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Amiota multiplex, sp. nov. Figures 29E–F, 30E–F, 33, 86C DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.65 mm), black; frons silvery on ventral half, especially ventrolateral corners; epandrium tall, dorsally complete, cerci situated low; outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, consisting of 2 lobes with 5 pairs of narrow, curved spines; inner paraphyses small, clavate, distal end setose, covered in 6–8 fine setulae; ejaculatory apodeme small. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.65 mm), black, legs dark yellow. Frons dark and rather shimmering, especially at ventrolateral corners. Cheek somewhat deep for size (EL/CW 9.25); anterior half dark yellow, posterior half brown. Palp yellow. Arista: Very short, plumose, branches decumbent; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.24; 3 dorsal, 0 ventral branches; branch D3 pointed mediad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia nearly to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium tall, height ~1.25× width; fused at midline, not grading into surrounding membrane; ventral lobes setose, line of setae along medial margin of epandrium. Cercus position low, with large triangularshaped membranous region above; pendulous, not grading into surrounding membrane; slightly narrowed ventrally. Surstylus wide at base, tapered distally; ventral half with very long, fine scattered setulae; 8 short prensisetae, apices blunt. Subepandrial sclerite rounded, U-shaped with an acute, mucronate point; inner margin thickened; subepandrial appendage not well developed. Outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized; consisting of 2 large lobes with a thickened lip on posterior margin; 5 pairs of zygomorphic appendages; most apical pair slender, sinuous, pointed posteriorly; second pair arising medially to apical pair, oriented laterally; third pair ventral to apex, appendages curved, oriented posteriorly; fourth pair arising proximally, curved downward, oriented ventrally; fifth pair most proximal, sinuous, slender, oriented anteriorly; 2 appendages arising between fourth and fifth pairs, each oriented laterally, crossing midline. Inner paraphysis clavate, slender; distal end expanded to rounded pad, setose, with 6–8 fine setulae. Aedeagal apodeme nearly bent at 90° angle; basal region with widely flared flanges; middle region constricted; distal end round, with a minute medial cleft running to the midpoint, but no significant emargination. Hypandrium U-shaped, width consistent; apex notched, accommodating paraphyses; lateral arm with a small, thickened swelling. Ejaculatory apodeme very small, 0.25× length of the epandrium, barely sclerotized. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 1552) FL/FW 0.75, EL/EW 1.14, EL/CW 9.25, FML/FMW 0.31, PR /RR 0.60, ThL 1.65 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 11 mi. E. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.785100, -105.536622], June 13, 1964, J.F. McAlpine, 8000′, Am 1552, [pinned specimen, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: From Latin, meaning “complex, multilayered,” in reference to the outer paraphysis. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota multiplex is known only from Durango State in Mexico. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the face and eyes as other Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

THE NEBOJSA SPECIES GROUP (NEW GROUP) DIAGNOSIS: Large to very large flies; thorax dark blackish brown, body with typical white markings; frons dark, mostly dull, anterior portion with faint bluish-silvery pollinosity; facial marking quite large; cheek deep; aristal branches short to medium length, confined to base in some species. Male genitalia: Uniform; epandrium with lateral projection on anterior margin; surstylus with lateral fingerlike lobe; subepandrial sclerite large, recurved; subepandrial appendage prominent, rather heart-shaped in posterior view; outer paraphyses heavily sclerotized, with 1–3 dorsal spines and preapical dorsal hook; inner paraphysis lost; hypandrium with large, bulging gonopod on lateral arm; ejaculatory apodeme large, nearly equal to or larger than depth of epandrium in most species. NEARCTIC SPECIES: Amiota amputata, sp. nov., A. latilabrum, sp. nov., A. nebojsa Máca, A. occidentalis, sp. nov., A. oviraptor, sp. nov., and A. subnebojsa, sp. nov. COMMENTS: This distinctive group is found in the western United States, British Columbia, and throughout Mexico. Members of this species group are difficult to identify through external morphology. Several species can be caught in a single series. Dissection of the male genitalia is critical for identification to the species level, with emphasis on lateral view of the outer paraphysis (fig. 60)., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 98-99, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota subtusradiata Duda, 1934 Amiota alboguttata var. subtusradiata Duda, 1934: 32 (original description). Amiota subtusradiata Duda, 1934: Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Máca, 1980: 336 (description, genitalia figured, lectotype designated); Chen and Toda, 2001: 1540 (description); Bächli et al., 2004: 43 (description, genitalia figured); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 256 (world catalog). Amiota quadrata Takada and Toda, 1981: 2 (type locality: Canada, Northwest Territories, Inuvik; deposited in Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, EIHU). Amiota subtusradiata subsp. quadrata Takada and Toda, 1981 (Toda et al. 1996; stat. nov., as subspecies of A. subtusradiata Duda). TYPE MATERIAL: Lectotype as designated by Máca (1980): “ Finland: Tvärminne, without date, R. Frey lgt., Coll. Zool. Museum of the University Helsinki. This specimen, bearing a label with number 802, Duda’s determination label and a red label with the inscriptions ‘Holotypus’ (printed) and ‘unpublished’ (written).” Deposited in the Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (MZH). DISTRIBUTION: This species has a Holarctic distribution and is known from Europe, Far East Russia, Korea, Siberia, and Northwest Territories, Canada (Brake and Bächli, 2008). Michigan is also cited as a locality (due to a series collected by G. Steyskal), but these specimens are of A. byersi. COMMENTS: Takada and Toda (1981) described A. quadrata from specimens collected in the high arctic of Canada (Inuvik). This species was eventually considered to be a subspecies of A. subtusradiata (Toda et al., 1996). Regrettably, the entire type series was deposited in Hokkaido University rather than in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, which would have been a more convenient repository for restudy, and so remains unexamined for this revision. The figures of the male genitalia (Takada and Toda, 1981) complicate the comparison to the two new Nearctic species, and Toda et al. (1996) did not redescribe or refigure A. quadrata. We adopt the treatment of A. subtusradiata Duda from Bächli et al. (2004), which recognizes one broadly distributed, Holarctic A. subtusradiata (with no subspecies). Based on the description and figures from Bächli et al. (2004), we conclude that A. byersi and A. tibialis are different species from A. subtusradiata. Other synonyms of A. subtusradiata are reported by Bächli et al. (2004) in Eastern Asia. Eventually it would be useful to examine the type series of A. quadrata, along with European specimens of A. subtusradiata. It is very interesting that any species of Amiota is found so far north (Inuvik is ~ 68.331193, -133.610240), which is surrounded by tundra. The only nonconifers in which these Amiota could be breeding would be willows (Salica-ceae). The holotype of A. quadrata was collected on traps baited with banana., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 92-95, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Duda, O. 1934. Drosophilidae. In E. Lindner (editor), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen region, part 58 g: 1 - 67. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Maca, J. 1980. European species of the subgenus Amiota s. str. (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 77: 328 - 346.","Chen, H. W., and M. J. Toda. 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and the establishment of species groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History 35: 1517 - 1563.","Bachli, G., C. R. Vilela, S. A. Escher, and A. Saura. 2004. The Drosophilidae of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, Vol 39: 1 - 362. Leiden: Brill.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.","Takada, H., and M. J. Toda. 1981. Notes on Arctic Canadian Diastatidae and Drosophilidae (Diptera), with the description of a new species. Journal of the Faculty of General Education, Sapporo University 18: 1 - 8.","Toda, M. J., V. S. Sidorenko, H. - A. Watabe, S. K. Kholin, and N. N. Vinokurov. 1996. A revision of the Drosophilidae (Diptera) in East Siberia and Russian Far East: taxonomy and biogeography. Zoological Science 13: 455 - 477."]}

Amiota sinaloensis, sp. nov. Figures 70C–D, 72H–I, 80, 96C DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.02–1.18 mm); dark brown, including entire pleura; frons dark, dull, wide; legs yellow; cheek deep, light brown; postpronotal lobe marking faint, subalar spot very faint or absent; arista with few, very short branches; cerci flattened, positioned low, ventral margins in line with ventral level of epandrium; surstylus apically narrow, with ca. 5 prensisetae; subepandrial appendage well developed; outer paraphyses asymmetrical, relatively short, forming L-shaped structure in lateral view, ventrally with 2 basal ostia; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.02–1.18 mm), body dark brown, uniformly so, even entire pleura including katepisternum; legs yellow. Frons dark, blackish-brown dorsally, light brown ventrally at lateral corners; relatively narrow (FML/FMW 0.20–0.28). Cheek deep (EL/CW 7.57–7.62), very light brown. Palp yellow. Postpronotal lobe marking faint, subalar spot extremely faint to absent. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.28; 2 dorsal branches at base, 2 ventral branches preapically; branch D3 pointed mediad; arista trunk with short to mediumlength microtrichia to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsally complete, margin discrete from membrane below; row of long ventral setae in lateral view. Cercus wedge shaped, flattened, dorsally narrow, ventrally expanded with flat margin, extending slightly beyond epandrium in lateral view; very large membranous area dorsally. Surstylus with broad base, apical half a narrow lobe; row of setulae on medial and lateral margins; 5 short prensisetae, apices blunt. Subepandrial appendage present, U-shaped, each distal end connected to membranous sheath bearing microtrichia; roughly heart shaped. Outer paraphyses asymmetrical; short, stout, heavily sclerotized; bases broad, narrowed apically; right paraphysis with bifid spine projected posteriorly, plus 2 smaller, simple ventral spines; left one with 3 short spines; 1 long preapical trichoid sensilla on each, plus several smaller ones, ventrally with 2 small ostia near base. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme flared with a concave depression; basal end with deep V-shaped notch, heavily sclerotized “flange” arising at the base and connecting to the midpoint; bent nearly 90° in lateral. Hypandrium thin at apex, forming distinct, wrinkled wings adjacent to paraphyses. Ejaculatory apodeme large, equal to depth of epandrium; heavily sclerotized. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 3; Am 433, 1415, 1419) FL/ FW 0.69 (0.62–0.73), EL/EW 1.25 (1.23–1.27), EL/CW 7.58 (7.57–7.62), FML/FMW 0.24 (0.20–0.28), PR /RR 0.41 (0.40–0.44), ThL 1.10 (1.02–1.18 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Portrerillos, Sin. [Sinaloa], 15 mi. W. El Palmito, MEX., [23.578657, -106.216630], 11.VII.1964, J.F. McAlpine, 5000′, Am 1419, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratype: Portrerillos, Sin. [Sinaloa], 15 mi. W. El Palmito, MEX., 8.VII.1964, J.F. McAlpine, 5000′, 1♂ (Am 1415*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: FincaPrusia (33km S. Jaltenango), 1000m, 1985-05-10 through 1985-05-12, leg. A. Freidberg, 1♂ (Am 433*, AMNH); 9 mi SW Teopisca Hwy 24, 1969-05-23, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1503*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Derived from Sinaloa State in Mexico, location of the type series. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota sinaloensis is currently known from Sinaloa and Chiapas states in Mexico. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the eyes and face as in other Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 138-139, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota texas, sp. nov. Figures 17E–F, 19F, 25, 84C DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.21 mm), dark brown; epandrium dorsally complete, ventral lobes curved inward; cerci large; aedeagal apodeme small, translucent, and poorly developed; outer paraphysis linear, well developed, laterally flattened; large subapical sclerotized spine, perpendicular to paraphysis, distal tip with irregular serrations; inner paraphyses highly asymmetrical, composed of 2 lobes, anterior most lobe with 3 heavily sclerotized spines, posterior lobe with 4 spines. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.21 mm), dark brown, legs dark yellow. Frons dark brown, lighter ventrally. Facial marking small, width 0.3× length. Cheek small (EL/CW 34), yellowish. Palp dark brown. Arista: Medium, plumose; longest branch D4; A.R. 0.41; 4 long dorsal, 2 long ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia along whole length. Male genitalia: Epandrium narrow (especially dorsally), dorsal bridge complete though faint, nearly grading into surrounding membrane, with prominent ventral lobes that turn inward. Cercus large, oval, distinct from surrounding membrane. Surstylus rounded, 14 prensisetae, apices blunt, all of equal size and spacing; short lobe arising behind ventralmost prensiseta (vs. distal to prensisetae); many long, prominent setulae around midregion, forming row underneath prensisetae. Outer paraphysis linear, well developed, laterally flattened, each with a medial unsclerotized spine on distal end, facing posteriorly; large, sclerotized spine arising subapically, perpendicular to paraphysis, distal tip with irregular serrations. Inner paraphyses highly asymmetrical; composed of 2 lobes, anterior most lobe with 3 heavily sclerotized spines, posterior lobe with 4 spines; forming a mass of twisting spines. Aedeagal apodeme small, translucent, poorly developed. Hypandrium U-shaped, simple. Ejaculatory apodeme not studied. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 438) FL/FW 0.92, EL/EW 1.30, EL/CW 34, FML/FMW 0.25, PR/RR 0.54, ThL 1.21 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Davis Mts, Tex., [30.745919, -104.088850], IV-17-54, LD Beamer, Am 438, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: Named for Texas (United States), the state of the type locality. Used as a noun in apposition. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota texas is currently only known from west Texas. COMMENTS: This species is similar to Amiota wheeleri, also from West Texas. It is likely that this holotype is of a young individual, not fully sclerotized, but given the numerous differences in the paraphyses it is reliably distinct from that species., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

DIVERSITY OF AMIOTA The genus consists of 154 species found worldwide (Bächli, 2020; Wang et al., 2020), but the greatest number is found primarily in the northern temperate areas of the world comprising the Nearctic and Palaearctic Region. Southwestern China, especially the Hengduan Mountains, is home to an exceptionally rich fauna (Chen et al., 2005; Zhang and Chen, 2006; Cao et al., 2008). With a large number of species waiting to be described from Nearctic, four times the number previously known from the region, this area is now another center of species diversity for this genus. Diversity of Amiota seems much lower outside of the temperate zones. They appear to be relatively absent from low tropical islands like those of the Caribbean, where just one species is known to us (an undescribed one from Jamaica in the collections of the AMNH). In their treatment of the drosophilids of Micronesia, Wheeler and Takada recorded no species of Amiota (1964). Few species have been described from the Paleotropics, and only one has been described from the mainland Neotropics, A. steganoptera Malloch, although many undescribed species do occur there based on museum collections (L.E.J., personal obs.). Prior authors have attempted to delineate lineages within the genus and as the genus became more narrowly defined. At times, Amiota has contained nearly six subgenera, including: Amiota s.str., Phortica Schiner, Erima Kertesz, Apsiphortica Okada, Paraphortica Duda, and Sinophthalmus Coquillett (Máca, 2003). Of all the subgenera, only Amiota s.str. seems to be worldwide, and only three of the subgenera are known from the Nearctic: Amiota, Phortica, and Sinophthalmus (Marshall, 1965), the last of which is now considered a synonym of Phortica. According to Máca (2003), Amiota now contains no subgenera; these subgenera were reinstated at the genus level or transferred to other genera. Although the study of this worldwide genus may have begun with a study of American species, during the last 70 years most descriptive work has been conducted on the Palaearctic species. Some important works include Okada (1956, 1960, 1971). These works primarily centered on the Japanese fauna but are notable in their foresight of including descriptions and figures of the male genitalia, which has aided in the understanding of Nearctic species. The European fauna was initially revised by Duda (1934) and later by Máca (1980). A third revision, including the East Asian species, was conducted by Chen and Toda (2001). Bächli et al. (2004) provided a key, descriptions, and illustrations of most known species in western Palaearctic. Most descriptive work in the genus, however, has been in South and southwestern China, especially the Hengduan Mountains, by Chen and colleagues (Chen et al. 2005; Zhang and Chen, 2006; Cao et al. 2008; Wang et al., 2020; and others). The region of high diversity has been hypothesized to be the center of origin for the genus (Chen et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2020), but this has never been tested with a global phylogenetic analysis. Compared with well-known animals such as birds, insects are vastly understudied. Unlike birds, where features such as geographic ranges, diets, plumage variation, female morphology, calls, nesting preferences, and behavior is well documented for most species, essentially nothing is known about the biology of most invertebrate species. In fact, many insect species are known only from their holotype or from a small number of specimens (Bickel, 2009; Deng et al., 2019). The difficulty of studying insects is probably due to many factors, including the immense number of invertebrate taxa, the low number of working specialists relative to species richness, lack of collection effort for certain taxa, high rates of endemism, diverse life histories that make collection difficult or require specialized protocols, and a lack of literature for identification in most groups. For these reasons and others, the study of Amiota is still at an exploratory stage. This stage is essentially defined by taxonomic descriptions and the gradual fleshing out of regions of diversity with every new record acquired. Scant is known of how they live. What little is known about their biology is scattered and anecdotal in the literature, primarily concerning the Palaearctic fauna. Indeed, as Steyskal found, Amiota has been ripe for revision for decades.

Amiota oviraptor, sp. nov. Figures 52C–D, 53F–G, 58, 92B DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.56–1.66 mm), dark brown to black; outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, in lateral view strongly sinuate, anterior portion curving dorsally, posterodorsal portion with 2 posterior facing spines, posteroventral region forming a strong laterally flattened “wing” (posteriorly pointed), the apex with a minute hook; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.56–1.66 mm), dark brown to black, legs yellow. Frons golden, pruinose. Facial marking large, depth 0.5× width. Cheek wide (EL/CW 11.14–12.5), milky white posteriorly. Palp dark brown. Haltere white. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.26; 4 longer dorsal, 2–3 short ventral branches; branch D4 pointed mediad; arista trunk with long microtrichia to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium split medially, middle gap large, membranous; lower third with long setae; small projection anterolaterally. Cercus cylindrical, not grading into surrounding membrane; large membranous region dorsally. Surstylus squarish, ventral half densely covered with setulae; 13–14 short, peglike prensisetae, apices blunt; laterally with barely a lobe. Subepandrial sclerite sclerotized, C-shaped in lateral view, its broad section with muscle attachment scars; subepandrial appendage well developed, vaguely heart shaped in posterior view, apex with minute irregular serrations. Outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized; in lateral view strongly sinuate, anterior portion curving dorsally; posterodorsal portion with 2 posteriorfacing spines; posteroventral region forming a strong, laterally flattened “wing,” posteriorly pointed; apex with a very small, downward pointed hook. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme roughly trapezoidal, curved nearly 90° in lateral view, width 1.25× length; posterior portion deeply constricted; distal end widely flared, with deep concave depression/emargination. Hypandrium U-shaped; lateral arms thick, winglike ventrally; lateral arm with a strong gonopod, posteriorly pointed. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively small, well sclerotized, 0.6× length of epandrium; flattened end nearly in line with stalk. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 2; Am 1506, 1529): FL/FW 0.69 (0.68–0.70), EL/EW 1.20 (1.18–1.22), EL/CW 11.82 (11.14–12.5), FML/FMW 0.36 (0.34–0.38), PR /RR 0.62 (0.54– 0.70), ThL 1.61 (1.56–1.66 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “9” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, Am 1529, [glued to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratype: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. MEX., 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, [dissection lost], 1♂ (Am 1506*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the type series. ETYMOLOGY: In reference to the lateral view of the fused paraphyses which resemble the “winglike” arm and head of an oviraptorid dinosaur and other birdlike dinosaurs. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota oviraptor is currently known only from the vicinity of the city of El Salto within Durango State in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 106-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota cruciatum, sp. nov. Figures 16E–F, 19C, 22, 83C DIAGNOSIS: Small fly (ThL 1.11–1.24 mm), dark brown; male genitalia very lightly sclerotized with exception of inner and portion of outer paraphyses; inner paraphyses asymmetrical and composed of 2 lobes, each lobe with 3 spines, anterior lobe of inner paraphyses bearing 2 spines, forming a forked structure, spines close and nearly parallel; aedeagal apodeme slightly curved, lightly sclerotized, the distal end squared; similar to A. tormentum and A. antitormentum, but male genitalia in A. cruciatum much more lightly sclerotized and differing in shape of aedeagal apodeme. DESCRIPTION: Small fly (ThL 1.11–1.24 mm), dark brown, grading lighter ventrally; legs yellow. Frons dark brown, nearly black; numerous hairs on frons, scattered and golden. Characteristic markings on face and postpronotal lobe faded. Haltere bright lemon yellow. Palp yellow. Arista: Medium plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.42; 4 long and 1 short dorsal, 2 ventral branches, none pointed mediad/ laterad; arista trunk with short microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium split medially, distinct from surrounding membrane; numerous setae clustered on ventral end, single line of setae ascending dorsally toward apex. Cercus somewhat pendulous, long, grading dorsally into surrounding membrane. Surstylus with 11 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced; lobe arising anterior to most lateral prensisetae, extending ventrally. Subepandrial sclerite simple; no subepandrial appendage present, just a weakly sclerotized, narrow shelf. Outer paraphysis laterally flattened; distal end rounded with a sclerotized, preapical-dorsal claw, pointed posteriorly; ca. 20 scattered setulae on lateral surface; 2 heavily sclerotized spines proximal to distal claw, perpendicular to paraphysis, several sensilla between proximal spines and inner paraphysis. Inner paraphysis consisting of 2 lobes, heavily sclerotized, arrayed with asymmetrical spines; anterior lobe with 3 spines, the 2 anteriormost spines forming a forked structure, spines close and nearly parallel; posterior lobe with 3 spines. Aedeagal apodeme not strongly sclerotized, almost translucent, distal end square shaped and lightly concave, the base 3/4 the length. Hypandrium simple, thickness even throughout. Ejaculatory apodeme very small, 1/3 the length of the epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 76, 98, 105, 120, 122) FL/FW 0.85 (0.75–1), EL/EW 1.48 (1.43–1.55), EL/CW 16.79 (12.40–20.33), FML/FMW 0.33 (0.28–0.40), PR /RR 0.6 (0.45– 0.77), ThL 1.16 (1.11–1.24 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Ramsey Canyon, Huachua Mts., Arizona, [31.448243, -110.307832], MR Wheeler and WB Heed, June 1951, 2157:11, Am 97, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: Ramsey Canyon, Huachua Mts., Arizona, MR Wheeler and WB Heed, June 1951, 2157:11, 3♂ and 3♀ (Am 79, 85, 99*, 104, 105*, 106*, 107, AMNH) OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Arizona: Ramsey Canyon Huachua Mts., 1951-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B. Heed, 2157.11, 8♂ and 6♀ (Am 80*, 81, 82, 83*, 84, 86, 87*, 88*, 96, 98, 100, 101*, 107*, 108, AMNH); 1951-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B. Heed, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 118, 119, AMNH); 1951-06-15, [no collector], 1♂ and 2♀ (Am 90, 91, 95*, AMNH); Roundup Campground, Madera Canyon Rec. Area Coronado Nat’l. For., 1951-06-16 through 1951-06-17, leg. W.B. Heed and M. R. Wheeler, 2160.8, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 74*, 75*, AMNH); Rustler Park Camp, 1951-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B. Heed, 2155.10, 1♂ (Am 120*, AMNH); 20 mi. SW Safford, 1951-06, leg. W.B. Heed and M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 122*, 123*, AMNH). New Mexico: Mill Canyon Magdalena Mts., S. Magdalena, 1951-06-26 through 1951-06-27, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B. Heed, 2170.9, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 76*, 77, AMNH). ETYMOLOGY: From cruciatus, Latin for “tortured.” Used as a noun in apposition in reference to the mass of twisting spines of the inner paraphyses, which resemble an instrument of torture. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota cruciatum is found in the mountainous regions of Arizona and New Mexico. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether Amiota cruciatum is attracted to the eyes and face as other Amiota.

