memory, an intra-BLA lidocaine infusion was used immediately after the retrieval of two emotion-related memories, the step-through passive avoidance response (PA) and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Intra-BLA lidocaine infusion immediately after cocaine-induced CPP retrieval diminished CPP magnitude in retests. However, intra-BLA lidocaine infusion alone did not affect cocaine-induced CPP performance. Intra-BLA lidocaine infusion immediately after PA retrieval decreased PA performance in retests. Omission of PA retrieval procedure, intra-BLA lidocaine infusion did not affect subsequent PA performance. Surprisingly, intra-BLA lidocaine infusion immediately following the retrieval of PA or cocaine-induced CPP diminished both PA and cocaine-induced CPP performance in the retests. Finally, Fos-staining results revealed that a number of BLA neurons were activated by the retrieval of both cocaine-induced CPP and PA. We conclude that inactivation of neural activity in BLA immediately following retrieval of a fear or cocaine-conditioned memory can impair subsequent expression of both memories. More importantly, retrieval of a memory does not seem to be an absolute condition for rapidly changing the memory., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)