Amiota lineiventris Máca, 2003 Figures 10A–B, 11D–E, 14, 82B Amiota lineiventris Máca, 2003: 267 (original description); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 253 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.04–1.26 mm), dark brown; male sternites 7 and 8 with Y- and I-shaped apodemes, respectively; male genitalia distinctively simple: outer paraphyses a pair of small, ovoid lobes with narrow posterodorsal extension, several stiff, preapical setulae; inner paraphyses heavily sclerotized, simple, with distal and proximal ends a pair of short lobes, fused medially. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.04–1.26 mm), dark brown, legs yellow. Frons dark, slightly pollinose in ventrolateral corners and surround ocellar triangle, with several scattered hairs. Facial marking narrow (FML/FMW 0.22–0.27). Cheek depth highly variable (EL/CW 12.50–25.50), yellowish gray. Palp yellow. Male sternites 7 and 8 distinctive, with sclerotized apodemes: Y-shaped in sternite 7 (area between arms concave), roughly I-shaped in sternite 8. Arista: Medium plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.46; 3 long dorsal, 2–3 shorter ventral branches; branch D4 pointed laterad; arista trunk with short-medium microtrichia over entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium very distinctive; split medially into distinct halves, widely separated; with row of setae ringing the circumference. Cercus large and semicircular, protruding greatly (not recessed into epandrium); occupying most of space surrounded by epandrium. Surstylus roughly square, with 9 prensisetae of equal size, apices blunt, comblike, ventral half and margin with scattered setulae. Subepandrial sclerite simple; subepandrial appendage small, ventral to epandrium (not protruding), lightly sclerotized and membranous, apex deeply notched. Outer paraphysis ovoid, with small lobelike extension on posterodorsal end; middle region laterally with ca. 9 short scattered sensilla; distally with 2–3 long setulae, 3× length of the sensilla. Inner paraphysis heavily sclerotized, with distal and proximal ends a pair of short lobes, apparently fused in middle. Aedeagal apodeme moderately sclerotized; bent nearly 45° at midpoint in lateral view, longer than wide; base and midpoint bulging, lightly sclerotized; distal end flared, deeply notched and concave, lateral arms most heavily sclerotized. Hypandrium simple, sclerotized, thickness consistent along length, apex bent inward. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.5× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 499, 592, 749, 1189, 1250) FL/FW 0.73 (0.68–0.76), EL/EW 1.21 (1.16–1.26), EL/CW 18.17 (12.50–25.50), FML/ FMW 0.25 (0.22–0.27), PR /RR 0.50 (0.36–0.62), ThL 1.16 (1.04–1.26 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: As reported by Máca (2003): “ ♂: Canada: Ontario: Eganville, damp meadow near lake, 2.6.1991, leg. M. Barták” [not examined]. Coll. J. Máca, to be deposited in National Museum of Prague, Czech Republic (NMPC). Paratypes: “Same data,” 1♂ (Coll. J. Máca, intended for NMPC). “ Canada, Quebec: Lac Roddic, 16 km S Maniwaki, 23.6.1991 1♂, leg. M. Barták.” (Coll. J. Máca, intended for NMPC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Algonquin Provincial Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey, 1994-07-01 through 1994- 07-10, [collector unknown], C1 shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 592*, DEBU); Ottawa, 1970-06-26, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1444*, CNC); 1990-05-27, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Ex damp shaded ditch in Acer wood, 1♂ (Am 1252*, CNC); 1992-07-26, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Damp second-growth Acer-Betula wood, 1♂ (Am 1250*, CNC); 1995-06-24, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Damp second-growth Acer-Betula wood, 1♂ (Am 1244*, CNC); Smith’s Bay, Nr. Picton, 1970-07-01, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 2♂ (Am 1183*, 1189*, CNC). Quebec: Old Chelsea, Summit King Mtn., 1965-06- 20, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1201*, CNC). USA: North Carolina: Graham Co., Robbinsville, 1976- 06-09, leg. G.E. Bohart, 1♂ (Am 499*, EMUS). Virginia: Giles Co., Cascade Falls, 2001-05-19, leg. O. Lonsdale, debu01007820, 1♂ (Am 749*, DEBU). DISTRIBUTION: The original description by Máca (2003) cited only specimens from Canada (Ontario and Quebec), but Amiota lineiventris is now known from one specimen each from North Carolina and Virginia, showing a much wider distribution. COMMENTS: Amiota lineiventris is a rarely collected species, usually as an individual rather than a series. It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the eyes and face as in other Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota byersi, sp. nov. Figures 47A–B, 48A, 49, 90B DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.49–1.70 mm); cheek wide (EL/CW 16–28); middle tibia with comb of ~15 setae; hind tibia with comb of ~10 setae; aedeagal apodeme deeply lobed with lateral concavities; subepandrial sclerite with elaborate subepandrial appendage having 1 dorsal and 2 broad, lateral processes; dorsal process bifurcated; lateral process bearing a serrated distal edge; similar to A. subtusradiata Duda and Amiota tibialis, but greatly differing in the appendage of the subepandrial sclerite. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.49–1.70 mm), black, glossy; legs yellow. Ventral portion of frons and orbital plate tawny, dorsal half of frons black. Eye with anterior margin evenly convex; posterior margin flattened. Cheek wide (EL/CW 16–28), white posteriorly. Facial marking large, almost semicircular, depth 0.5× width. Middle tibia with comb composed of ~15 setae (length of longest ones ~0.7× tibia width). Hind tibia with comb composed of ~10 setae (length of longest ones ~0.8× width of tibia). Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Very long, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.5; 5 long dorsal, 2 long ventral branches; branch D4 pointed laterad; arista trunk with medium length microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium distinct, separated at midline, margins discrete (not grading into membrane). Cercus oval, margins discrete from surrounding membrane; most space surrounded by epandrium is dorsal to cerci. Surstylus roughly square; midregion with many scattered setulae; lateral fingerlike projection present, extending barely beyond prensisetae, long setulae continuing up lateral margin; 12 prensisetae, apices blunt, even lengths and spaces, comblike. Subepandrial sclerite with prominent subepandrial appendage; in lateral view with 1 dorsal process and 2 lateral processes; dorsal process laterally bifurcated, the most posterior bifurcation serrated; distal margin of lateral process with small, rounded teeth; posterior view of subepandrial appendage invaginated in appearance, surrounded by prominent striated membrane. Outer paraphyses long, symmetrical, sclerotized, bent 90° near base, oriented posteriorly, distal end tapered. Inner paraphyses smaller, sinuous, projecting anterolaterally. Aedeagal apodeme as long as wide, constricted on 4 sides; the base forming deep-pocketed lobes. Hypandrium nearly V-shaped, the anterior apex with a prominent convex point; lateral arms thickened with a wide, nearly triangular gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme large, equal to length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 294, 295, 401, 434, 1349) FL/FW 0.75 (0.68– 0.80), EL/EW 1.31 (1.22–1.38), EL/CW 22.27 (16–28), FML/FMW 0.38 (0.35–0.41), PR /RR 0.46 (0.33–0.57), ThL 1.61 (1.49–1.70 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: “Wayne” Co., Mich., [42.269878, -83.322396], “Aug. 8” 19 “59,” Geo. Steyskal, “#8,” Am 294, [pinned via minuten, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratype: “Wayne” Co., Mich., “Aug. 16,” 19 “59,” Geo. Steyskal, “#8,” 1♂ (Am 295*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Illinois: Iroquois Co., Iroquois Co. Cons. Area, 6.4 mi ENE Beaverville, 1990-09-02, leg. E.A. Lisowski, 1♂ (Am 1595*, INHS). North Carolina: Highlands, Whitesides Cove, 2000′, 1957-08-11, leg. J.G. Chillcott, 1♂ (Am 1349*, CNC). Pennsylvania: Swarthmore, 1907-08-25, leg. C.L. Fox, 1♂ (Am 401*, CAS). Virginia: Floyd Co., #1, Mile 175.4 Blue Ridge Parkway, 1960-06-23, leg. G.W. Byers, 1♂ (Am 434*, SEMC). ETYMOLOGY: Named for George W. Byers (1923–2018), late professor of entomology at the University of Kansas who collected one of the specimens of this rare species; in recognition of his contributions to the study of Diptera and Mecoptera and, as one of us (D.A.G.) remembers him, a true, affable gentleman. DISTRIBUTION: This species is found in the northern Midwest and Mid-Atlantic. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the face and eyes as other Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 91-92, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

THE RUFESCENS SPECIES GROUP DIAGNOSIS: Large flies; light colored, scutum dark yellow to ochre, with typical white markings; frons dull, dark yellowish to ochre/light brown; aristal branches medium to long. Male genitalia: Outer paraphysis slender, linear, simple (no spines or a pair of very small ones), with sensilla; prensisetae pointed; subepandrial sclerite strongly recurved, U-shaped. NEARCTIC SPECIES: Amiota leucostoma Loew, A. mcalpinei, sp. nov., and A. tessae, sp. nov. COMMENTS: This group was established by Chen and Toda (2001), for three Old World species: A. magniflava Chen and Toda, A. rufescens (Oldenberg), and A. stylopyga Wakahama and Okada. Amiota leucostoma Loew was added later (Chen et al., 2004). The original diagnosis was based on one of the characters we also observed, the pointed prensisetae, to which we add several additional male genitalic characters. Two Nearctic species are being added here, A. mcalpinei and A. tessae. Since species groups are informal categories there is no need to rename the group for the first species described (A. leucostoma Loew); taxonomic priority is not required, though generally followed., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 80, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Chen, H. W., and M. J. Toda. 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and the establishment of species groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History 35: 1517 - 1563.","Chen, H. W., C. T. Zhang, and G. C. Liu. 2004. New species and new records of the subgenus Amiota s. str. Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from North America, East Asia and Oceania. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 40 (1): 59 - 67."]}

Amiota minor (Malloch, 1921) Figures 35A–B, 37D, F, 40, 88A Phortica minor Malloch, 1921: 312 (original description). Amiota minor (Malloch), 1924: 30 (comb. nov. by Malloch and male genitalia figured); Wheeler, 1949: 260 (discussion); Wheeler, 1952: 169 (discussion and key to Nearctic species); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Wheeler and Takada, 1971: 226 (male genitalia figured); Máca, 2003: 263–264 (discussion and male genitalia figured); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 253 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Very small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.95–1.23 mm); light honey-golden to dark brown in color, abdomen dark brown or almost black; characteristic white markings of genus entirely absent or very faint; middle tibia with comb of ~10 setae; outer paraphysis forming forked structure (in lateral view); inner paraphysis lost; aedeagal apodeme broad and almost circular. DESCRIPTION: Very small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.95–1.23 mm); light honey-golden to dark brown in color, abdomen dark brown or almost black; legs yellow to nearly white. Characteristic white markings of genus on face, beneath wing base, and postpronotal lobe entirely absent or very faint. Frons dark brown, nearly black, except orbital plate. Cheek small (EL/CW 13.25–20.33), variable in coloration. Palp yellow to brown. Katepisternum lighter than rest of pleuron. Middle tibia with comb composed of ~10 setae, length of longest setae ~0.7× width of tibia. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Long, plumose; longest branch D4; A.R. 0.48; 4 long dorsal, 3 shorter ventral branches; branch V1 pointed anteriad, V2 pointed mediad; arista trunk with mediumlength to long microtrichia. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsally complete, fused at midline and grading into membrane surrounding cerci. Cercus relatively large, oval shaped, fused dorsally with surrounding membrane (most margins are discrete); large gap laterally, no obvious membrane between cercus and epandrium. Surstylus short, handlike; 4–7 short prensisetae, apices blunt, arranged on rounded edge; widely spaced, space size increasing laterally. Subepandrial sclerite large, broad, and with upturned subepandrial appendage having a pair of ostia. Outer paraphysis forming a forked structure (as seen in lateral view); left and right side appear unfused in anterior view: well sclerotized; with 1 spine directed forward, the other backward, plus a thicker, lobelike structure dorsally. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme broad, width nearly equal to length; distal end circular, concave depression absent. Hypandrium simple, with apical notch. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.5× depth of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 39, 230, 242, 365, 720) FL/FW 0.63 (0.56–0.77), EL/EW 1.38 (1.26–1.45), EL/ CW 17.04 (13.25–20.33), FML/FMW 0.33 (0.25– 0.45), PR /RR 0.49 (0.30–0.62), ThL 1.08 (0.95– 1.23 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: “Dubois, June 5, 20,” [white label, computer printed] INHS Insect Collection 238.816, [red label] “Holotype, Phortica minor Malloch, ♂,” [38.220808, -89.211255], [glued to point, not dissected], [examined]. Deposited in the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS). Paratypes: Du Bois Ill., June 3, 1919, Am 1611, [blue label] PARATYPE “ Phortica minor Malloch ♂,” [examined]. Deposited in the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS); Dubois, August 12, 1920, [not seen in collection], sex unknown. Deposited in the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Manitoba: Max Lake, Turtle Mtn. For. Res., 1958-07-30, leg. J.G. Chillcott, 1♀ (Am 1433, CNC). New Brunswick: Priceville, 1971-07-20, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1442, CNC); Renous, 1965-07-11, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1573, CNC). Ontario: Algonquin Province Park, Scott Lake, 1994-08-06, leg. S.A. Marshall, maple forest sweep, 1♂ (Am 566*, DEBU); Algonquin Provincial Park, W. R.S., 1994-06-28, leg. R. Bonduriansky, [not female as label suggests], 1♂ (Am 606, DEBU); 1994-07-15, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 605, DEBU); Bruce Co., Bruce Peninsula National Park, High Dump Trail, 2000-07-07, leg. S. Paiero, debu00079793, sweep, 1♂ (Am 618, DEBU); Bruce Co., Dunks Bay, 2000-07-23 through 2000- 07-27, leg. S.A. Marshall, swarming face, debu00079592, 1♂ (Am 616, DEBU); 2000-07-23 through 2000-07-27, leg. S.A. Marshall, debu00079460, 1♂ (Am 620, DEBU); 2000-07-23 through 2000-07-28, leg. S.A. Marshall, debu00079468, 1♂ (Am 617, DEBU); Grand Bend, 1939-07-05, leg. G.E. Shewell, 1♂ (Am 1341, CNC); Lanark Co., N. Burgess Twp., 1967-06-11, leg. D.M. Wood, 4♂ (Am 1569–1572, CNC); Leeds Co., Chaffeys Locks, 1973-06-21, leg. P. Ward, attracted to Homo sapiens, 3♂ (Am 1574–1576, CNC); Mer Bleue, 2014-08-23, leg. O. Lonsdale, CNC380700, 1♂ (Am 1198, CNC); Lyn, 1926-08-10, leg. G.S. Walley, 1♂ (Am 1338, CNC); Near Picton, 1970-07- 07, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 2♂ (Am 1195, 1196, CNC); Noelville, 1974-08-10, leg. R. E. Roughley, 4♂ and 1♀ (Am 548*, 550*, 551, 552*, 553, 554, DEBU); Ottawa, 1974-08-18, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1578, CNC); 1974-08-21, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1298, CNC); 1994-09-13, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, damp second-growth, Acer-Betula wood, 1♀ (Am 1394, CNC); Picton, 1970-07-07, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 2♂ (Am 1558, 1559, CNC); Sandbanks Pk, nr Picton, 1970-07-01, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 5♂ (Am 1562, 1563, 1565, 1566, 1568, CNC); Simcoe, 1939-06-26, leg. G.E. Shewell, 2♂ (Am 1339, 1340, CNC); Smith’s Bay, Nr. Picton, 1970-01-07, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 8♂ (Am 1181, 1182, 1184, 1186, 1188, 1191, 1192, 1208, CNC); S. March, 1962-06-16, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1533, CNC). Quebec: Abbotsford, 1937-06-14, leg. G. Shewell, 3♂ (Am 1332– 1334, CNC); 1936-08-30, leg. G. Shewell, 1♂ (Am 1323, CNC); 1934-07-24, leg. C.E. Bourgalt, 1♂ (Am 1307, CNC); Aylmer, 1924-06-27, leg. C.H. Curran, 2♂ (Am 1306, 1322, CNC); 1924-08-08, leg. C.H. Curran, C.H. Curran Collection Acc. 31144, 1♂ (Am 373, AMNH); Duncan Lake nr. Rupert, 1988-08-08, leg. J.F. McAlpine, hovering at my ear, 7♂ (Am 1400, 1401, 1403–1407, CNC); Hull, 1965- 08-05, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1579, CNC); Knowlton, 1929-07-05, leg. L.J. Milne, 2♂ (Am 1320, 1321, CNC); 1929-08-01, leg. L.J. Milne, 1♂ (Am 1337, CNC); Norway Bay, 1938-08-31, leg. G.E. Shewell, 1♂ (Am 1336, CNC); Old Chelsea, 1959- 07-21, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 3♂ (Am 1203–1205, CNC); 1965-06-20, leg. D.M. Wood, 8♂ (Am 1459, 1461, 1467, 1475, 1478, 1479, 1535, 1536, CNC). USA: Alabama: Clay Co., Talladega Nat. For., 33.443496, -85.839339, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 924, AMNH); Haleyville, 1953-07-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2♂ (Am 237*, 238* [dissection missing], AMNH); Lawrence Co., Bankhead Nat. For., 34.308325, -87.395084, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 11♂ (Am 910, 911, 914–922, AMNH); Wilson Dam F.Q., 1942-07-12, leg. J.N. Belkin, 2♂ (Am 668, 669, LACM); Winston Co., Bankhead Nat. For., 34.285427, -87.396155, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 14♂ and 1♀ (Am 895–909, AMNH). Arizona: Cochise Co., campground nr. SWRS, 31.872506, -109.233923, 2019-07-18, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 3♂ (Am 720*, 1052, 1053*, AMNH); Cochise Co., Vicinity of SWRS, 31.882018, -109.206636, 2019-07- 18, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 8♂ (Am 1043–1046, 1047*, 1049–1051, AMNH); 2019-07-19, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 6♂ (Am 1036–1041, AMNH); 2019-07-18, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 2♂ (Am 1034, 1035, AMNH); 2019-07-19, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 6♂ (Am 1028–1033, AMNH). Arkansas: Garland Co., Ouachita Nat. For., 34.540121, -93.352490, 2018-08-09, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 4♂ (Am 654*, 844–846, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 847, AMNH); Logan Co., Magazine Mt. 2750 ft., 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 8♂ (Am 328*, 332, 338*, 346*, 352*, 354*, 357, 365*, AMNH); 2200 ft., 1992-07-09, leg. D. Grimaldi, fr. oak sap flux, 1♂ (Am 350*, AMNH); Johnson Co., Ozark National Forest, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 16♂ (Am 653*, 822–824, 827– 838, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 4♂ (Am 840–843, AMNH). District of Columbia: Rock Creek Park, 1957-06-01, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 1♂ (Am 396, CAS); 1957-06-09, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 1♂ (Am 395, CAS). Georgia: Black Rock Mt. S.P., 1953-07-04, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 10♂ (Am 213, 216, 218*, 219*, 220, 223, 224, 225*, 230*, 231, AMNH); Holcomb crk., 1957- 08-01, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1329, CNC); Rabun Co., 1957-07-13, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1325, CNC). Idaho: 4.5 mi N. Moscow Ida. Hgwy 95, 1954-07-28, leg. R. Moree, 1♂ (Am 407*, WSU). Illinois: Carlinville, 1955-06-22, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2♂ (Am 233*, 250, AMNH); Equality, 1951-09-11, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 239*, AMNH); Hardin Co., Shawnee Nat. For., 37.594631, -88.382478, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 9♂ and 1♀ (Am 754, 760, 766, 769, 775, 777, 780, 784, 787, 789, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 8♂ (Am 792–795, 799, 800, 810, 812 AMNH); St. Clair Co., Stemler Cave Woods, 38.464886, -90.155530, 2019-05-24, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 9♂ (Am 997–1004, 1090, AMNH); 2018-05-30, leg. C. R. Sopow and L.E. Jones, 2♂ (Am 1177, 1178, AMNH); 2018-05-30, leg. L.E. Jones and C. R. Sopow, 2♂ (Am 1179, 1180, AMNH); Union Co., Trail of Tears State Forest, 37.499757, -8911.340117, 2018-8-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 13♂ (Am 651*, 652*, 801–806, 809, 814–817, AMNH); 2018-8-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 3♂ (Am 818, 819, 821, AMNH). Indiana: Harrison Co., O’Bannon Woods St. Pk., 38.194962, -86.267880, 2018-08-14, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 4♂ (Am 890–893, AMNH); Perry Co., Hoosier Nat. For., 38.195597, -86.613230, 2018-08-14, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 22♂ (Am 866–887, AMNH); Posey Co., Murphy’s Park, New Harmony, 1967-08-02, leg. H.B. Leech, 1♂ (Am 386, CAS). Kentucky: Rowan Co., Daniel Boone Nat. For., Sheltowee Trace trail 100, 38 23 07 N, 83 24 58 W, 2013- 05-23, leg. J.M. Cumming, 1♂ (Am 1285, CNC). Louisiana: Rapides Par., Kisatchie Nat. For., 31.261073, -92.634975, 2018-08-10, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 5♂ (Am 849– 853, AMNH). Maine: Mt. Desert I., 1948-07, leg. M. R. Wheeler and T. C. Hsu, 1890.7, A. acadia, [genitalia on slide], 1♂ (Am 248*, AMNH); Mt. Katahdin, 1968-07-04, leg. D.M. Wood, 2♂ (Am 1220, 1221, CNC); Mt. Katahdin, Hunt Trail, 16–2400′, 1968-07-01 through 1968-07-06, leg. D.M. Wood, 2♂ (Am 1217, 1218, CNC); Vanceboro, 1965-07-09, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1219, CNC). Michigan: Delta Co., Escanaba, 45.732003, -87.081676, 2018- 06, leg. T. Werner, 3♂ (Am 1094–1096, AMNH); 2018-08-27 through 2018-08-31, leg. T. Werner, 1♂ (Am 1092, AMNH); Marquette Co, Huron Mtns., Huron Mtn. Club property vicinity, 46.874950, -87.891717, 2018-07-06 through 2018-07-12, leg. T. Werner, 12♂ (Am 683*, 1057, 1059, 1060, 1062, 1066, 1071, 1073, 1075, 1076, 1078, 1082, AMNH); Wayne Co., 1961-07-10, leg. G. Steyskal, 2♂ (Am 1308, 1309, CNC); 20 mi NE St. Ignace, Acadia, 1948-08-02 through 1948-08-03, leg. M. R. Wheeler and T. C. Hsu, 1903.6, 1♂ (Am 211*, AMNH). Mississippi: Marshall Co., Wall Doxey St. Pk., 34.661856, -89.462140, 2018-08-12, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 6♂ and 2♀ (Am 856– 863, AMNH); 2018-08-12, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 864, AMNH); Yalobusha Co., George P. Cossar State Park, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, 1♂ (Am 854, AMNH). Missouri: Carter Co., Ridge road at Road C, 4.5 mi SW of Van Buren, 1967-08-04, leg. H.B. Leech, 1♂ (Am 380, CAS); Lithium, 1952-09-05, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 229, AMNH); 1955-06-29, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 227*, 228, AMNH); St. Fran. Co., St. Francois St. Pk., 37.973473, -90.529404, 2019-05-24, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 6♂ (Am 1005–1010, AMNH); Williamsville, 1955-07-06, leg. E.C. Becker, 1♂ (Am 1330, CNC). Nebraska: Elkhorn River 2 mi E. Oakdale, 1950-08-21 through 1950-08-22, leg. M. R. Wheeler and Stephens, 2068.14, 3♂ (Am 234, 235*, 236*, AMNH). New Jersey: Lebanon State Forest, 1958-08-19, leg. Evan and Beneway, 1♂ (Am 307, AMNH). New York: Bronx Co., New York Bot. Garden, 40.864029, -73.875571, 2018-08, leg. L.E. Jones and L. Li, swept around head, 2♂ and 1♀ (Am 1024, 1025, 1027, AMNH); Jeff. Co., Wellesley Is., 1963-08-22, leg. L.L. Pechuman, 2♂ (Am 39*, 40, AMNH); Monroe Co., Rochester, Highland Pk., 43.132600, -77.602784, 2018-06-13, leg. J. Jaenike, 3♂ (Am 1174–1176, AMNH); 2018-06-28, leg. J. Jaenike, 13♂ (Am 1138–1150, AMNH); 2018-07-10, leg. J. Jaenike, 25♂ (Am 1113–1137, AMNH); 2018- 07-26, leg. J. Jaenike, 16♂ (Am 1097–1112, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J. Jaenike, 3♂ (Am 1163–1165, AMNH); 2018-09-04, leg. J. Jaenike, 2♂ (Am 1166, 1167, AMNH); [no date], leg. J. Jaenike, 4♂ (Am 1170–1173, AMNH); Orange Co., Black Rock Forest, 41.410629, -74.014558, 2017-09-09, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 3♂ (Am 523*, 1015, 1016, AMNH); Putnam Co., Hudson Highlands State Park, 2017-09-23, leg. L.E. Jones and C. Liriano, swept around head, 1♀ (Am, 1013, AMNH); Staten Island, 1923, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 245, AMNH). North Carolina: Cherokee, 1957-07-25, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1328, CNC); Franklin, 2000′, 1957-06-08, leg. W. R. M. Mason, 1♂ (Am 1335, CNC); Graham Co., Robbinsville, 1976-06-09, leg. G.E. Bohart, 10♂ (Am 508–511, 512*, 513–517, EMUS); Highlands, 1957- 07-13, leg. J.G. Chillcott, 1♂ (Am 1326, CNC); Jackson Co., Cherokee, 2000′, 1957-07-25, leg. J.G. Chillcott, 1♂ (Am 1324, CNC); Transylvania Co., Pisgah Nat. For., 35.290995, -82.776835, 2018-08-20, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 6♂ and 1♀ (Am 989–995, AMNH). Ohio: Portage Co., West Branch State Park, 1988-07-17, leg. B.A. Foote, 1♂ (Am 311, AMNH). South Carolina: Anderson, 1957-07-21, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1327, CNC); Charleston Co., Francis Marion Nat. For., 33.067907, -79.518209, 2018-08-19, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 658*, AMNH); Greenwood, Long Cane Creek, 1957-07-21, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1299, CNC); Seneca, 1957-06-06, leg. W. R. M. Mason, 1♂ (Am 1331, CNC); Sumter Co., Poinsett St. Pk., 33.802244, -80.545550, 2018-08-19, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 26♂ (Am 659*, 660*, 925–941, 943–949, AMNH). Tennessee: Cades Cove, GSMNP, 1953-07 through 1953-08, leg. J.M. Carpenter, 9♂ (Am 209, 210, 214, 215, 217, 221*, 222*, 226* [dissection missing], 232, AMNH); Great Smoky Mtns. Nat. Park, near Cosby headquarters, 35 47 N, 083 13 W, 2001-05-30, leg. J.A. Skevington, CNC 699259, 1♂ (Am 1294, CNC); Unicoi Co., Cherokee Nat. For., 36.137782, -82.350719, 2018-08-20, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 40♂ (Am 662*, 663*, 950–988, AMNH). Texas: Austin Aldrich Farm, 1951-05-20, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 1♀ (Am 249*, AMNH); Houston Co., Davy Crockett Nat. For., 31.390387, -95.157191, 2018-08-10, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 848, AMNH). Vermont: Orleans Co., nr. Bald Mountain, near stream (Mad Brook), 1650 ft., 2016-07-19 through 2016-07-21, sweep netted in forest, leg. D. Grimaldi, 2♂ (Am 366, 367*, AMNH); 2018-08-16, leg. D. Grimaldi, swept around head, 8♂ (Am 665*, 1017–1023, AMNH). Virginia: Giles Co., Cascade Falls, 2001-05-19, leg. O. Lonsdale, 6♂ (Am 744– 746, 748, 751, 752, DEBU); Prince William Co., 0.5 km NE Thorofare Gap, vic. Haymarket, 1966-06-25, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 2♂ (Am 397, 398, CAS). Washington: Wenatchee, 1950-08, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2191.12, 5♂ and 1♀ (Am 212*, 240* [genitalia on slide], 241, 242*, 243*, 244, AMNH). DISTRIBUTION: This species may have the widest distribution of any species of Amiota in North America. Amiota minor is exceptionally common throughout Eastern North America, with western populations known from Washington State and Arizona. This species probably occurs in northern Mexico. Wheeler (1952) reported A. minor from Veracruz in Mexico, but these specimens have not been seen. COMMENTS: Amiota minor as known may represent a species complex. Substantial size and color variation is seen in this species, as well as the degree of faintness in the markings of the face, wing base, and postpronotal lobe. Wheeler (1952) noted great variation in the morphology of the surstylus. Size and shape of the aedeagal apodeme varies as well, with western populations differing in some cases from those in the east. It is notable for being the only species known in the genus to lack the characteristic white markings found in the other members (although these can be faded in other members of the avipes species group). Amiota minor is the only species in the group known to have the character of the comb on the midtibia. It can form dense swarms in humid settings and can lodge itself in the eye (L.E.J., personal obs.). This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 74-77, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Malloch, J. R. 1921. Some notes on Drosophilidae (Diptera). Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia 32: 311 - 312.","Wheeler, M. R. 1949. Taxonomic studies on the Drosophilidae. University of Texas Publication 4920: 157 - 195.","Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Wheeler, M. R., and H. Takada. 1971. Male genitalia of some representative genera of American Drosophilidae. University of Texas Publication 7103: 225 - 240.","Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota raripennis, sp. nov. Figures 66A–B, 67, 94A Wheeler, 1957: 110 (distribution, as A. steganoptera); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog, as A. steganoptera). DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.16 mm), dark brown to black; wartlike spines on third costal division between R 2+3 and R 4+5; male terminalia very faintly sclerotized, relatively reduced; dorsal portion of epandrium very smooth, no microtrichia, but with microtrichose ventral lobes, setae on posterior and ventral margins very short; aedeagal apodeme small, faint, and poorly developed; outer paraphysis forming a fork with rounded apices, moderately sclerotized, curving anteriorly; inner paraphysis a small lobe, appendage oriented dorsally. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.16 mm), black, fading to dark brown ventrally, legs light yellow. Katepisternum lighter in color than remaining pleuron. Frons dark, nearly black. Black band just dorsal to facial marking. Cheek small (EL/CW 22), white. Palp yellow. Wartlike spines on third costal division between R 2+3 and R 4+5. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Very long, plumose; longest branch D2; AR 0.70; 4 long dorsal (1 short preapical), 2 long ventral (1 short preapical); aristal trunk with mediumlength microtrichia on basal half. Male genitalia: Complex barely sclerotized and very faint, with exceptions of distal end of outer paraphysis and prensisetae. Epandrium dorsally complete; dorsal 3/4 glabrous, no microtrichia; ventral 1/4 with small lobe, with dense microtrichia; very short setae on posterior and ventral margins of epandrium, ventral setae with large sockets. Cercus distinct, not grading with surrounding membrane; with small ventral lobe (best seen in lateral view). Surstylus large relative to genitalia complex, armlike (length greater than width), constricted in middle; 10 long prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced, becoming smaller medially. Subepandrial sclerite broad and large, amphitheater shaped. Outer paraphysis bifurcated; each appendage slender, heavily sclerotized, the distal end rounded, curved strongly anteriorly. Inner paraphysis a small, wrinkled, lateral lobe; giving rise to small, dorsally projecting appendage. Aedeagal apodeme small, underdeveloped; consisting of stalk, distal end a striated pad. Hypandrium simple, of uniform thickness, strongly S-shaped in lateral view; apex strongly curled anteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.8× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 298) FL/FW 0.84, EL/EW 1.46, EL/CW 22, FML/FMW 0.35, PR/RR, 0.63, ThL 1.16 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: USA: VIR-GINIA: Blacksburg, [37.188955, -80.431634], IX/9/53, M. Levitan, Am 298, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratype: “Kushla, Ala.” [Alabama], [30.814854, -88.162265], “Je.22.52” [June 22, 1952], [collector unknown, likely Alfred H. Sturtevant]; ALABAMA: Kushla,?/22/52, [collector unknown, likely Sturtevant], 1♀ (Am 191*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Mississippi: Saucier, 1954-09-03, leg. M.R. Wheeler, “Steganoptera female” [specimen presumably female, dissection not seen], 1♀ (Am 196*, AMNH). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from Latin rari for “rare” and pennis for “wing” in reference to the unique wing character among species in the Nearctic and its rarity in collections. DISTRIBUTION: This species is found in the American South and the Mid-Atlantic. Steyskal, in his notes kept at the AMNH, cites a specimen of this new species from Gainesville, Florida, likely in the collections of the USNM. This unverified record would be a significant range expansion for this species and would suggest a distribution that is subtropical and primarily in the Gulf Coastal Plains. COMMENTS: Amiota raripennis is rarely collected. Malloch’s description of A. steganoptera from Costa Rica noted the presence of wartlike spines on the wings, similar to two genera in Steganinae, Leucophenga and Stegana (1926). Wheeler (1957) reported A. steganoptera Malloch from the United States, primarily from the southeastern United States. Detailed comparison of the male terminalia of the American species to specimens throughout Central America with the costal warts indicates that the American species is new. There are many undescribed species with this wing character in Central America in the collections of the AMNH (L.E.J., personal obs.), and Wheeler (1957) indicated several undescribed species with this wing character in Brazil as well. Prior records of A. steganoptera in the United States are likely of this new species. Members of this species group in the Neotropics will be the subject of a future study.

THE NAGATAI SPECIES GROUP DIAGNOSIS: Vein C with row of small, dark spinules between apices of R 2+3 and R 4+5. Male genitalia: Reduced and basic; subepandrial sclerite well developed but not extended past posterior margin of epandrium; outer paraphyses small, simple (no spines); inner paraphysis present, but small, simple. NEARCTIC SPECIES: Amiota raripennis, sp. nov. COMMENTS: Chen and Toda (2001) erected this species group to accommodate three OldWorld species. This group may also include A. steganoptera Malloch, known from Costa Rica, plus several undescribed Neotropical species, all of which possess costal spinules. These species will be treated in a future study. Amiota raripennis differs from the Old World species by several apomorphic features of the epandrium: setae very sparse, very short; with pair of distinct, setulose ventral epandrial lobes. Plesiomorphically this species differs from the Old World species by lacking the lobe on the hind trochanter in the male. He et al. (2009) provided a treatment of the Old World species. Thus, there appears to be two lineages, an Old and New World one., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 122, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Chen, H. W., and M. J. Toda. 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and the establishment of species groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History 35: 1517 - 1563.","He, X., J. J. Jiang, H. Z. Cao, and H. W. Chen. 2009. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of the Amiota nagatai species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa 2193: 53 - 61."]}

Amiota nigrescens Wheeler, 1952 Figures 61E–F, 62C, 65, 93C Amiota nigrescens Wheeler, 1952: 170 (original description); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 254 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.99–1.27 mm), dark brown nearly black; legs yellow (femora light brown in some individuals); surstylus slender, armlike, 4 prensisetae, 2 most lateral larger and 2× length of the others; subepandrial sclerite process behind surstylus, like a fifth prensiseta; paraphyses fully sclerotized; outer paraphysis on right side slightly sinuous; apex tapered, base swollen; left outer paraphysis shorter, apex also tapered, base swollen; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.99–1.27 mm), dark brown nearly black. Legs dark yellow (femora dark brown in in some individuals). Frons dark brown (nearly black in Ontario populations. Cheek dirty yellow to brown. Facial marking small, width 0.5× length (depth smaller in Ontario populations). Palp brown. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.31; 4 long dorsal, 1 long ventral branches; D4 pointed laterad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia for most of its length. Male genitalia: Epandrium fused at midline, indistinct; ventral lobes with dense cluster of setae, lower third of epandrium devoid of long setae. Cercus long, pendulous, distinct from surrounding membrane, ventral portion overlapping bases of surstyli. Surstylus armlike, bent at midpoint, entirely glabrous; 4 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced, lateral 2 prensisetae 2× length of the 2 medial; heavily sclerotized subepandrial sclerite process anterior to surstylus, resembling a fifth prensiseta. Subepandrial sclerite consisting of 3 lobes in posterior view, 2 lateral lobes and central lobe; lateral lobe large, rounded, faintly sclerotized, central flange running to margin, thick, flange apex flared distally; central lobe heavily sclerotized, bulbous, apex tapering, incomplete flange reaching outer margin; central lobe with squarelike extension anterior to surstylus, the central portion with process. Outer paraphyses slightly asymmetrical, both heavily sclerotized; left one slightly longer and slightly sinuous, distal end tapered to a point; base bulbous, flaring outward; right outer paraphysis parallel to left one with apex tapered, base bulbous with a small notch. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme bent 90° at midpoint, of equal length and width; widely flared distally, with deep concave emargination; 2 strong lateral flanges at base. Hypandrium simple, thickness consistent across length; apex simple, V-shaped; lateral arm with small posteriorly pointing gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme slightly bent at base, 0.7× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 129, 138, 146, 583, 585) FL/FW 0.70 (0.63–0.86), EL/EW 1.41 (1.34– 1.52), EL/CW 11.32 (10.2–12.6), FML/FMW 0.33 (0.28–0.48), PR /RR 0.39 (0.33–0.44), ThL 1.16 (0.99–1.27 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: As reported by Wheeler (1952): “ ♂, 2164.7, from Slide Rock Campground, Oak Creek Canyon, Coconino National Forest, south of Flagstaff, Arizona, collected June, 1951 by the writer” [not examined]. Deposited in National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. (USNM). Paratypes: Localities and numbers of paratype specimens in AMNH differ slightly from Wheeler (1952) in some cases: “4, same data as holotype” [ARI-ZONA: Oak Creek Canyon, Coconino Nat. For., 15 mi. S. Flagstaff, VI/21 - VI/22 /51, 2164.7, W.B. Heed and M. R. Wheeler, paratype], [34.907104, -111.727342], 1♂ and 3♀ (Am 138–141*, AMNH); “Tonto Creek near Payson (11, one on slide),” [Tonto Creek Camp, Arizona, June 1951, MR Wheeler and WB Heed, 2168.3, paratype], [34.320806, -111.084756], 5♂ and 4♀ (Am 129– 135*, 142*, AMNH); “Long Valley near Pine (2),” [ARIZONA: Clover Springs, Coconino Nat’l. Forest, 50 mi S Flagstaff, VI/22 - VI/23 /51, W.B. Heed and M. R. Wheeler, 2165.12, paratype], [34.506258, -111.362842], 1♂ (Am 144, AMNH); “NEW MEXICO: Cherry Creek Camp, near Silver City (5)” [New Mexico: “ Cherry Creek ” Campground, Gila Nat. For., N. Silver City, VI/7 - VI/8 /51, W.B. Heed and M. R. Wheeler, 2151.4, paratype], [32.914274, -108.225999], 1♂ and 3♀ (Am 145–148*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Algonquin Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Station, 1993-05-19 through 1993-05-31, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, malaise A1 lakeshore, 1♂ (Am 536*[dissection missing], DEBU); 1993-06-03 through 1993-06-14, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, malaise A1 lakeshore, 2♂ (Am 542*, 543*, DEBU); 1993-06-03 through 1993-06-17, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, Pan A3, clubmoss/hemlock, 1♂ (Am 539*, DEBU); 1993-06-17 through 1993-06-19, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, 1♂ (Am 545*, DEBU); 1993- 07-16 through 1993-07-28, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, malaise A1 lakeshore, 1♂ (Am 544*, DEBU); Algonquin Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey, 1994-06-07 through 1994-06-14, [collector unknown], C1 shore malaise trap, 2♂ (Am 583*, 591*, DEBU); 1994-06-23 through 1994-06-30, [collector unknown], C1 shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 594*, DEBU); 1994-07-10 through 1994-07-17, [collector unknown], C1 Shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 597, DEBU); 1994-07-18 through 1994-07-31, [collector unknown], C1 shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 557*, DEBU); 1995-05-29 through 1995-06-16, leg. S.A. Marshall, fresh stump emergence, 2♂ (Am 582*, 584*, DEBU); 1995-05-29 through 1995-06-17, leg. S.A. Marshall, D2 Hemlock pans, 1♂ (Am 585*, DEBU); Algonquin Provincial Park, W. R.S. G (B2), 1995-06-11, leg. R. Bonduriansky, moose antler, 1♂ (Am 611*, DEBU); Fathom Five National Park, Bear Rumpis, 1996-06-23 through 1996-07-26, leg. T. Woodcock and S. Marshall, Dry Alvar Pan Trap #4, debu00078364, 1♂ (Am 527, DEBU); Nipissing Distr., Algonquin Park., Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake. Shore site A1., 1995-07-04, [no collector], debu00104926, pan traps, 1♂ (Am 634*, DEBU); Ottawa, 1991-08-01, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, damp growth Acer-Betula wood, 1♂ (Am 1253*, CNC); 1993-06-22, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, damp growth AcerBetula wood, 1♂ (Am 1228*, CNC); Ottawa, Chapel Hill, NW Wood, 2002-07-01, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, CNC Diptera #193451, 1♂ (Am 1197*, CNC). Quebec: Knowlton Lodge, 1968-07-18, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1580*, CNC). USA: Arizona: Oak Creek Canyon, 1951-06-21, [collector unknown], [possible paratypes?] 2♂ (Am 136*, 137*, AMNH). DISTRIBUTION: Amiota nigrescens has disjunct populations from central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico as well as Ontario, Canada. No intervening populations between these extremes are known. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the eyes and face like other Amiota. Populations of Amiota nigrescens in Ontario are commonly caught in Malaise and pan traps. This species is a documented saproxylic, one specimen (DEBU) having been reared from a tree stump emergence trap. The species is variable for the brown femora and cheek seen in the other species of the group. Four of 19 specimens in the Southwest had the light brown femora, 12 of 21 Great Lakes specimens had light brown femora, while 2 had dark brown femora. The facial marking in Ontario populations is also much smaller in depth. No discernable differences are found in the male genitalia of both populations. It would be very useful to compare DNA barcodes of specimens in the two localities., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 120-122, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota tibialis, sp. nov. Figures 47C–D, 48B, 50, 90C DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.63–1.79 mm), black; cheek very deep; middle tibia with comb of ~12 setae; hind tibia with comb of ~8 setae; male genitalia distinctive, heavily sclerotized and complex: aedeagal apodeme deeply lobed with lateral pockets; subepandrial sclerite with large, curved appendage having 2 distal valves, each valve bearing a serrated distal edge with a proximal large spine; similar to Amiota byersi but significantly differing in the subepandrial appendage. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.63–1.79 mm), black, legs yellowish. Frons dark, slightly lighter ventrally, pollinose. Cheek deep (EL/CW 0.07– 0.09mm), whitish-gray. Middle tibia with comb composed of ~12 setae (length of longest setae ~0.7× width of tibia). Hind tibia with comb composed of ~8 setae (length of longest setae ~0.7× width of tibia). Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.30; 5 long dorsal, 3 shorter ventral branches, none pointed medially/laterally; arista trunk with short microtrichia, bare on apical half. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsally incomplete in middle. Cercus distinct from surrounding membrane, each crescentic. Surstylus with lateral thumblike projection, 9 prensisetae, apices blunt, comblike, becoming slightly smaller medially. Subepandrial sclerite complex, forming a semicircle, each half with ostium and 4 anteriorly facing lobes; an elaborate heavily sclerotized appendage present, heavily sclerotized, arching ventrally and the apex directed posteriorly; apex with pair of serrated valves, in lateral view with 2 prominent spines, flanked above and below with smaller serrations; each subepandrial appendage in ventral view flanked by a faintly striated membranous sac. Outer paraphysis long and acuminate, no visible sensilla, oriented posteroventrally, bent ~ 90° at base. Inner paraphysis slightly sinuous and pointed anterolaterally. Aedeagal apodeme very distinctive, length and width nearly equal, scalloped, deeply lobed and bent in lateral; prominent lateral lobes forming scoop, constricted on all 4 sides and concave in dorsal view; no obvious flanges. Hypandrium thick, heavily sclerotized; lateral arms thick coming to a very wide gonopod, nearly triangular; apex a strong mucronate point ventral to aedeagal apodeme. Ejaculatory apodeme long, length slightly shorter than depth of epandrium; bent near middle of shaft, heavily sclerotized. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 7, 470, 482, 489, 556) FL/FW 0.65 (0.55–0.72), EL/EW 1.46 (1.37–1.54), EL/ CW 10.30 (8.77–11.71), FML/FMW 0.39 (0.35– 0.43), PR /RR 0.54 (0.50–0.72), ThL 1.73 (1.63– 1.79 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: UTAH, Cache Co, Logan Cyn [canyon], Turner CG [campground], [41.883204, -111.572736], 10–20 Jun 85, W.J. Hanson, Am 470, [reglued directly pin, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: UTAH, Cache Co, Logan Cyn [canyon], Turner CG [campground], 5–17 Jul 85, W.J. Hanson, 3♂ (Am 472, 481, 482*, LACM); 20–27 Jun 85, W.J. Hanson, 1♀ (Am 483); 27 Jun –5 July 85, W.J. Hanson, 3♂ (Am 475, 478, 489*, LACM). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, 1925-08-08, leg. N.K. Bigelow, 3♂ (Am 1352*, 1353, 1354*, CNC); Petawawa Reservation, 1935-06-26, leg. D. Gray, 1♂ (Am 556*, DEBU). Saskatchewan: Mankota, 1952- 01-30, [collector unknown], Prob ex. Tort. In apple fungus (Daldinia grandis), 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 1350, 1351*, CNC). USA: Utah: Cache Co., W. Hodges Canyon, 1978-08-15 through 1978-08-21, leg. Knowlton and W.J. Hanson, 1♂ (Am 495*, LACM); 1985-07-18 through 1985-07-23, leg. W.J. Hanson, 2♂ (Am 485*, 486, LACM); 1985-07-23 through 1985-08-03, leg. W.J. Hanson, 1♂ (Am 488, LACM); 1985-08-16 through 1985-08-30, leg. W.J. Hanson, 1♂ (Am 473, LACM); 12 mi W Long Junction, Dixie N. For. Ut., 1953-08-18, leg. W.B. Heed, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 1*, 6*, AMNH); 1953-08, leg. W.B. Heed and F.A. Cowan, 2356.4, 1♂ (Am 7*, AMNH). ETYMOLOGY: From tibia, Latin for “leg,” in reference to the tibial comb on the hind leg. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota tibialis is known from Utah, specifically the Wasatch and Uinta Montane Forests which stretch from north to south in the state, as well as eastern and central Canada. COMMENTS: Of note are the two specimens from Saskatchewan (CNC) found to be associated with apple fungus, Daldinia grandis Child. Amiota alboguttata (Wahlberg) has been reared from Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. and De Not. in the United Kingdom (Buxton, 1960; Hingley, 1971).

Amiota didens, sp. nov. Figures 68E–F, 72C, 75, 95A DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.99–1.44 mm), dark brown, legs yellow; frons dark with frontal half slightly silvery; arista with sparse, short plumosity; subepandrial sclerite appendage with broad, roughly cordate apex; outer paraphysis short, laterally flattened, with preapical dorsal hook, large proximal-dorsal spine near base that is twice the length of apical hook; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.99–1.44 mm), dark brown, legs yellow. Frons slightly silvery, dark. Cheek whitish gray posteriorly. Palp yellow. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branches D2, D3; A.R. 0.35; 5 dorsal branches (apical 2 very short), 2–3 very short ventral branches; none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia, bare on apical third. Epandrium with middorsal margin evanescent, grading into surrounding membrane below. Cercus small, crescentic, margins distinct, flattened in lateral view. Surstylus roughly square, the middle region with scattered setulae; 9–10 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced, comblike. Subepandrial sclerite with short subepandrial appendage that is drop-shaped in full ventral view; pair of microtrichose, membranous lobes flanking subepandrial appendage, apparently attached to genital complex. Outer paraphysis symmetrical, short, heavily sclerotized, laterally flattened, with preapical dorsal hook; several sensilla in small cluster on lateral side; large proximal-dorsal spine, twice the length of apical hook. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme bent at 45° angle. Hypandrium faint, incomplete or very faintly sclerotized in middle; with large, bulging gonopod in middle of posterior margin. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.6× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 3; Am 444, 1418, 1429) FL/FW 0.63 (0.60–0.64), EL/EW 3.11 (1.26–6.62), EL/CW 14.42 (13–17), FML/FMW 0.28 (0.25–0.30), PR /RR 0.56 (0.50–0.62), ThL 1.18 (0.99–1.44 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: MEXICO, Morelos: #7, 14 mi. N. Cuernavaca, [19.188745, -99.228691], 7300′, 29 July 1963, leg. George W. Byers, Am 444, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Sinaloa: Portrerillos, 15 mi. W El Palmito, 5000′, 1964-07-08, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1429*, CNC); 1964-07- 011, leg. J.F. McAlpine, biting man, 1♂ (Am 1418*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from di, Greek for “two,” and dens, Latin for “tooth or prong,” in reference to the lateral view of the outer paraphysis of the male genitalia. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota didens is known only from the states of Morelos and Sinaloa in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 131-132, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota tormentum, sp. nov. Figures 18A–B, 19H, 26, 85A DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.10–1.30 mm), nearly black; arista with branches sparse and shorter than in A. antitormentum; inner paraphysis with asymmetrical spines in mirror image of A. antitormentum, anteriormost spines forming forked structure, spines close and nearly parallel, oriented to the left side, other differences with A. antitormentum listed under that species; also similar to Amiota cruciatum, but A. cruciatum differing by the smaller and less sclerotized male genitalia. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.10–1.30 mm), nearly black, slightly lighter ventrally; legs yellow. Frons black, dark brown just above ptilinal margin. Cheek small, rather bronze. Palp brown. Arista: Medium plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.33; 4 long dorsal, 1 long ventral branch, none pointed mediad/ laterad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia along most of its length. Male genitalia: Epandrium fused, indistinct, not grading into surrounding membrane. Cercus distinct, oval shaped, not parallel to neighboring cercus; dorsal membranous region above large, triangular. Surstylus almost triangular, covered in setulae, especially the lateral half; 9 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely arranged; small fingerlike projection along most lateral prensisetae. Subepandrial sclerite broad, almost trapezoidal, base deeply notched. Outer paraphysis laterally flattened, symmetrical; distal end rounded, with small heavily sclerotized preapical dorsal claw, arising internally; large spine proximal to distal end, perpendicular to paraphysis, curving slightly medially. Inner paraphyses consisting of 2 lobes; anterior lobe with 4 spines; 2 lateral spines, each crossing, oriented in opposite directions; anteriormost spines forming a forked structure, close, nearly parallel, projecting to the left side; posterior lobe consisting of 4 spines; 2 large, opposite, lateral spines; prominent spine bent at distal end, other 2 spines smaller, arising near bases of larger lateral spines, oriented in opposite directions. Aedeagal apodeme very straight, not curving; long, width 0.6× length; distal end not widely flared, shallowly notched. Hypandrium simple, U-shaped, of relatively uniform thickness. Ejaculatory apodeme very small, slightly longer than 0.25× length of the epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 53, 56, 113, 451, 459) FL/FW 0.83 (0.70–0.96), EL/ EW 1.39 (1.27–1.56), EL/CW 21.06 (18.33–22), FML/FMW 0.32 (0.26–0.36), PR /RR 0.53 (0.50– 0.66), ThL 1.24 (1.10–1.30 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 12 mi N. Silver City, N.M. [New Mexico], [33.019248, -108.263582], MR Wheeler, Aug 1950, 2051, Am 53, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratype: 12 mi N. Silver City, N.M. [New Mexico], MR Wheeler, Aug 1950, 2051, 1♂ (Am 56*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Arizona: Cave Creek nr. Portal, 1951-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B Heed, 3♂ (Am 111*, 113*, 115*, AMNH). New Mexico: Tajique, 1940-06-25, leg. D.E. Hardy, 1♂ (Am 459*, SEMC); 1941-06-25, leg. R. H. Beamer, 1♂ (Am 451*, SEMC). ETYMOLOGY: From tormentum, Latin for “torment,” in reference to the mass of twisting spines of the male genitalia. DISTRIBUTION: This species is known only from the sky islands and mountains of southwestern Arizona and central New Mexico. COMMENTS: Amiota tormentum is very closely related to A. antitormentum, a species with a similar distribution and often collected in the same series. In this case, each species represents a mirror image of the other with regard to the inner paraphysis, the only instance in this study when chirality was found expressed in more than one structure. Amiota tormentum is easily separated by the distinctive forked structure with close and nearly parallel spines, which are oriented to the left side of the animal, and by the arista (with fewer, shorter branches). It is unknown whether this species is lachryphagous, but due to its very close relationship with Amiota antitormentum, which is lachryphagous, it can safely be assumed to be so as well., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

GENUS AMIOTA LOEW Amiota Loew, 1862a: 229 (original description); Duda, 1934 (revision of European species); Wheeler, 1952 (key to Nearctic species); Wheeler, 1965 (Drosophilidae catalog, north of Mexico); Máca, 1980 (revision of European species); Chen and Toda, 2001 (revision of European and East Asian species); Bächli et al., 2004 (key to west Palaearctic species); Brake and Bächli, 2008 (worldwide catalog of Drosophilidae). DIAGNOSIS: Small to large drosophilids (ThL 0.90–2.09 mm), most black or dark brown, to light honey-golden color; oral margin, postpronotal lobe, and area immediately ventral to wing base with characteristic milky-white patches (except in A. minor); arista short to long, plumose, some species with branches pointing mediad; postocellar setae very small; anterior reclinate orbital seta well developed, usually half or more the length of proclinate; face flat or with upper portion slightly carinate; pair of prescutellar setae present; hind femur and/or tibia sometimes with comb of long, fine bristles; aedeagal apodeme broad, dorsoventrally flattened; paraphyses modified in most species to large, heavily sclerotized, swordlike or broad structures with apical hooks and commonly with asymmetrical spines. TYPE SPECIES: Amiota leucostoma Loew, established by Coquillett (1910). COMMENTS: This genus consists of about 154 species found worldwide, but with most diversity centered in the north temperate forests of the world. Larvae are saproxylic, developing under bark and/or in decaying wood. Most species are known to be lachryphagous and attracted to the eyes and face of humans and other mammals., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 20, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Loew, H. 1862 a. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 6: 185 - 232.","Duda, O. 1934. Drosophilidae. In E. Lindner (editor), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen region, part 58 g: 1 - 67. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.","Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Maca, J. 1980. European species of the subgenus Amiota s. str. (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 77: 328 - 346.","Chen, H. W., and M. J. Toda. 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and the establishment of species groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History 35: 1517 - 1563.","Bachli, G., C. R. Vilela, S. A. Escher, and A. Saura. 2004. The Drosophilidae of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, Vol 39: 1 - 362. Leiden: Brill.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.","Coquillett, D. W. 1910. The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 37 (1719): 499 - 647."]}

Amiota durangoensis, sp. nov. Figures 9C–D, 11B–C, 13, 82A DIAGNOSIS: Small fly (ThL 0.99–1.13 mm), dark blackish brown; cheek deep (EL/CW 8.33– 11.20), grayish white; arista with short plumosity; subepandrial sclerite with uniquely paired, grasping, subepandrial appendage: each half armlike, apices with strongly sclerotized spines and teeth, asymmetrical, curving inward medially; outer paraphysis simple, linear, sclerotized; inner paraphysis armlike, with 5–6 sclerotized, toothlike structures at distal end; ejaculatory apodeme extremely large, length greater than depth of epandrium. DESCRIPTION: Small fly (ThL 0.99–1.13 mm), dark blackish brown, legs yellow. Frons very dark, dark brown to black. Cheek deep (EL/CW 8.33–11.20), grayish-white. Palp yellow. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose, branches decumbent; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.29; 2 dorsal, 2 ventral branches; branch V1, V2 pointed mediad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia, trunk zigzagged at apical third. Male genitalia: Epandrium separated at dorsal midline, but margins discrete (not grading into surrounding membrane). Cercus semicircular, relatively small and flattened, surrounded by large membranous region. Surstylus approximately square; 10 long prensisetae, apices blunt, closely arranged, comblike; setulae scattered over broad surface. Subepandrial sclerite very distinctive: Paired, each half armlike, large, broad in lateral view, curving medially; distal ends with heavily sclerotized spines and teeth, including large dorsal spine on each, “dentition” differs between each half; subepandrial complex covered in membrane. Outer paraphysis long, slender, linear (very slightly sinuous), distal end more heavily sclerotized, tapered to blunt point, cluster of long trichoid sensilla just proximal to midpoint. Inner paraphysis armlike, smaller than subepandrial appendage (~1/2 length of outer pair); distal end with 5–6 heavily sclerotized, irregular toothlike projections. Aedeagal apodeme slightly expanded at distal end, no concave depression; slightly longer than wide; moderately bent at posterior end, in lateral view. Hypandrium wide, of varying thickness; with 4 small, flat, wrinkled lobes on outer margin straddling the apex. Ejaculatory apodeme very large, 1.25× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 1414, 1456, 1458, 1513, 1520) FL/FW 0.79 (0.74–0.82), EL/ EW 1.25 (1.15–1.33), EL/CW 9.63 (8.33–11.20), FML/FMW 0.22 (0.21–0.24), PR /RR 0.63 (0.55– 0.66), ThL 1.05 (0.99–1.13 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “9” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, Am 1520, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratypes: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., 8000′, June “9” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man [2 specimens], 5♂ (Am 1456*, 1458*, 1502*, 1513*, 1554*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Durango: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-26, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1509*, CNC). Sinaloa: Portrerillos, 15 mi. W El Palmito, 5000′, 1964-07-08, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1414*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Derived from the state of Durango in Mexico, location of the type series. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota durangoensis is currently known only from the states of Durango and Sinoloa in Mexico. It may be a more restricted species given no specimens have been collected in extensively sampled areas of the south for this genus. COMMENTS: The remarkable paired, grasping structure of the subepandrial appendage is unique in the genus, and is an excellent example of the trade-off in Amiota between development of this appendage and the paraphyses. This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota mariae Máca, 2003 Figures 17C–D, 19E, G, 24, 84B Amiota mariae Máca, 2003: 268 (original description); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 253 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Medium to large fly (ThL 1.44– 1.59 mm); dark brown, almost black; dorsal half of frons black, ventral half of frons medium brown; outer paraphysis laterally flattened, with preapical dorsal hook that protrudes beyond apex of paraphysis, proximal spine perpendicular to paraphysis; inner paraphyses asymmetrical, heavily sclerotized, with 2 hooklike lobes directed laterally in opposite directions, each of these inner paraphyses with 4 spines. DESCRIPTION: Medium to large fly (ThL 1.44– 1.59 mm), dark brown almost black, grading slightly lighter ventrally, legs yellow. Katepisternum lighter than remaining pleuron. Dorsal half of frons and orbital plate black, ventral half of frons medium brown. Eyes bright cherry red to wine colored. Facial marking small, depth 0.3× width. Cheek of moderate depth (EL/CW 16–20.75), yellowish. Palp yellow. Arista: Long, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.46; 4 long dorsal branches, 2 long and 1 short ventral branches; D2 pointed laterad, V2 pointed mesad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia over entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium not split medially, ventral margin in this area discrete; ventral third of epandrium with clustered setae, single line of setae in line ascending dorsally to apex. Cercus almost crescentic, margins discrete from surrounding membrane. Surstylus nearly triangular; 14 prensisetae, apices blunt, nearly of equal size, comblike; distal half with scattered setulae; small, slender lobe arising behind apical most prensiseta. Subepandrial sclerite with large, broad subepandrial appendage deeply notched at base, apex pyramidal, roughly scoop shaped. Outer paraphysis long, heavily sclerotized, laterally flattened, the distal half with 6–8 scattered sensilla; vertical proximal spine 1/3 from base, perpendicular to paraphysis; slender preapical dorsal claw present, extended beyond apex of paraphysis. Inner paraphyses complex, asymmetrical, heavily sclerotized; with 2 hooklike lobes directed laterally in opposite directions, each with small spine; each of these paraphyses with 4 spines, as figured. Aedeagal apodeme with constriction in middle, base nearly as wide as the distal end, width 3/4 times the length, distal end flared, less sclerotized than the basal half. Hypandrium simple, of even thickness, nearly V-shaped in ventral view. Ejaculatory apodeme short, 1/2 the length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 389, 603, 640, 692, 705) FL/FW 0.77 (0.72–0.82), EL/EW 1.39 (1.28–1.57), EL/CW 18.23 (16–20.75), FML/FMW 0.38 (0.30– 0.65), PR /RR 0.53 (0.45–0.58), ThL 1.51 (1.44– 1.59 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: As reported by Máca (2003): “ Canada, Quebec: Lac Roddic, 16 km S Maniwaki, 23.6.1991, leg. M. Barták ” [not examined]. Coll. J. Máca, to be deposited in National Museum of Prague, Czech Republic (NMPC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Chaffeys Locks Queens Univ. Bio. Stn., 1980-09-12, leg. S.A. Marshall, tree wound, 3♂ (Am 603*, 612, 636*, DEBU); Ferris Provincial Park, Drumlin Trail, 2003-05-01 through 2003-05-15, leg. P.D. Careless, 1♂ (Am 628*, DEBU); Noelville, 1974-08-10, leg. R. E. Roughley, 1♂ (Am 549*, DEBU); Ottawa, 1946-06-12, leg. G.E. Shewell, “Paratype,” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1365, CNC); 1989-09-20, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1236*, CNC); 1989-09-21, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1235*, CNC); 1991-08-31, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Ex damp shaded ditch in Acer wood, 1♂ (Am 1255*, CNC); Ottawa, Lwr. Beechwood Cem., 1999-09-03, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Acer wd. Aerial sweep, 1♂ (Am 1249, CNC); Ottawa, Monfort Hosp. wood, 1993-08- 07, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, aerial sweep, 1♂ (Am 1247, CNC); 1993-08-16, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, aerial sweep, 1♂ (Am 1276, CNC); Ottawa, Rockcliffe, Rockwood, 2007-07-18, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 7pm, aerial sweep, CNC Diptera #160444, 1♂ (Am 1283*, CNC); Purpleville, 1961-07-25, leg. G.K. Morris, 1♂ (Am 555*, DEBU); Rattlesnake Pt. Conservation Area, 43 28 N, 79 55 W, forest, 2010-06-19, leg. B.J. Sinclair, 1♂ (Am 1280*, CNC). Quebec: Abbotsford, 1936-08-30, leg. G.E. Shewell, “Paratype - No. 8017 Paratype,” [not published], 9♂ (Am 1364*, 1366– 1373, CNC); 1937-09-30, leg. G.E. Shewell, “Paratype,” [not published], 1♂ (Am 1363*, CNC); Duncan Lake nr. Rupert, 1988-08-08, leg. J.F. McAlpine, hovering at ear, 1♂ (Am 1408*, CNC); Gatineau Co., Marsham Twp., Hilltop near Duncan Lake, 45 40 53 N, 76 03 01 W, 2001-07-21, leg. J and A Skevington, D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1278*, CNC); Gatlineau Park, Meech Trail, 45 31 37 N, 75 54 43 W, 2011-07-09, leg. O. Lonsdale, 1♂ (Am 1240*, CNC); Gatineau Park, Waterfall trail, 45 28 42 N, 75 51 6 W, 2013-09-01, leg. J.M. Cumming, CNC287593, 1♂ (Am 1199*, CNC); Old Chelsea, 1955-09-20, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1387*, CNC); Old Chelsea, Summit King Mtn., 1965-06-20, leg. D.M. Wood, 9♂ (Am 1295*, 1460, 1463*, 1472*, 1473, 1477, 1537*, 1538, 1540*, CNC). USA: Arkansas: Logan Co., Magazine Mt., 2750 ft., 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 1♂ (Am 337*, AMNH). New York: Niagara Falls, 1911-09-04, leg. M.C. van Duzee, 1♂ (Am 389*, CAS); Michigan: Marquette Co., Huron Mtns., Huron Mtn. Club property vicinity, 46.874950, -87.891717, 2018-07-06 through 2018-07-12, leg. T. Werner, 40♂ (Am 679*, 681*, 682*, 684*, 686–702*, 704–708*, 727*, 731*, 732*, 1054, 1055, 1061, 1067, 1068, 1074*, 1077, 1079–1081, 1088, AMNH). Virginia: Giles Co., Cascade Falls, 2001-05-19, leg. O. Lonsdale, 37 21 0 N, 80 36 30 W, debu01007851, 1♂ (Am 640*, DEBU); Floyd Co., #1, Mile 175.4 Blue Ridge Parkway, 1960-06-23, leg. G.W. Byers, 1♂ (Am 436*, SEMC). DISTRIBUTION: This species was originally described from a single specimen collected in Canada (Quebec). It seems primarily abundant in the Great Lakes Region (Michigan and Ontario), although single specimens have been found in the Mid-Atlantic and the Ozarks, suggesting a larger range. COMMENTS: Amiota mariae, as treated here, may constitute a species complex comprised of several species. Dissections reveal not only chiral variants, but varying degrees of sclerotization among specimens. External characters include eyes varying from bright cherry red to wine colored as well as variation in size and number of preapical and apical setae on the legs. DNA barcodes may be useful in helping to determine this. This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common in many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 45-46, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

THE SUBTUSRADIATA SPECIES GROUP (NEW GROUP) DIAGNOSIS: Large flies; thorax dark blackish brown, with typical white markings; aristal branches medium (tibialis) to very long (byersi); frons largely dull, anterior portion dark yellow in A. byersi, entirely dark in A. tibialis; mid and hind tibia with comb. Male genitalia distinctive: Subepandrial sclerite with distinctive subepandrial appendage having toothed apex and lateral pair of striate membranous lobes. NEARCTIC SPECIES: Amiota byersi, A. subtusradiata Duda, and A. tibialis. COMMENTS: Chen and Toda (2001) erected the alboguttata species group, which accommodated A. subtusradiata Duda. Parsimony analysis of morphological data (fig. 3) suggests a rather distant relationship between Old World species of the alboguttata species group and what is now designated as the subtusradiata species group. While the alboguttata species group was originally defined exclusively by leg characters, the distinctiveness of the male genitalia warrants the separation of A. subtusradiata Duda, as well as other closely related Nearctic species, A. byersi and A. tibialis. These species seem infrequently collected, usually as individuals rather than series. It is unknown whether members of this species group are attracted to the eyes and face as in other Amiota, although specimens have been caught in banana traps or found on fungi (see Comments under various species)., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 91, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Chen, H. W., and M. J. Toda. 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and the establishment of species groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History 35: 1517 - 1563."]}

THE NIGRESCENS SPECIES GROUP (NEW GROUP) DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized flies; thorax dark blackish brown, with typical white markings; femora light brown (except some Arizona individuals of A. nigrescens), tibiae and tarsi yellow; aristal branch lengths short to very short, branches confined to basal half; frons dark, dull. Male genitalia: Relatively simple; surstylus slen-der, armlike, with few prensisetae; outer paraphyses with one or no spines, asymmetrical in size; inner paraphyses lost. NEARCTIC SPECIES: Amiota fulvitibia, A. nanonigrescens, sp. nov., and A. nigrescens Wheeler. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether any of the species in this group exhibit the common behavior among Amiota of being attracted to humans. All taxa seem commonly caught in Malaise, pan, and emergence traps., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 108, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota amputata, sp. nov. Figures 51A–B, 53A, 54, 60D, 91A DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.51–1.71 mm), dark brown, legs yellow; outer paraphysis laterally flattened, with hook on distal end, 2 short, blunt spines along middle portion of dorsal margin, base minutely serrate; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.51–1.71 mm), dark brown, legs yellow. Frons light brown on ventral half, dorsal half of head darker. Facial marking large (FML/FMW 0.29–0.38). Cheek deep (EL/CW 7–13.66), posterior milky white. Marking under wing base prominent, large, milky white, margins clearly defined. Haltere yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branches D1 and D2; A.R. 0.28; 3 long dorsal, 2 short ventral branches; branch D3 pointed mediad; arista trunk with short-medium length microtrichia along most of its length. Male genitalia: Epandrium separated at midline with a large gap, margins distinct from surrounding membrane; long lobe ventrally, densely haired, single line of setae ascending dorsally; anterolateral projection small, oriented anteriorly. Cercus semicircular, margins entirely distinct from surrounding membrane. Surstylus approximately rectangular, ventral half covered in scattered setulae; 12 short, peglike prensisetae, apices blunt; small fingerlike lateral lobe, not extending beyond prensisetae. Subepandrial sclerite C-shaped in lateral view, with appendage heart shaped in posterior view, invaginated medially. Outer paraphysis laterally flattened with hook on distal end; 2 short, blunt spines along middle portion in lateral view; small proximal “wing” at base, minutely serrate. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme as wide as long; curved 90° in lateral view, curved segment forming deep pockets; distal end slightly flared with a deep central emargination. Hypandrium thin, apex with gap; triangular in anterior, accommodating paraphysis; lateral arm with prominent gonopod, triangular, ventrally pointed. Ejaculatory apodeme long, 0.8× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 4, 457, 753, 1483,×1504) FL/FW 0.73 (0.66–0.81), EL/EW 1.30 (1.21–1.43), EL/CW 9.34 (7–13.66), FML/FMW 0.34 (0.29–0.38), PR / RR 0.60 (0.46–0.77), ThL 1.63 (1.51–1.71 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Oak Cr. Canyon, Ariz., [34.912694, -111.726958], VII-9- 41, R.H. Beamer, Am 457, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX, [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, 4♂ (Am 1448*, 1482*, 1483*, 1556*, CNC) OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: 5 mi NE San Cristobal, 1969-05-21, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1504*, CNC); 5 mi. W San Cristobal, 7500′, 1969-05-06, leg. H.J. Teskey, 1♂ (Am 1427*, CNC). Durango: 24 mi W La Ciudad, 7000′, 1964-07-11, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1553*, CNC). Puebla: 9 mi SE Huachinango, 1952-06, leg. M. Wasserman and W.B. Heed, 2260.13, 1♂ (Am 4*, AMNH). USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., Ramsay Canyon, Mile High Trail. Near Sierra Vista, 1984-07-24, leg. L.B. Carlson, sweep, 1♂ (Am 753*, DEBU); Oak Creek Canyon, 1941-07-09, leg. R. H. Beamer, 1♂ (Am 457*, SEMC). ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin amputata, feminine past participle, for “pruned” or “amputated,” in reference to the stublike nature of the prongs on the outer paraphyses, which are much longer in other closely related species. DISTRIBUTION: This species has a large distribution from Chiapas State in Mexico north through central Arizona. COMMENTS: The paratype described in Máca (2003) as an “aberrant individual” from the type series of A. nebojsa Máca belongs is Amiota amputata. See Comments under that species., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 99-100, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274."]}

Amiota laevifurca, sp. nov. Figures 70A–B, 72G, 79, 96B DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.59 mm), dark blackish brown; frons dark, dull, wide; arista with 4 long dorsal and 2 ventral branches; femora and tibiae light brown; outer paraphyses asymmetrical, left one with hornlike spine on dorsal margin, both with short, sclerotized, preapical lobe; inner paraphysis roughly L-shaped, left side with a bifurcated end; subepandrial appendage well developed, apex roughly heart shaped in posterior view; aedeagal apodeme rectangular; epandrium with wide dorsomedial gap; ejaculatory apodeme large, length equal to height of epandrium. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.59 mm), dark brown, uniformly so, including entire pleura (except for white postpronotal and subalar spots). Femora and tibiae light brown, tarsi yellow. Frons dull blackish brown. Facial marking large, depth 0.5× width. Cheek whitish gray posteriorly. Palp brown. Haltere bright yellow. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Long, plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.37; 4 dorsal, 2–3 shorter ventral branches; no branches pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with long microtrichia to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium middorsally separated by wide membranous gap. Cercus large, long oval; margins discrete from surrounding membrane; cercus occupying virtually all of space surrounded by epandrium. Surstylus with 10 prensisetae, apices blunt, lateral thumblike lobe present; ventral margin, area above prensisetae, and lobe covered with scattered setulae. Subepandrial sclerite wide, shieldlike; subepandrial appendage well developed, projecting ventrally from epandrium, apical portion roughly heart shaped in full posterior view. Outer paraphysis possibly small, simple lobe at base of outer paraphyses (best seen in posterior view). Inner paraphysis roughly L-shaped; distal end of left side bifurcated, with a long, upper spinelike lobe, lower lobe having a small dorsal tooth; proximal end of right inner paraphysis has small fork, distal end like left paraphysis except without large, dorsal spinelike lobe. Aedeagal apodeme long, rectangular, length 2× width; hardly expanded on distal end, depression very shallow; lateral and anterior margins very slightly concave. Hypandrium apex posterodorsally curved around outer paraphysis; lateral arms and gonopod very wide, almost triangular in lateral. Ejaculatory apodeme large, slightly longer than epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1; Am 1416) FL/FW 0.68, EL/EW 1.38, EL/ CW 11.43, FML/FMW 0.39, PR /RR 0.33, ThL 1.59 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Portrerillos, Sin. [Sinaloa], 15 mi. W. El Palmito, MEX., [23.578657, -106.216630], 5000′, “8.VII.”1964, J.F. McAlpine, Am 1416, [specimen glued to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: From Latin laevus for “left” and furca for “fork,” in reference to the forked inner paraphysis on the left side of the asymmetric male genitalia. Used as a feminine noun in apposition. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota laevifurca is currently only known from the state of Sinaloa in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species is superficially similar to Amiota barretti (Johnson), another species from Mexico, but A. barretti is externally separable by being black with metallic bluish highlights (vs. dark brown), the femora and tibiae are nearly black (vs. light brown), A. barretti has a wider cheek (vs. narrow); and, perhaps most distinctive of all, A. barretti has short branches on the arista, A. laevifurca has long branches (i.e., AR 0.17 vs 0.37, respectively)., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 137-138, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota occidentalis, sp. nov. Figures 52A–B, 53E, 57, 60C, 92A DIAGNOSIS: Very large fly (ThL 1.93–2.09 mm), dark brown to black; outer paraphysis with 2 long dorsal spines in lateral view, nearly parallel, equal length, proximal one blunt; apical hook bifid; basalmost spine long, apex with small notch; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Very large fly (ThL 1.93–2.09 mm), dark brown to black, uniformly so, glossy; legs dark yellow. Frons dark, nearly black; with lighter brown central band, running laterally. Facial marking large (FML/FMW 0.30–0.43), semicircular. Cheek very wide (EL/ CW 6.29–11.62), white posteriorly. Palp brown. Marking under wing base somewhat faded. Haltere light yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Very short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.25; 5 dorsal, 0 ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with long microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium separated at midline, ventral margin of dorsal arch distinct from surrounding membrane; ventral portion densely hairy, with a line of single setae ascending ventrally; small anterolateral projection. Cercus thin, crescentic; distinct from surrounding membrane. Surstylus approximately rectangular, middle portion and ventrolateral edge with setulae; 7–9 short, peglike prensisetae, apices blunt; small lateral lobe present, not extending beyond prensisetae. Subepandrial sclerite C-shaped in lateral view, well sclerotized; with subepandrial appendage that is heart shaped in posterior view, apex broad and round. Outer paraphysis laterally flattened, slightly hooked at apex; 3 long spines in lateral view; 2 along middle portion at angle, nearly parallel to each other, distal spine blunt; proximal spine with pointed apex and small preapical tooth; basalmost spine long, apex with small notch. Male sternite 6 moderately sclerotized, developed into sac with faintly cobbled surface. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme longer than wide, width 0.75× length; curved 90° in lateral view, curved portion forming inflated pockets; distal end with a deep emargination. Hypandrium thickened; apex notched, accommodating outer paraphysis; lateral arm with gonopod, bulging, oriented posteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme of moderate length, 0.7× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 375, 406, 409, 625, 666) FL/FW 0.62 (0.57–0.66), EL/EW 1.44 (1.32–1.72), EL/CW 8.33 (6.29–11.62), FML/FMW 0.37 (0.30–0.43), PR /RR 0.57 (0.40–0.70), ThL 1.99 (1.93–2.09 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: UTAH, Cache Co, Logan Cyn [canyon], Turner CG [campground], [41.883204, -111.572736], 27 Jun-5 Jul 85, W.J. Hanson, Am 476, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: UTAH, Cache Co, Logan Cyn [canyon], Turner CG [campground], 27 Jun–5 Jul 85, W.J. Hanson, 4♂ (Am 474*, 477*, 479, 480, LACM). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: British Columbia: Ainsworth, 1980-07-31, leg. S.A. Marshall, sweep, 1♂ (Am 625*, DEBU); Six Mile [Point?], 1959-07-28, leg. H. R. Foxlee, 1♂ (Am 1399*, CNC). USA: California: L.A. Co., Angeles Nat. For., 34.389176, -117.716479, 02017-06-05, leg. C.M. Cohen, 1♂ (Am 524*, AMNH); Siskiyou Co., McBride Springs, 1524 m, 1976-08-08, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 1♂ (Am 374*, CAS); Trinity Co., Swift Cr. 3900 ft., 1972-07-06, leg. T. Griswold, 1♂ (Am 375*, CAS). Montana: Missoula Co., Lubrecht Experimental Forest, 46 53.61 N, 113 27.08 W, 1250 m, 2017-06-28, leg. J.E. O’Hara, malaise, CNC821145, 1♂ (Am 1282*, CNC). Oregon: Baker Co., U. Goose Vrk., 34 mi. SE Union, 4160 ft., 1977-06-19 through 1977-06-22, leg. E.J. Davis, malaise baited with CO2, 1♂ (Am 409*, WSU). Utah: Box Elder Co., 1 mi N Mantu, 1969-07-21 through 1969-07-27, leg. W.J. Hanson, malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 672, LACM); Cache Co., Green Canyon, Cache Co., Green Canyon, 1985-06-12 through 1985-06-15, leg. N.N. Youssef, 1♂ (Am 469*, LACM); 1985-06-15 through 1985- 06-19, leg. N.N. Youssef, 1♂ (Am 468*, LACM); Cache Co., Logan Canyon, Turner C.G., 1985-06-10 through 1985-06-20, leg. W.J. Hanson, 1♂ (Am 471, LACM); 1985-06-20 through 1985-06-27, leg. W.J. Hanson, 1♂ (Am 484*, LACM); Cache Co., Logan Canyon, Twin Creek, 1988-07-08 through 1988-07- 15, leg. W.J. Hanson, 1♂ (Am 667*, LACM); Cache Co., Mendon Cold Spg., 1977-06-20 through 1977- 07-04, [collector unknown], malaise trap, 1♀ (Am 496, LACM); 1977-07-12 through 1977-07-19, [collector unknown], malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 494*, LACM); Cache Co. Sardine Canyon, 1969-06-18, leg. W.J. Hanson, malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 666*, LACM); Cache Co., Tony Grove Jct., 1983-07-27 through 1983-08-02, [collector unknown], malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 492*, LACM); 1984-07-03 through 1984-07-11, [collector unknown], malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 490, LACM); 1984-07-11 through 1984-07-25, [collector unknown], malaise trap, 2♂ (Am 487, 491*, LACM). Washington: Okan Co., 4 mi E. Twisp, Rt. 20, 1972-07-19, leg. W.J. Turner and W.B. Garnett, malaise trap dry ice, 1♂ (Am 408*, WSU); Skagit Co., 6.5 mi. E Marblemount, 48 31 57 N, 121 19 17 W, 1052 ft, 2018-06-08 through 2018-06-17, leg. J.M. Cumming and S.E. Brooks, MT across crk, CNC1109319, 1♂ (Am 1227*, CNC); Skykomish, 1954-07-05, leg. R. Moree, 1♂ (Am 406*, WSU). ETYMOLOGY: From Latin occidens for “west” in reference to the distribution of this species, which is throughout western North America. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota occidentalis is found widely throughout western North America from southern California to British Columbia and east to Utah and Montana. It extends more easterly in the northern parts of its range. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether Amiota occidentalis is attracted to the face and eyes. According to specimen data, it has apparently been collected only by general sweeping and malaise traps, sometimes baited with dry ice (CO 2), a method used to collect tabanids, mosquitoes and other blood-feeding flies. Attraction to CO 2 suggests it is attracted to humans, and that Amiota may use cues other than visual (e.g., mammal eyes) or perspiration scent., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 105-106, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota barretti (Johnson, 1921) Figures 68A–B, 72A, 73, 94B Stegana barretti Johnson, 1921: 59 (original description). Amiota barretti (Johnson): Wheeler, 1952: 172 (comb. nov. by Wheeler); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 250 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Very large fly (ThL 1.87–2.26 mm); shiny black with bluish highlights; frons entirely dark, dull; facial marking wide, 0.75× length; cheek very deep (EL/CW 7.08–90), medium to light brown; arista with very short plumosity; femora and tibiae dark brown, tarsi yellow; epandrium heavily sclerotized; outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, long, linear, bowing outward at midpoint in dorsal/ventral views, with apical hook; left outer paraphysis with spine near midpoint arising medially; inner paraphyses heavily sclerotized, small, right one with 2 and left with 3 spines. DESCRIPTION: Very large fly (ThL 1.87–2.26 mm), black, bluish from certain angles; thorax and abdomen very glossy. Femora and tibiae dark brown, tarsi dark yellow. Frons broad, nearly black. Facial marking wide, width 0.75× length. Cheek very deep (EL/CW 7.08–90), medium to light brown. Palp brown. Arista: Very short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.17; 3 dorsal, 0 ventral branches; no branch pointed mediad or laterad; arista trunk with short microtrichia to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium heavily sclerotized; crescentic in posterior view, narrow in lateral view; margins discrete (not graded into membrane), dorsal incomplete. Cercus distinct from surrounding membrane, fairly long; ventral setae distinctly longer than others. Surstylus with only a small cluster of setae along mostly the distal margin; 11 long prensisetae, tips slightly narrowed, closely spaced, comblike. Subepandrial sclerite well developed and sclerotized; C-shaped in lateral view; subepandrial appendage not extending past epandrium, heart shaped in full ventral view. Outer paraphysis long, linear, well sclerotized, bowing outward past midpoint (as seen in full ventral view); distal end with apical claw; left outer paraphysis with spine near midpoint that arises on medial surface. Inner paraphyses small, heavily sclerotized, projecting dorsally, half the length of the outer paraphysis, terminating in 2 and 3 spines. Aedeagal apodeme bent nearly 90°, roughly heart shaped, with a shallow emargination; base and surrounding margins heavily sclerotized, dark. Hypandrium thin at apex; with small lateral, slightly wrinkled wings flanking apex; lateral arms greatly thickening, with large posteriorly pointing gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.60× length of epandrium, slightly curved. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 4; Am 432, 1423, 1489, 1499) FL/FW 0.60 (0.56–0.63), EL/EW 1.33 (1.20–1.49), EL/CW 8.24 (7.08–9), FML/ FMW 0.43 (0.37–0.47), PR /RR 0.57 (0.40–0.66), ThL 2.20 (1.87–2.26 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: Amecameca, “IX” 190”0” [year partially handwritten], Mex., Collected by O.W. Barrett, HOLOTYPE No., Type “7855,” Collection C.W. Johnson, “ Phortica,” “ S. barretti Johns ” [cited as female], [barcode] MCZ-ENT 00007855, [not examined, only photomicrographs reviewed]. Deposited in the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge (MCZC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: El Triunfo (49 km S. Jaltenango), 1985-05-13 through 1985-05-15, 2000 m, leg. A. Freidberg, 1♂ (Am 432*, AMNH); 10 mi. NE San Cristobal, 7500′, 1969-05-05, leg. H.J. Teskey, 1♂ (Am 1423*, CNC). Durango: Buenos Aires, 10 mi W La Ciudad, 9000′, 1964-06-16, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1499*, CNC); 3 mi. W El Salto, 9000′, 1964-06-19, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♀ (Am 1490, CNC); 14 mi. SW El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-09, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1489*, CNC); 1964-06- 26 leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man 1♀ (Am 1531, CNC). DISTRIBUTION: The holotype of A. barretti was collected just outside of Mexico City in the southern highlands of the country, but newly identified material from the AMNH and CNC shows a wider distribution into Durango and Chiapas. COMMENTS: This distinctive species has not been mentioned since Johnson’s description in 1921. Males are now known for this species, originally described from a female. Amiota barretti is immediately identifiable by its very large size, deep cheek, dark brown femora and tibiae, and short plumosity on the aristae. While found within the boundaries of the Nearctic, this species was left out of Wheeler’s catalog of Nearctic Drosophilidae (1965) since it covered species occurring north of Mexico. This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 125-129, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Johnson, C. W. 1921. New Diptera from Texas and Mexico. Psyche 28 (2): 56 - 59.","Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota brayi, sp. nov. Figures 16C–D, 19B, 21, 83B DIAGNOSIS: Small fly (ThL 1.05–1.17 mm), dark brown; cheek very narrow (EL/CW 20.30–31); frons narrow (FL/FW 0.80–0.91), nearly black; male genitalia complex, relatively small; cercus long, pendulous; outer paraphysis virtually symmetrical, broad and laterally flattened (no large, perpendicular spine present), preapical dorsal claw long, strongly curved, and sclerotized, extending slightly beyond tip of outer paraphysis; inner paraphyses composed of 2 lobes, asymmetrical, with 5 sclerotized, curved, interdigitate spines; posterior lobe with 3 spines, pointed right; anterior lobe with 2 spines, pointing left. DESCRIPTION: Small fly (ThL 1.05–1.17 mm), dark brown, legs light yellow. Cheek very narrow (EL/CW 20.30–31), yellow to brown. Katepisternum lighter than remaining pleuron. Frons narrow (FL/FW 0.80–0.91), black, rather shiny. Facial marking small, width 0.3× length. Palp yellow. Arista: Very long, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.51; 5 long dorsal, 2 long ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia along most of length. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsally complete, fused at midline and grading into membrane surrounding cercus. Cercus long, pendulous, dorsally grading into surrounding membrane (other margins discrete); cerci occupy most of space surrounded by epandrium. Surstylus roughly oval shaped, middle region with scattered setulae along prensisetae margin, finer setulae near proximal end; 7 prensisetae, apices blunt, smaller medially; prominent fingerlike process adjacent to most lateral prensiseta, originating anteriorly to prensisetae, covered in setulae. Subepandrial sclerite a narrow, transverse strip; subepandrial appendage absent. Outer paraphysis symmetrical, long, slender, laterally flattened (no large, perpendicular spine present); distal end rounded, with several scattered sensilla; preapical dorsal claw heavily sclerotized, long and curved (extended nearly to tip of paraphysis). Inner paraphyses composed of 2 lobes; asymmetrical, grading into outer paraphysis, with 5 sclerotized, curved, interdigitate spines; posterior lobe with 3 spines; anterior lobe with 2 spines, pointing left. Aedeagal apodeme wide, nearly as wide as long; distal end widely flared, distal lobes forming angled joints with midsection, deep concave depression on distal end; strong flanges running along lateral margins to base. Hypandrium simple, U-shaped, thickness consistent. Ejaculatory apodeme small, length 0.5× that of the epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 185, 322, 400, 646, 1226) FL/FW 0.86 (0.80–0.91), EL/EW 1.31 (1.22–1.146), EL/CW 28.36 (20.30–31), FML/ FMW 0.33 (0.30–0.41), PR /RR 0.53 (0.45–0.60), ThL 1.12 (1.05–1.17 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: ARKAN-SAS: Logan Co. Magazine Mtn., [35.167210, -93.644199], 2750 ft., D. Grimaldi, VII/6/92, Am 322, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: ARKANSAS: Logan Co. Magazine Mtn., 2750 ft., D. Grimaldi, VII/6/92, 2♂ (Am 344*, 362*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Illinois: Hardin Co., Shawnee Nat. For., 37.594631, -88.382478, 2018-08-08, Leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 645*, 646*, AMNH). Missouri: Perryville, 1956-07, [collector unknown], 3♂ (Am 184*, 185*, 187*, AMNH). North Carolina: Highlands, Wilson’s Gap, 3100′ 1957-05-25, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, “ Paratype,” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1376, CNC). Tennessee: Great Smoky Mtns. Nat. Park, Husky Gap Trail, 35 40 N, 83 32 “W, 2001-05-30 through 2001-06-04, leg. J. Skevington and J.M. Cumming, Malaise Trail, 1♂ (Am 1226, CNC). Virginia: Prince William Co., 0.5 km NE Thorofare Gap, vic. Haymarket, 1966-06-25, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 1♂ (Am 400*, CAS). ETYMOLOGY: Named for James R. Bray, Jr. (1968–), bryologist extraordinaire and professor of biology at Blackburn College in Carlinville, IL. In appreciation for serving as mentor of the first author while he was an undergraduate at Blackburn, and for introducing him to taxonomy and botany. James Bray and A. brayi are both native to the Ozarks. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota brayi inhabits a small band stretching from the Ozarks to the MidAtlantic, although by far most collections have been centered in the Ozarks and adjacent southern Illinois. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 41-43, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota latilabrum, sp. nov. Figures 51C–D, 53B, 55, 60A, 91B DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.75–1.84 mm), dark brown and glossy; outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, apex with hook, in lateral view with 2 long spines on posterodorsal margin, proximal spine longer, usually curving inward medially, nearly touching opposing appendage; base forming a tapered wing, curving medially in ventral; very similar to Amiota subnebojsa, but differs as follows: cercus smaller; surstylus less crescentic, apical lobe slightly longer (vs. shorter) than prensisetae; aedeagal apodeme shorter relative to its width; subepandrial sclerite appendage shape less cordate; basal paraphysis spine without small apical notch; ejaculatory apodeme slightly longer (vs. shorter) than depth of epandrium. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.75–1.84 mm), dark brown, uniformly so, glossy; legs yellow. Facial marking large, semicircular. Cheek wide (EL/CW 8.50–11.57), milky white posteriorly. Palp dark brown. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.28; graded series 7–8 dorsal branches shortening distad, 1 short ventral branch; none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium nearly split medially, not grading with surrounding membrane; dense cluster of setae ventrally, ascending in a single line toward apex; small lobe projecting on anterolateral margin. Cercus oval shaped, distinct from surrounding membrane; barely protruding beyond distal margin of epandrium in lateral view. Surstylus roughly triangular, ventral half with scattered setulae; 13 peglike prensisetae, apices blunt, comblike; distallateral fingerlike lobe present, length equal to that of prensisetae. Subepandrial sclerite large, broad, trapezoidal, lateral margins thickened; C-shaped in lateral view; subepandrial appendage well developed, apex with thin, mucronate point (in lateral view), subcordate in posterior view. Outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, formed of 2 lobes, split deeply medially, apex laterally flattened; distal end with sharply curved hook in lateral view, ventrally with preapical lobe; dorsal margin with 2 long spines, distal spine shorter, basal spine curving medially in some specimens; lobes at base in ventral view. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme nearly wide as long, curved in lateral view; distal end widely flared with a broad emargination. Hypandrium U-shaped, thickness consistent; apex notched, accommodating outer paraphyses; lateral arm with gonopod, oriented posteroventrally. Ejaculatory apodeme very large, equal to or slightly longer than length/depth of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 2, 3, 5, 1426, 1525) FL/FW 0.72 (0.66–0.77), EL/EW 1.32 (1.22–1.42), EL/CW 10.09 (8.50– 11.57), FML/FMW 0.41 (0.34–0.54), PR /RR 0.57 (0.54–0.70), ThL 1.79 (1.75–1.84 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: “ 9 mi. SE.” Huachinango, Puebla MEX., [20.062775, -97.962064], M Wasserman, WB Heed, “ June 1952,” 2260:13, Am 2, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: “ 9 mi. SE.” Huachinango, Puebla MEX., M Wasserman, WB Heed, “ June 1952,” 2260:13, 2♂ (Am 3*, 5*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: 5 mi. W San Cristobal, 7500′, 1969-05-06, leg. H.J. Teskey, 1♂ (Am 1426*, CNC); 20 mi N. Bochil, Yerba Buena, 6500′, 1969-06-09 through 1969-06-10, leg. W. R. M. Mason, 1♂ (Am 1264*, CNC). Durango: 14 mi. SW El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-26, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1525*, CNC). Sinaloa: El Palmito, 6400′, 1964-07-02, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1518*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: From Latin latus for “wide” and labrum for “lip.” Used as a noun in apposition. In reference to the characteristic wide facial marking of this species. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota latilabrum occurs widely throughout Mexico including the states of Chiapas, Durango, Sinaloa, and Puebla. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota.

Amiota steyskali Máca, 2003 Figures 10C–D, 15, 82C Amiota steyskali Máca, 2003: 271 (original description); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 255 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.04–1.34 mm), dark brown to nearly black species; frons slightly shiny; hind tibia with comb of 3–7 setae [reported as tibia of midleg in Máca, 2003]; outer paraphysis long, slender, nearly straight, apex strongly curved, clawlike; inner paraphysis heavily sclerotized, short and nearly triangular; subepandrial sclerite sclerotized, large and shelflike; ejaculatory apodeme large. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.04–1.34 mm), dark brown to nearly black, legs light yellow. Frons slightly shiny, with striations from ptilinal suture radiating to midpoint of frons. Palp yellow. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Hind tibia with comb composed of 3–7 setae. Arista: Medium plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.40; 5 long dorsal, 4 short ventral branches; D4–5 branches pointed laterad; arista trunk with short microtrichia. Male genitalia: Epandrium split at middle dorsal point, long ventral lobe with 13–15 long setae. Cercus distinct from surrounding membrane, crescentic, exposing large central membranous area between and dorsal to cerci. Surstylus nearly rectangular, 6 prensisetae, apices blunt. Subepandrial sclerite triangular, extending dorsally over surstyli, sclerotized, in lateral view subepandrial sclerite thickened and wedge shaped with deep clefts, dorsal appendage thickened and pointed, extending posteriorly. Outer paraphysis long, slender, nearly straight, heavily sclerotized, apex pointed and curved into a hook, dorsally with fracturelike cleft, ca. 6 sensilla present on lateral surface near distal end. Inner paraphysis short, heavily sclerotized, nearly triangular or wedge shaped, central cleft present. Aedeagal apodeme flared wider than base, distal end barely concave, flanges and inner region forming a square, bent almost 90° in lateral at midpoint. Hypandrium U-shaped, simple, consistent thickness; lateral arm thickened posteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme thick, roughly 2/3 the length of the epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 173, 195, 345, 644, 733) FL/FW 0.74 (0.70–0.78), EL/EW 1.30 (1.17–1.45), EL/CW 16.98 (14.75– 20), FML/FMW 0.29 (0.21–0.36), PR /RR 00.47 (0.38–0.55), ThL 1.20 (1.04–1.34 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: As reported by Máca (2003): “ ♂: USA,” Maryland [erroneously reported as Maine] “ Catoctin Mt. Park, Owens Creek, 15.6.1991, leg. M. Barták ” [not examined]. Coll. Jan Máca, to be deposited in National Museum of Prague, Czech Republic (NMPC). Paratypes: “ 5♂, same locality; Catoctin Mt. Park, Chestnut wood, 15.6.1991 1♂ and 1♀, leg. M. Barták. Canada, Quebec: La Roddic, 16 km S Maniwakim 23.6.1991 1♂, leg. M. Barták ” (Coll. Jan Máca, intended for NMPC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: New Brunswick: 6 mi S.E. Sussex, 1971-07-10, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1279*, CNC). Ontario: Algonquin Provincial Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey, 1995-05-29 through 1995-06-16, leg. S.A. Marshall, fresh stump emergence, 1♂ (Am 575, DEBU); 1995-06-16 through 1995-07-04, leg. S.A. Marshall, A transect bracket. Pans on dead maple, 1m, 1♂ (Am 574*, DEBU); 1993-06-17 through 1993-06-18, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, 1♂ (Am 532, DEBU); 1993-07-12 through 1993-07-16, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, 1♂ (Am 533, DEBU); 1994- 07-18 through 1994-07-31, [collector unknown], C1 Shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 567, DEBU); Algonquin Provincial Park, W. R.S., 1994-06-25, leg. R. Bonduriansky, 2♂ (Am 608, 609, DEBU); 1994- 06-29, leg. R. Bonduriansky, 1♂ (Am 607*, DEBU); 1994-07-15, [collector unknown], on moose antler, AM W2 S, 1♂ (Am 604, DEBU); Dwight, 1964-07- 09, leg. D.H. Pengelly, Pan A 3, hemlock/clubmoss, 1♂ (Am 546*, DEBU); Franktown, 1965-09-06, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1206, CNC); Mer Bleue Trail, 2014-06-15, leg. O. Lonsdale, 1♂ (Am 1292, CNC); Norway Point, Lake of Bays, 1919-08-04, leg. J. McDunnough, “Paratype - No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1345, CNC); Orillia, 1927-07-13, leg. C.H. Curran, 1♂ (Am 1356*, CNC); Orleans, Chapel Hill, 2000-06-20, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1245, CNC); Ottawa, Beechwood Cemet., 1999-07-12, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, shaded damp earth ditch, 1♂ (Am 1270, CNC); Wentworth Co., Sheffield, 1960-06-18, leg. Taylor and Wood, 1♂ (Am 1396*, CNC). Quebec: Abbotsford, 1936-08-20, leg. G.E. Shewell, “ Paratype - No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1344, CNC); 1937-06-14, leg. G.E. Shewell, “ Paratype No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1378, CNC); Mont Tremblant, 3000′, 1959-07-15, leg. B. V. Peterson, 2♂ (Am 1362, 1377, CNC); Mt. Orford, 1936-07-14, leg. G.E. Shewell, “ Paratype - No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1343, CNC); Old Chelsea, Summit King Mtn., 1965-06-20, leg. D.M. Wood, 8♂ (Am 1466, 1468– 1470, 1474, 1476, 1480, 1539, CNC). USA: Arkansas: Logan Co., Magazine Mt. 2750 ft., 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 3♂ (Am 342*, 345*, 348, AMNH). New York: Bronx Co., New York Bot. Garden, 40.864029, -73.875571, 2018-08, leg. L.E. Jones and L. Li, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 733*, AMNH); Orange Co., Cornwall, Black Rock Forest, 2014-09- 06 through 2014-09-07, leg. D. Grimaldi, 1♂ (Am 416*, AMNH); Tompkins Co., Texas Hollow, 1983- 07-26, leg. D. Grimaldi and L.L. Pechuman, flying about head, 3♂ (Am 25*, 34*, 36*, AMNH); Monroe Co., Rochester, Highland Pk., 43.132600, -77.602784, 2018-07-26, leg. J. Jaenike, 2♂ (Am 724*, 725*, AMNH); 2018-09-14, leg. J., Jaenike, 1♂ (Am 1169*, AMNH); [no date], leg. J. Jaenike, 1♂ (Am 726*, AMNH). North Carolina: Graham Co., Robbinsville, 1976-06-09, leg. G.E. Bohart, 4♂ (Am 500*, 502*, 503*, 518*, EMUS); Highlands, 3800′, 1957-06-15, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1359, CNC). Tennessee: Cades Cove, GSMNP, 1953-07 through 1953-08, leg. J.M. Carpenter, 1♂ (Am 173*, AMNH); Carter Co., Holston Mtn., 1965-06-02, leg. J.S. Chillcott, 1♂ (Am 1300, CNC). Vermont: Bennington Co., Green Mountain Nat. For., 42.889507, -72.976097, 2018-08-05, leg. L.E. Jones and R.D. Mannion, swept around head, 2♂ (Am 643*, 644*, AMNH); Orleans Co., Westmore, nr. Bald Mountain, 2018-08-16, D. Grimaldi, 1♂ (Am 664*, AMNH). Virginia: Fairfax, 1954-07, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ (Am 195*, AMNH). DISTRIBUTION: Amiota steyskali is relatively common in the Northeast but is also found in Appalachia and as far west as the Ozarks. This species has a similar distribution to the closely related species A. communis Chen and Steyskal. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota nebojsa Máca, 2003 Figures 51E–F, 53C–D, 56, 60E, 91C Amiota nebojsa Máca, 2003: 269 (original description); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 254 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.73–1.92 mm), dark brown and glossy; outer paraphysis in lateral view forming distinctive structure: laterally flattened with a distal hook, proximal end with 2 long, nearly parallel spines very near each other, basal spine shorter; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.73–1.92 mm), dark brown and glossy, legs yellow. Frons shiny; dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally. Cheek deep, variable in size (EL/CW 6.76– 22.66), milky white posteriorly. Facial marking large (FML/FMW 0.35–0.42). Palp brown. Haltere yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D4; A.R. 0.28–35; 4–5 long dorsal, 0 long ventral branches; D4 pointed laterad; arista trunk with very long microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium separated at midline, distinct from membrane surrounding cerci; middle section without long setae; small anterolateral projection. Cercus oval shaped, distinct from surrounding membrane. Surstylus wide, almost square; ventral half with 18–20 long, scattered setulae; 11–13 peglike prensisetae, apices blunt, comblike; small lateral lobe present, oriented anteriorly. Subepandrial sclerite well sclerotized, C-shaped in lateral view; subepandrial appendage extending posteriorly; apex heart shaped in posterior view. Outer paraphysis long, laterally flattened, heavily sclerotized; hook on distal end; proximal end with 2 long spines in lateral view, nearly parallel to each other, distal spine slightly shorter; sternite 6 modified into large membranous sac, lightly sclerotized, basal portion microtrichose, cobbled distally. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme as long as wide, strongly curved in lateral view; proximal region inflated, forming pockets; distal end widely flared with deep concave depression. Hypandrium thin, apex notched, accommodating outer paraphysis; lateral arm with a large gonopod, rectangular, oriented posteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme very large, nearly as long as epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 10, 11, 458, 637, 741) FL/FW 0.66 (0.61–0.73), EL/EW 1.38 (1.35–1.41), EL/CW 12.54 (6.76–22.66), FML/ FMW 0.38 (0.35–0.42), PR /RR 0.56 (0.42–0.70), ThL 1.80 (1.73–1.92 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: As reported by Máca (2003): “ ♂: USA, Arizona Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Pinary Cyn., 5100 ft., 9.8.1991, leg. Y.F. Hsu, [not examined]. Coll. Jan Máca, intended for National Museum, Prague (NMPC). Paratypes: As reported by Máca (2003): “same locality, 4 ♂ and 1 ♀ ”. Coll. Jan Máca, intended for National Museum, Prague (NMPC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Durango: 3 mi E. El Salto, 8200′, 1964-07-04, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1432*, CNC); 1965-06-20, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1542*, CNC); 3 mi W. El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-19, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1487*, CNC); 10 mi W. El Salto, 9000′, 1964-08-03, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 10♂ (Am 1410*, 1543–1551*, CNC); 1964-06-30, leg. W. R.M. Mason, 2♂ (Am 1424*, 1500*, CNC); 14 mi SW. El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-26, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 17♂ (Am 1411*, 1413*, 1445*, 1446*, 1451*, 1454*, 1491–1493*, 1497*, 1507*, 1508*, 1510*, 1516*, 1517*, 1519*, 1521*, CNC); 1964-07-17, leg. W. R.M. Mason, 2♂ (Am 1210*, 1430*, 1431*, CNC). Guerrero: Gro 12 km S of Xochipala, 1992-07-15, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1386*, CNC). USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., Ramsay Canyon, Mile High Trail. Near Sierra Vista, 1984-08-24, leg. L.B. Carlson, sweep, 3♂ (Am 637*, 639*, 741*, DEBU); Graham Mtns., Wet Canyon, 32 39 1 N, 109 48.8 W, 6050′, 2011-08-14, leg. J.E. O’Hara, 1♂ (Am 1225*, CNC); Oak Creek Canyon, 1947-07-15, leg. R.H. Beamer, 1♂ (Am 458*, SEMC). New Mexico: Gila National Forest, Iron Creek Picnic ground near Emory Pass, 2007-08-16, leg. J.H. Skevington, CNC 787037, 1♂ (Am 1222*, CNC); Gila National Forest, Cherry Creek campground, 32.914167 S, 108.22500 W, 2103 m, 2007-08-14, leg. S. Kelso, CNC Diptera #58844, 1♂ (Am 1289*, CNC); Gila National Forest, Meadow Creek campground, 32 57 18 S, 108 10 17 W, 2025 m, 2007-08-14, leg. S. Kelso, CNC Diptera #57715, 1♂ (Am 1287*, CNC); Grant Co., 14 mi north Silver City, Cherry Creek Campground, 32 54 8 N, 108 13 6 W, 7400′, 2007-08-23, leg. J.E. O’Hara, 1♂ (Am 1200*, CNC); Grant Co., 14 mi north Silver City, Cherry Creek Campground, 32 54.8 N 108 13.6 W, 6850′, 2010-10-13, leg. J.E. O’Hara, 1♂ (Am 1241*, CNC); 12 mi N of Silver City, 1950-08, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2051, [paratypes of A. buccata Wheeler, see Discussion under that species] 2♂ and 1♀ (Am 9, 10*, 11*, AMNH); 1950-08, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2074, [paratype of A. buccata Wheeler, see Discussion under that species] 1♀ (Am 8, AMNH). DISTRIBUTION: This species is found in the mountainous regions throughout Arizona and New Mexico, as well as Guerrero State in southern Mexico. COMMENTS: When Máca described A. nebojsa (2003), he cited a paratype in the type series as an “aberrant individual.” This paratype is a different species, Amiota amputata. Amiota nebojsa and Amiota amputata have overlapping distributions and specimens in DEBU of the two species were also collected in the same series. This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 104-105, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota mcalpinei, sp. nov. Figures 42C–D, 45C–E, H, 89C DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.71 mm); medium brown to ochre, abdomen nearly black; coloration similar to A. minor (Malloch), except with characteristic white markings of genus; outer paraphysis long, slender, lacking lateral spine; tapering acutely to mucronate point, lacking terminal sensillum; inner paraphysis robust, curving medially and overlapping; aedeagal apodeme lightly sclerotized; similar to other Nearctic species, but easily distinguished by lack of a lateral spine on the outer paraphysis (as in A. leucostoma Loew) or a terminal trichoid sensillum (as in A. tessae); differs from A. rufescens by having shorter outer paraphysis and a large, strongly hooked inner paraphysis. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.71 mm), medium brown to ochre, uniformly so, setae black; legs yellow; abdomen nearly black; coloration similar to A. minor (Malloch), except with characteristic white markings of genus. Frons blackish on dorsal half, yellow ventrally. Cheek yellow on anterior half, whitish gray on posterior half. Palp yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Medium plumose; A.R. 0.3; longest branch D5, D6 points mediad; 6 long dorsal (1 short preapical), 4 shorter ventral branches; aristal trunk with medium-length microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium with dorsal gap. Cercus semicircular. Surstylus pendulous, distal end covered in setulae; prensisetae pointed (not round). Subepandrial sclerite wide; forming long subepandrial appendage, distal end rounded. Outer paraphysis long and swordlike, lightly sclerotized; midpoint with several scattered sensilla pits, distal end tapering acutely to mucronate point. Inner paraphysis a spine of medium sclerotization, curving medially; anterior hook present, overlapping with adjacent paraphysis. Aedeagal apodeme lightly sclerotized, slightly wider than long; lightly concave depression. Hypandrium U-shaped; lateral arm with a long, lobelike gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme slender, length equal to depth of epandrium, bent at 2/3 the length from distal end. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 1315) FL/FW 0.70, EL/EW 1.40, EL/CW 16.8, FML/FMW 0.33, PR /RR 0.50, ThL 1.71 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Cultus Lake, B.C. [British Columbia], [49.047143, -121.979228], “8”. VIII.1948, H. R. Foxlee, “ Amiota leucostoma ” d. G.Steyskal, Am 1315, [specimen glued to pin, dissected]. Deposited in Canadian National Collection (CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: Named for James F. McAlpine (1922–2019), renowned dipterist at the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, and collector of many of the Mexican specimens used in this revision. DISTRIBUTION: The holotype was collected in British Columbia, but the species is likely more widespread in western Canada. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the eyes and face as other Amiota, but this is likely the case due to its close relationship with A. tessae, which is known to exhibit this behavior., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 83-85, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota cervites, sp. nov. Figures 29A–B, 30A–B, 31, 86A DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.39–1.48 mm), dark brown, nearly black; thorax and abdomen glossy; frons blackish brown on rest of frons, ventral third shiny, silvery; spines of outer paraphyses forming a cross-shaped structure (in posterior view), the most ventral portion consisting of an anterior, posterior, and lateral spine; dorsal spine with a lateral spine as well as a bifurcated posterior spine; inner paraphysis small and cuplike. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.39–1.48 mm), dark brown, nearly black; legs dark yellow. Thorax and abdomen glossy. Frons shiny, with silvery band along ptilinal margin on ventral third. Cheek whitish to light brown. Palp brown. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Short to medium, plumose, most branches decumbent; longest branch D1–D2; A.R. 0.31; 3 dorsal, 0 ventral branches; branches D1–3 pointed mediad; arista trunk with long microtrichia grading shorter toward apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsally separated, margins in this area discrete from membrane; row of long setae along posterolateral margin. Cercus oval shaped, long though not pendulous, ventral margin extending approximately to lower level of epandrium; most margins discrete from surrounding membrane (except for dorsal most portion); setae long. Surstylus curved, lateral convex; cluster of setulae along preapical-ventral margin; 15 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely arranged, comblike. Subepandrial sclerite large, subepandrial appendage arising from a thin stalk, expanding into a large scoop-shaped structure, as wide as long; moderately sclerotized. Outer paraphyses complex, virtually symmetrical (except for 2 dorsal spines): entire complex approximately cross shaped; ventralmost portion with anterior, posterior, and lateral spines; anterior portion with spine oriented toward the opposite direction of the lateral appendage; anteroventral spine with two sensilla near midpoint, on tiny tubercles; dorsal portion of outer paraphysis with pair of longer lateral spines and pair of bifurcated posterior spines; paraphysial complex heavily sclerotized, except bases of pair of posterolateral spines (which are membranous). Inner paraphysis small, heavily sclerotized, simple and cuplike with anterior rim; lying lateral to outer paraphysis. Aedeagal apodeme long, width 0.60× length, moderately sclerotized; curved 90° in lateral view. Hypandrium approximately following contours of cross-shaped outer paraphyses in ventral view, forming 3 lobes; the most anterior lobe thinner than the lateral lobes, with a small, rounded projection at the apex; in lateral view hypandrium gently S-shaped, without lobe on posterior margin. Ejaculatory apodeme half the length of the epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 1267, 1447, 1526, 1530, 1532) FL/FW 0.75 (0.72–0.79), EL/EW 1.23 (1.17– 1.29), EL/CW 13.29 (11.6–17.25), FML/FMW 0.26 (0.24–0.28), PR /RR 0.55 (0.45–0.58), ThL 1.43 (1.39–1.48 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 14 mi SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, Am 1526, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratypes: 14 mi. SW El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 6♂ (Am 1447*, 1484*, 1495*, 1512*, 1524*, 1532*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Durango: 10 mi W. El Salto, 9000′, 1964-06-08, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1267, CNC); 1964-06-12, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 2♂ (Am 1530*, 1555*, CNC); 14 mi. SW El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-09, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 3♂ (Am 1498*, 1523*, 1528*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from cervus, Latin for “deer.” Meaning “deerlike,” in reference to the posterior view of the male genitalia, which resemble a deer skull. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota cervites is currently only known from the state of Durango in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota communis Chen and Steyskal, 2004 Figures 9A–B, 11A, 12, 81C Amiota communis Chen and Steyskal, 2004; Chen et al. 2004: 65 (original description); Malloch and McAtee, 1924: 41, plate VIII, figs. 12, 13 (figure of male genitalia, as A. alboguttata); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 251 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.15– 1.42 mm), dark brown almost black; frons shiny; hind tibia with comb of 8–12 setae; outer paraphysis long, slender, sinuous in dorsal/ventral views, robust, apex strongly curved and clawlike, each possessing a strong medially curving seta; inner paraphysis about 1/2 length of outer paraphyses, heavily sclerotized, slender, expanded at base, acutely bent 2/3 of the length from apex. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.15–1.42 mm), dark brown to black, legs yel-lowish. Frons slightly pollinose, golden; ventral half shiny, silvery. Palp yellow, the tip brown. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Hind tibia with comb composed of 8–12 setae. Arista: Very long, plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.50; 5 long dorsal, 3 ventral branches; D5 pointed slightly mediad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia on basal half, apical half bare. Male genitalia: Epandrium distinct, split at middle dorsal point, but no gap, each epandrial lobe made up of 2 distinct plates or regions, microtrichia and long setae absent outside plates, each epandrial half with long ventral lobe, 9–10 long setae along the ventral margin. Cercus dis-tinct from surrounding membrane, pyramidal membranous area above, ventral to epandrial apex. Surstylus with 6 prensisetae, apices blunt; 15–18 scattered setae, most along ventral por-tion. Subepandrial sclerite rounded in dorsal view, subepandrial appendage arising from sub-epandrial sclerite, slightly pointed, directed pos-teriorly. Outer paraphysis long, slender, sinuous in dorsal-ventral views, robust, tapering into a curved hook distally, a central fracturelike cleft running the length dorsally, 6–9 sensilla on lateral surface near distal end, large setae past mid-point curving medially. Inner paraphysis heavily sclerotized, slender, base bulbous, tapering to a point, curved laterally at 2/3 the length to the apex; length ~1/2 that of outer paraphysis. Aedeagal apodeme longer than wide, strongly bent in lateral; distal end lightly flared with a small depression, inner region bell shaped. Hypandrium simple, U-shaped, lateral arms bowing outward, scalloped on end distal from apex. Ejaculatory apodeme small and stout, slightly longer than 1/3 the length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 169, 320, 393, 425, 560) FL/FW 0.78 (0.67–0.92), EL/ EW 1.31 (1.24–1.38), EL/CW 21.39 (19.66–23), FML/FMW 0.32 (0.30–0.38), PR/RR 0.58 (0.54– 0.66), ThL 1.25 (1.15–1.42 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: As reported by Chen et al. (2004): “ ♂, USA: Wayne County, Michigan, 16.VI.1960, (G, Steyskal)” [not examined]. Deposited in National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (NSMT). Paratypes: “ 4♂, same data as holotype ” (NSMT). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Algoma District, Hilton Beach, edge of hardwood forest and field, 1992-07-05, leg. J.E. Swann, malaise, debu00282842, 1♂ (Am 563*, DEBU); 1992-07-05, leg. J.E. Swann, edge of hardwood forest and field, debu00282850, 1♂ (Am 564, DEBU); 1992-07-26, leg. J.E. Swann, edge of hardwood forest and field, debu00298081, 1♂ (Am 630*, DEBU); Algonquin Province Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey, 1994-07-01 through 1994- 07-10, [collector unknown], C1 Shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 565, DEBU); Bruce Co., Dunks Bay, 2000- 07-23 through 2000-07-27, leg. S.A. Marshall, debu00079593, 1♂ (Am 615*, DEBU); Bruce Co., Jack Poste Side trail, 4km N Hope Bay, 44 55 25 N, 81 09 17 W, 2011-07-05, leg. J.M. Cumming, 1♂ (Am 1286, CNC); Gros Cap 20 km W S.S.Marie, 1986-08-31, leg. K.N. Barber, mixed forest, 1♂ (Am 560*, DEBU); Hald.-Norfolk Reg., Cronmiller prop., ~ 6 km St. Williams, site 1, 2011-09-01 through 2011-09-20, leg. Brunke and S. Paiero, forest mals pans, debu00352726, 1♂ (Am 570*, DEBU); Hald.- Norfolk Reg., Turkey Point Provincial Park, site 1, 2011-07-05 through 2011-08-05, leg. Brunke and S. Paiero, forest, malaise pans, debu 00350353, 1♂ (Am 571, DEBU); 2011-08-05 through 2011-08-17, leg. Brunke and Paiero, forest malaise pans, debu00349960, 1♂ (Am 572, DEBU); Lambton Co., Port Franks, Karner Blue Sanctuary, 1996-09-10, leg. J. Skevington, debu01084394, 1♂ (Am 528*, DEBU); Lanarck Co., Patterson Lake, 1979-07-21, leg. S.A. Marshall, 2♂ (Am 632, 635*, DEBU); 1979-07-22, leg. S.A. Marshall, 1♂ (Am 633, DEBU); Marmora, 1952-07-16, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1357, CNC); Northumberland Co., Peter’s Woods Provincial Nature Preserve, back woods, 2011-08-26 through 2011-09-12, leg. Brunke and Paiero, forest malaise pans, 44 7 28 N, 78 2 14 W, debu00352726, 1♂ (Am 568*, DEBU); Norway Point, Lake of Bays, 1919-07-31, leg. J. McDunnough, “Paratype - No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1346, CNC); Ottawa Montfort Hospital, 45 26 52 N, 75 38 27 W, 2007-07-16, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Acer- Betula Wood, Aerial sweep at 7:30 PM, 1♂ (Am 1224, CNC); Sandbanks Pk, nr Picton, 1970-07-01, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1564, CNC); Simcoe, 1939-06- 29, leg. G.E. Shewell, “Paratype No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1342, CNC); Smith’s Bay, Nr. Picton, 1970-01-07, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1190, CNC); Thwartway Island, St. Lawrence Is. National Park, 1976-07-06, leg. A. Carter, Sweep, Ostrich fern, Code 4045-O, 1♂ (Am 1238, CNC); 1976-08-27, leg. A. Carter, Malaise trap, Code 4529- G, 1♂ (Am 1239, CNC); 7 mi E. Griffith, 1989-07- 08, leg. B.E. Cooper, 2♂ (Am 1232, 1233, CNC); [no specific locality], 1990-09-02, leg. J.E. Swann, Edge of HDWD forest and field, malaise, 1♂ (Am 622*, DEBU). Quebec: Duncan Lake nr. Rupert, 1988-08- 08, leg. J.F. McAlpine, hovering at my ear, 1♂ (Am 1402, CNC); Gatineau Park, King Mountain, 45 29 28 N, 75 51 31 W, 2011-08-19, leg. J.M. Cumming, 1♂ (Am 1284, CNC); Lac Phillipe, 1955-07-30, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1358, CNC); Old Chelsea, 1959-09-27, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1435, CNC); 1959-09-28, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1436, CNC); 1959-09-30, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1438, CNC); 1966-08-09, leg. D.D. Monroe, 1♂ (Am 1260, CNC); Old Chelsea, King Mt., 1961-06- 16, leg. J.G. Chillcott, 1♂ (Am 1581, CNC); Old Chelsea, Summit King Mtn., 1965-06-20, leg. D.M. Wood, 2♂ (Am 1440, 1464, CNC); 1964-08-26, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1395, CNC). USA: Arkansas: Logan Co., Magazine Mt., 2750 ft., 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 8♂ (Am 320*, 321, 325, 329*, 333, 335*, 343, 364, AMNH). District of Columbia: Rock Creek Park, 1957-06-07, leg. P.H. Arnaud, Jr., 1♂ (Am 394*, CAS). Georgia: Black Rock Mt. S.P., 1953-07-04, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 5♂ (Am 167, 168, 169*, 170, 171, AMNH); Blood Mt., 1952-07-15, leg. P.W. Fattig, 1♂ (Am 498*, EMUS); Lumpkin Co., 15 mi NW Dahlonega, 1973-06-15, leg. M. R. Humphrey, 1♂ (Am 497*, EMUS). Illinois: Mason Co., Sand Ridge St. For., 4 mi NW Forest City, 1976-06- 01, leg. C. T. Maier, 1♂ (Am 1597*, INHS); Union Co., Trail of Tears State Forest 37.499757, -89.340117, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 650*, AMNH). Indiana: Crawford Co., Hoosier N.F., Hemlock Cliffs, 1991- 05-19, leg. B.J. Sinclair, ex. Trickling stream, 1♂ (Am 1302, CNC); Harrison Co., O’Bannon Woods St. Pk., 38.194962, -86.267880, 2018-08-14, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 740*, AMNH). Kentucky: Edmonson Co., Mammoth Cave National Park, 1991-06-09, leg. J.E. Swann, sweep in forest by wet sink hole, 1♂ (Am 750, DEBU). Maryland: Glen Echo, 1921-07-10, [leg. J. R. Malloch], 1♂ (Am 1613, INHS). Massachusetts: Brookline, 08-23 [no year], [collector unknown], Univ. of Kan., Lot 958, 3♂ (Am 460, 461*, 462, SEMC); E. Falmouth, 1924- 07-22, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 192*, AMNH); Lexington, 1956-06-05, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 193*, AMNH); Riverside, 08-16 [no year], [collector unknown], Univ. of Kan., Lot 958, 1♂ (Am 463*, SEMC); Woods Hole, 1950-07-17, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 189*, AMNH). Michigan: Berrien Co., St. Joseph, 1973-09-02, leg. D.D. Wilder, 1♂ (Am 387*, CAS); Delta Co., Escanaba, 45.732003, -87.081676, 2018-06, leg. T. Werner, 1♂ (Am 1093, AMNH); Marquette Co., Huron Mtns., Huron Mtn. Club property vicinity, 46.874950, -87.891717, 2018- 07-06 through 2018-07-12, leg. T. Werner, 1♂ (Am 1064, AMNH). Missouri: Lithium, 1962-09-05, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 186*, AMNH). New York: Putnam Co., Hudson Highlands St. Pk., 41.448627, -73.966484, 2017-09-23, leg. L.E. Jones and C. Liriano, swept around head, 9♂ (Am 519– 522*, 728–730*, 1012, 1014, AMNH); Jeff Co., Wellesley Is., 1963-08-22, leg. L.L. Pechuman, 1♂ (Am 38*, AMNH); Orange Co., Cornwall, Black Rock Forest, 2014-09-06 through 2014-09-07, leg. D. Grimaldi, 11♂ (Am 417, 418, 420, 423, 424, 425*, 426*, 427–429, 431*, AMNH); Sta. Study Insects, Tuxedo, 1928-07-06, leg. C.H. Curran, 1♂ (Am 41, AMNH); Tompkins Co., Texas Hollow, 1983-07-26, leg. D. Grimaldi and L.L. Pechuman, flying about head, 6♂ (Am 22*, 23*, 26, 27, 28*, 31*, AMNH); Monroe Co., Rochester, Highland Pk., 43.132600, -77.602784, [no date], leg. J. Jaenike, 1♂ (Am 723*, AMNH). North Carolina: Black Mts., 09-00 [year and day unknown], [collector unknown], 3♂ (Am 308, 309, 310, AMNH); 09-00 [year and day unknown], [collector unknown], “ Phortica n. sp.,” 1♂ (Am 317, AMNH); Graham Co., Robbinsville, 1976-06-09, leg. G.E. Bohart, 1♂ (Am 501*, EMUS); Highlands, 3800′, 1957-06-08, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1361, CNC); 3800′, 1957-06-15, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1360, CNC); 1957-07-14, leg. C.J. Durden, 1♂ (Am 1379, CNC); Pisgah Forest, Looking Glass Park, 1957-07-31, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1383, CNC). Wayah Bald, 1957-07-13, leg. C.J. Durden, 1♂ (Am 1211, CNC). Ohio: Portage Co., West Branch State Park, 1988-07-17, leg. B.A. Foote, 3♂ (Am 312, 313*, 314, AMNH). Pennsylvania: Centre Co., 1972-07-04, leg. D.D. Wilder, 1♂ (Am 391*, CAS); Lycoming Co., 1972-07-27, leg. D.D. Wilder, 2♂ (Am 392*, 393*, CAS). Tennessee: Cades Cove, GSMNP, 1953-07 through 1953-08, leg. J.M. Carpenter, 9♂ (Am 172, 175, 176*, 177, 178*, 179, 180, 181*, 190, AMNH); Unicoi Co., Cherokee Nat. For., 36.137782, -82.350719, 2018-08-20, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 661*, NH). Vermont: Orleans Co., nr. Bald Mtn., 1650 ft., 44.793912, -71.987952, 2016-07-19 through 2016- 07-21, leg. D. Grimaldi, 1♂ (Am 368*, AMNH). Virginia: Blackburg, 1953-09-09, [collector unknown], “male,” 1♂ (Am 166*, AMNH); Floyd Co., #1, Mile 175.4 Blue Ridge Parkway, 1960-06-23, leg. G.W. Byers, 1♂ (Am 435, SEMC); Giles Co., Cascade Falls, 2001-05-19, leg. O. Lonsdale, 38 21 0 N, 80 36 30 W, debu01007850, 1♂ (Am 641*, DEBU); Scott Run, 1954-07, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ (Am 194*, AMNH). Wisconsin: Waupaca Co., Hartman Ck. Pk., 1974-08-13, leg. T. R. Marsh, flying around person, 2♂ (Am 1591*, 1592*, INHS). DISTRIBUTION: Amiota communis is very common in the northeastern U.S. and Appalachia and as far west as the Ozarks. The distribution of A. communis is similar to the closely related species A. steyskali Máca. COMMENTS: In their key to the Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia, Malloch and McAtee (1924) referred to the male genitalia of the then undescribed A. communis as A. alboguttata (Wahlberg) in figures 12 and 13 at the end of the work. Although confusion has surrounded this name, A. alboguttata is not known to occur in the Nearctic. Chen and Steyskal described communis from material found in the National Science Museum of Tokyo (NSMT). The holotype, collected by George Steyskal (1909–1996) and labelled under his manuscript name as A. communis, was presumably sent to Toyohi Okada (1909– 2000) along with other collections of Amiota from North America. Steyskal sent Amiota specimens to other institutions as well, including the National Museums Scotland (NMS), which contains specimens collected in Michigan (L.E.J., personal obs.). Amiota communis exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 25-30, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Chen, H. W., C. T. Zhang, and G. C. Liu. 2004. New species and new records of the subgenus Amiota s. str. Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from North America, East Asia and Oceania. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 40 (1): 59 - 67.","Malloch, J. R., and W. L. McAtee. 1924. Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 37: 25 - 42.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota fulvitibia, sp. nov. Figures 61A–B, 62A, 63, 93A DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.12–1.29 mm), dark brown and glossy, ventral half of head medium brown, dorsal half of frons black; femora medium brown, tibiae and tarsi yellow; outer paraphysis composed of two, asymmetric lobes: left lobe long, linear, tapered to a point, with a middorsal, perpendicular spine; right lobe shorter, strongly curved, with 2 upward-curving spines; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.12–1.29 mm), dark brown, uniformly so, glossy. Femora medium brown, tibiae and tarsi light yellow. Ventral half of frons medium brown, dorsal half black. Cheek dark brown. Palp dark brown. Arista: Very short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.17; 3 short dorsal, 0 ventral branches; none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium fused at midline, margins distinct from surrounding membrane; ventral lobes densely hairy, middle portion without long setae. Cercus long, pendulous; not grading into surrounding membrane. Surstylus long, armlike; ventral half with setulae; 3 long prensisetae, apices blunt; 2 long setae on interior margin of apex, pointed medially. Subepandrial sclerite moderately sclerotized, C-shaped in lateral view; with broad, squarish inner portion; subepandrial appendage well developed, heart shaped in posterior view, wide at base, tapering to long, narrow point. Outer paraphysis asymmetrical, composed of 2 lobes; left one long, tapering to a point; small, dorsal spine perpendicular to axis; right lobe smaller, rounded, curved; 2 dorsal spines, each pointed upright and curving slightly medially. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme nearly equal in length and width; curved 90°in lateral; distal end widely flared, with a very shallow emargination. Hypandrium deeply notched at apex, nearly level with base of hypandrium, accommodating outer paraphyses; lateral arm with prominent winglike gonopod, pointing ventrally. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.6× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 537, 577, 589, 599, 600) FL/FW 0.72 (0.63–0.82), EL/ EW 1.26 (1.21–1.34), EL/CW 13.72 (11.80–15.25), FML/FMW 0.23 (0.20–0.29), PR /RR 0.43 (0.33– 0.60), ThL 1.21 (1.12–1.29 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: ONT [Ontario]: Algonquin Prov. Pk. Swan Lk. Stn., Scott Lk Survey, [45.489399, -78.715496], shore C1 Mal. [malaise], 01-07.vi.94, [no collector stated, presumably E. Barr and S. Marshall], Am 587, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the University of Guelph (DEBU). Paratypes: ONT [Ontario]: Algonquin Prov. Pk. Swan Lk. Stn., Scott Lk Survey, shore, C1 Mal. [Malaise]., 01-07.vi.94, E. Barr / S.M., 1♂ (Am 599*, DEBU); ONT [Ontario]: Algonquin Prov. Pk. Swan Lk. Stn., Scott Lk Survey, C 1 shore, Maltp. [Malaise trap], 01-07.vi.1994, [no collector stated, presumably E. Barr and S. Marshall], 1♂ (Am 596*, DEBU). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Algonquin Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake, 1993-05-08 through 1993-05-19, leg. Larson, Marshall and Barr, malaise A1 lakeshore, 2♂ (Am 534*, 535*, DEBU); 1993-05-19 through 1993-05-31, leg. Larson, Marshall and Barr, malaise A1 lakeshore, 2♂ (Am 531*, 537*, DEBU); 1994-05-19 through 1994-05-26, [collector unknown], C1 Shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 588*, DEBU); 1994-05-19 through 1994-06-26, leg. E. Barr and S.A. Marshall, A3 Malaise, Sphagnum, 1♂ (Am 600*, DEBU); 1994-05-19 through 1994-06-26, leg. E. Barr and S.A. Marshall, C1 Malaise, shore, 1♂ (Am 598*, DEBU); 1994-05-19 through 1994-05-27, [collector unknown], C1 shore, malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 589*, DEBU); 1995-05-29 through 1995-06-16, leg. S.A. Marshall, D1 shorepans, 1♂ (580, DEBU); 1995-05- 29 through 1995-06-16, leg. S.A. Marshall, fresh stump emergence, [dissection lost] 1♂ (Am 577*, DEBU). Tennessee: Sevier Co., Great Smoky Mtns. N.P., Roaring Fork Creek and Trillium Gap Trails, 1999-05-28, leg. J.M. Cumming, ex. Blossoms Chrysanthemum, 1♂ (Am 1301*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from Latin fulvus for “brown” and tibia for “leg,” in reference to the brown femur on the legs of this species. DISTRIBUTION: This species is primarily known from Ontario, although one specimen has been collected from Great Smoky Mountains in Tennessee, suggesting a much wider distribution. Southern extensions of the distribution may be along higher altitudes. COMMENTS: Amiota fulvitibia is very superficially similar to A. albilabris (Roth) in Bächli et al. (2004) in regard to the brown femora as well as genitalic structure (in lateral view), however, close inspection shows that the “three-pointed structure” in each is composed of very different structures (paraphyses in Amiota fulvitibia vs. the hypandrium and dorsal arch of A. albilabris). All known specimens of this species have been collected via pans, malaise, and emergence traps. It is unknown whether it is attracted to the face and eyes as is common in other Amiota.

Amiota forceps, sp. nov. Figures 34E–F, 37C; 39A, N–P, S; 87C DIAGNOSIS: Small fly (ThL 1.15 mm), dark blackish brown; frons slightly shiny ventrally, with a bluish pruinescence, dark dorsally; white spots characteristic of genus present; similar to species in a complex including A. uniacuminis and A. biacuminis (defined under A. biacuminis), but differing from those species by the following: outer paraphysis with upper and lower lobes of equal length (vs. upper one longer), upper lobe slender, pointed, lower lobe flared at apex, truncate; hypandrium nearly square, apex notched, with small rounded, median lobe; prensisetae long, very slender, and densely packed, 14 prensisetae present (vs. 12 much shorter ones in A. uniacuminis and 7 stout ones in A. biacuminis). DESCRIPTION: Small fly (ThL 1.15 mm), dark blackish brown, fading ventrally, including katepisternum; legs light yellow. Characteristic markings typical of genus present. Frons slightly shiny; dorsal portion almost black; ventral portion below with slight bluish pruinescence. Cheek relatively deep (EL/CW 10.66), yellowish. Palp yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Medium, plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.32; 5 dorsal branches grading to shortest apically, 3–4 very short ventral branches; no branches pointed significantly mediad laterad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia, bare on apical third. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsally complete, ventral margin near this area grading into membrane below; lateral portions with numerous setae of medium length along most of length; ventral margin with small, medial emargination. Cercus with margins distinct, overall shape subcircular, with large membranous region dorsal to cercus. Surstylus oval shaped, with scattered setulae around midregion; 14 prensisetae, long, slender, apices blunt, closely packed. Subepandrial sclerite well developed, laterally slightly compressed; subepandrial appendage triangular middle portion slightly constricted, apex dull point. Outer paraphysis with 2 lobes of equal length in lateral view: upper lobe linear, straight, pointed; lower lobe thicker, truncate, with 2 small terminal points. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme with very similar proportions to A. biacuminis and A. uniacuminis. Hypandrium roughly square inner margin more sclerotized; apex notched on inner margin; opposite this a small, flat, faintly wrinkled lobe. Ejaculatory apodeme not studied. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 1452) FL/FW 0.49, EL/EW 1.39, EL/CW 10.66, FML/FMW 0.22, PR /RR 0.40, ThL 1.15 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, Am 1452, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: From forceps, Latin for “pincers,” in reference to the paraphyses of the male genitalia in lateral view. Used as a noun in apposition. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota forceps is currently known from Durango State in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 73-74, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota laevifurca, sp. nov. Figures 70A–B, 72G, 79, 96B DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.59 mm), dark blackish brown; frons dark, dull, wide; arista with 4 long dorsal and 2 ventral branches; femora and tibiae light brown; outer paraphyses asymmetrical, left one with hornlike spine on dorsal margin, both with short, sclerotized, preapical lobe; inner paraphysis roughly L-shaped, left side with a bifurcated end; subepandrial appendage well developed, apex roughly heart shaped in posterior view; aedeagal apodeme rectangular; epandrium with wide dorsomedial gap; ejaculatory apodeme large, length equal to height of epandrium. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.59 mm), dark brown, uniformly so, including entire pleura (except for white postpronotal and subalar spots). Femora and tibiae light brown, tarsi yellow. Frons dull blackish brown. Facial marking large, depth 0.5× width. Cheek whitish gray posteriorly. Palp brown. Haltere bright yellow. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Long, plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.37; 4 dorsal, 2–3 shorter ventral branches; no branches pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with long microtrichia to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium middorsally separated by wide membranous gap. Cercus large, long oval; margins discrete from surrounding membrane; cercus occupying virtually all of space surrounded by epandrium. Surstylus with 10 prensisetae, apices blunt, lateral thumblike lobe present; ventral margin, area above prensisetae, and lobe covered with scattered setulae. Subepandrial sclerite wide, shieldlike; subepandrial appendage well developed, projecting ventrally from epandrium, apical portion roughly heart shaped in full posterior view. Outer paraphysis possibly small, simple lobe at base of outer paraphyses (best seen in posterior view). Inner paraphysis roughly L-shaped; distal end of left side bifurcated, with a long, upper spinelike lobe, lower lobe having a small dorsal tooth; proximal end of right inner paraphysis has small fork, distal end like left paraphysis except without large, dorsal spinelike lobe. Aedeagal apodeme long, rectangular, length 2× width; hardly expanded on distal end, depression very shallow; lateral and anterior margins very slightly concave. Hypandrium apex posterodorsally curved around outer paraphysis; lateral arms and gonopod very wide, almost triangular in lateral. Ejaculatory apodeme large, slightly longer than epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1; Am 1416) FL/FW 0.68, EL/EW 1.38, EL/ CW 11.43, FML/FMW 0.39, PR /RR 0.33, ThL 1.59 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Portrerillos, Sin. [Sinaloa], 15 mi. W. El Palmito, MEX., [23.578657, -106.216630], 5000′, “8.VII.”1964, J.F. McAlpine, Am 1416, [specimen glued to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: From Latin laevus for “left” and furca for “fork,” in reference to the forked inner paraphysis on the left side of the asymmetric male genitalia. Used as a feminine noun in apposition. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota laevifurca is currently only known from the state of Sinaloa in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species is superficially similar to Amiota barretti (Johnson), another species from Mexico, but A. barretti is externally separable by being black with metallic bluish highlights (vs. dark brown), the femora and tibiae are nearly black (vs. light brown), A. barretti has a wider cheek (vs. narrow); and, perhaps most distinctive of all, A. barretti has short branches on the arista, A. laevifurca has long branches (i.e., AR 0.17 vs 0.37, respectively).

Amiota nanonigrescens, sp. nov. Figures 61C–D, 62B, 64, 93B DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.22 mm), body black grading dark brown ventrally, femora light brown, tibiae and tarsi light yellow; male terminalia entirely faint (except for tips of outer paraphyses, which are sclerotized), lightly sclerotized; outer paraphysis swollen, distal end tapered to small, slightly curved, blunt point; inner paraphysis lost; similar to A. nigrescens Wheeler, but differing in the faint sclerotization; deep-pocketed lobes of the aedeagal apodeme; surstylus with distal end narrow and 4 prensisetae, the most medial one pointed and 2× length of the others. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.22 mm), black grading dark brown ventrally. Femora brown, tibiae and tarsi light yellow. Frons black except orbital plates. Cheek brown. Palp dark brown. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.32; 3 long dorsal, 0 long ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with long microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsal complete, faintly sclerotized. Cercus large, occupying most of the space surrounded by the epandrium, distinct from surrounding membrane. Surstylus armlike, ventral portion narrowed, covered with setulae, dorsal portion glabrous; 4 prensisetae, apices blunt, medialmost one long and pointed, twice the length of the other prensisetae, widely spaced and at sharp angle; lateral prensisetae small, closely spaced. Subepandrial sclerite small. Outer paraphysis on long stalk; distal portion swollen in middle, the distal end with small, blunt, tapered point. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme flared widely at anterior end, distal margin not emarginate; base deeply constricted; curved in lateral view, with deep lobes. Hypandrium simple, apex notched; lateral arm wide, with prominent posterior gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme not studied. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 540) FL/FW 0.78, EL/EW 1.50, EL/CW 14.25, FML/FMW 0.23, PR /RR 0.66, ThL 1.22 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: CANADA: Algonquin Pk., Swan Lake Stn., Scott Lake Survey, 45*29′15″N, 78*43′20″W, [45.489399, -78.715496], malaise A1, lakeshore, 3-14.vi.1993, Larson/Marshall/Barr, Am 540, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the University of Guelph (DEBU). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: Formed from nanos, Greek for “dwarf,” and nigrescens, a previously named species in the genus, in reference to a smaller version of A. nigrescens Wheeler, a species to which it is closely related. DISTRIBUTION: This species is only known from Ontario, Canada. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the face and eyes as is common in other species of Amiota. The holotype of Amiota nanonigrescens was caught in a Malaise trap, a very common method for catching species in this species group., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 120, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota pseudominor, sp. nov. Figures 36A–B, 37H–I, 41, 88C DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.23– 1.27 mm), dark brown to black; similar to Amiota minor (Malloch), but A. pseudominor differing externally by white markings present under wing base and faint marking on postpronotal lobe and face; darker frons; cheek relatively deep (EL/CW 11.6–12.2), white; surstylus with distinctive secondary lobe on posterior surface; epandrium with narrow dorsal gap; pair of outer paraphyses symmetrical, forked, upper prong straight, tapered to point, lower one shorter, curved upward, less sclerotized; ejaculatory apodeme large. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.23– 1.27 mm), dark brown to black; abdomen black. Characteristic markings of the genus present, although somewhat faded. Frons dark brown, black above ptilinal suture; slightly pollinose. Facial marking large (FML/FMW 0.28–0.35), semicircular, faint. Cheek relatively deep (EL/ CW 11.6–12.2), white. Palp yellow. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.36; 4 dorsal branches (D1 very short), 0 long ventral branches; 3 short apical-dorsal branches pointed laterad; arista trunk with short microtrichia, bare on apical half. Male genitalia: Epandrium separated dorsally at midline, not grading into surrounding membrane; ventral lobe with dense cluster of long setae, row of 7 setae in single row ascending to apex. Cercus small, much smaller than space surrounded by epandrium; crescentic, margins discrete, distinctively protruding well beyond posterior surface of epandrium; surrounded by large membranous area dorsally. Surstylus very distinct: secondary bulbous lobe atop middle region, triangular membranous extension with cluster of long setulae adjacent; medial margin with several long setulae; 8 long prensisetae, apices blunt, closely arranged. Subepandrial sclerite large, scoop shaped, with posterior margin pointed and projected nearly to same level as tip of outer paraphysis. Outer paraphysis forming forked structure in lateral, heavily sclerotized, 2-pronged in lateral view; dorsal prong longer, tapered to point; lower prong shorter, less sclerotized, curved upward, bearing sensilla at base. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme rectangular, almost square; distal margin even, barely flared, concave depression absent. Hypandrium simple, of relatively uniform thickness; lateral arms widely expanded, bulging outward anteriorly and posteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme large, 0.9× size of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 2; Am 256, 257) FL/FW 0.61 (0.54–0.69), EL/EW 1.43 (1.41–1.45), EL/CW 11.9 (11.6–12.2), FML/FMW 0.63 (0.28–0.35), PR /RR 0.47 (0.45–0.50), ThL 1.25 (1.23–1.27 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 30 klm. N Chilpancingo, Guerro, Mex., [17.945004, -99.513764], July 1952, M Wasserman, WB Heed, “2266.19,” Am 256, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratype: 30 klm. N Chilpancingo, Guerro, Mex., July 1952, M Wasserman, WB Heed, “2266.19,” “ A. barretti,” 1♂ (Am 257*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the type series. ETYMOLOGY: Formed from pseudo-, Greek for “false,” and minor, a previously described species in the genus. In reference to the deceptive nature of the new species, with male genitalia very similar to A. minor, but with the characteristic external markings of the genus, although faded, which A. minor lacks. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota pseudominor is currently known from Guerrero State in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species, related to A. minor but unlike it, exhibits the characteristic markings of other members of the genus., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota forceps, sp. nov. Figures 34E–F, 37C; 39A, N–P, S; 87C DIAGNOSIS: Small fly (ThL 1.15 mm), dark blackish brown; frons slightly shiny ventrally, with a bluish pruinescence, dark dorsally; white spots characteristic of genus present; similar to species in a complex including A. uniacuminis and A. biacuminis (defined under A. biacuminis), but differing from those species by the following: outer paraphysis with upper and lower lobes of equal length (vs. upper one longer), upper lobe slender, pointed, lower lobe flared at apex, truncate; hypandrium nearly square, apex notched, with small rounded, median lobe; prensisetae long, very slender, and densely packed, 14 prensisetae present (vs. 12 much shorter ones in A. uniacuminis and 7 stout ones in A. biacuminis). DESCRIPTION: Small fly (ThL 1.15 mm), dark blackish brown, fading ventrally, including katepisternum; legs light yellow. Characteristic markings typical of genus present. Frons slightly shiny; dorsal portion almost black; ventral portion below with slight bluish pruinescence. Cheek relatively deep (EL/CW 10.66), yellowish. Palp yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Medium, plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.32; 5 dorsal branches grading to shortest apically, 3–4 very short ventral branches; no branches pointed significantly mediad laterad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia, bare on apical third. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsally complete, ventral margin near this area grading into membrane below; lateral portions with numerous setae of medium length along most of length; ventral margin with small, medial emargination. Cercus with margins distinct, overall shape subcircular, with large membranous region dorsal to cercus. Surstylus oval shaped, with scattered setulae around midregion; 14 prensisetae, long, slender, apices blunt, closely packed. Subepandrial sclerite well developed, laterally slightly compressed; subepandrial appendage triangular middle portion slightly constricted, apex dull point. Outer paraphysis with 2 lobes of equal length in lateral view: upper lobe linear, straight, pointed; lower lobe thicker, truncate, with 2 small terminal points. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme with very similar proportions to A. biacuminis and A. uniacuminis. Hypandrium roughly square inner margin more sclerotized; apex notched on inner margin; opposite this a small, flat, faintly wrinkled lobe. Ejaculatory apodeme not studied. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 1452) FL/FW 0.49, EL/EW 1.39, EL/CW 10.66, FML/FMW 0.22, PR /RR 0.40, ThL 1.15 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, Am 1452, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: From forceps, Latin for “pincers,” in reference to the paraphyses of the male genitalia in lateral view. Used as a noun in apposition. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota forceps is currently known from Durango State in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota.

Amiota subnebojsa, sp. nov. Figures 52E–F, 53H, 59, 60B, 92C DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.67–1.79 mm), glossy black with a black head; outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized; apex with short spine, barely hooked; lateral view with 2 long spines on dorsal margin; in ventral view base forming a tapered wing curving medially; inner paraphysis lost; very similar to A. latilabrum, differing as given in diagnosis for that species. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.67–1.79 mm), dark brown, glossy, grading lighter ventrally; legs yellow. Facial marking very large, semicircular. Cheek wide (EL/CW 8.33–12.28), posteriorly milky white. Frons dark, nearly black dorsally, ventral portion light brown. Palp dark brown. Arista: Very short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.29; 3 dorsal, 0 ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with long microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium nearly split medially, not grading with surrounding membrane; dense cluster of setae ventrally, ascending in a single line toward apex; small lobe projecting on anterolateral margin. Cercus oval shaped, distinct from surrounding membrane. Surstylus rather semicircular, scattered setulae on ventral third; 15 peglike prensisetae, apices blunt, comblike; lateral fingerlike lobe present, not extending beyond prensisetae. Subepandrial sclerite C-shaped in lateral view, moderately sclerotized; subepandrial appendage long, oriented posteriorly, heart shaped in posterior view, tapering to a blunt point, invaginated medially. Outer paraphyses heavily sclerotized, formed of 2 lobes, split deeply medially; apex blunt with sharp hook in lateral view, laterally flattened; posterior margin forming a wing; anterior/dorsal margin with 2 long spines, distal spine oriented dorsally, proximal spine longer and with small subapical tooth, oriented anteriorly; basal portion modified into tapering wing; in ventral view 2 clawed appendages; proximal appendage, stubby; basal tapering wing, long, curving medially. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme length equal to width; base with a deep cleft, distal end widely flared with medium emargination. Hypandrium deeply notched, accommodating outer paraphyses; lateral arm with gonopod, projecting posteroventrally. Pair of membranous lobes present, connected to space within hypandrium. Ejaculatory apodeme not studied. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 442, 443, 447, 448, 1527) FL/FW 0.74 (0.72–0.78), EL/EW 1.30 (1.22–1.48), EL/CW 9.93 (8.33–12.28), FML/ FMW 0.43 (0.40–0.44), PR /RR 0.53 (0.38– 0.80), ThL 1.73 (1.67–1.79 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: MEXICO, Morelos #7, 14 mi N. Cuernavaca, [19.188745, -99.228691], 7300′, 29 July 1963, George W. Byers, Am 443, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: MEX-ICO, Morelos #7, 14 mi N. Cuernavaca, 7300′, 29 July 1963, George W. Byers, 6♂ (Am 442*, 445, 446, 447*, 448*, 449, SEMC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Durango: 14 mi. SW El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-26, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1527*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from sub, Latin for “under or below,” and nebojsa, a previously described species in the genus which it is presumably closely related. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota subnebojsa is currently known only from the state of Morelos in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota.

THE MARIAE SPECIES GROUP (NEW GROUP) DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized flies (A. incurva and A. mariae large); dark brown to blackbrown, with typical white markings; frons dark, sometimes with faint pollinosity, dull, never silvery; aristal branches with medium to long branches. Male genitalia: Inner paraphyses asymmetrical (except A. incurva), heavily spined, spines often interdigitating, fused to outer paraphysis. NEARCTIC SPECIES: Amiota antitormentum, A. brayi, sp. nov., A. cruciatum, sp. nov., A. incurva, sp. nov., A. mariae Máca, A. texas, sp. nov., A. tormentum, sp. nov., A. wheeleri, sp. nov., and A. zaliskoi, sp. nov. COMMENTS: This species group is distinctive for the asymmetrical spines of the male genitalia. Specimens with mirrored paraphyses, or chiral variants, were found in all of the species in this group. In most cases this did not represent variation at the species level, with the chirality of the asymmetrical spines being the only difference between specimens. In one case was it felt necessary to warrant recognition at the species level (A. antitormentum and A. tormentum)., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 34, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota latilabrum, sp. nov. Figures 51C–D, 53B, 55, 60A, 91B DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.75–1.84 mm), dark brown and glossy; outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, apex with hook, in lateral view with 2 long spines on posterodorsal margin, proximal spine longer, usually curving inward medially, nearly touching opposing appendage; base forming a tapered wing, curving medially in ventral; very similar to Amiota subnebojsa, but differs as follows: cercus smaller; surstylus less crescentic, apical lobe slightly longer (vs. shorter) than prensisetae; aedeagal apodeme shorter relative to its width; subepandrial sclerite appendage shape less cordate; basal paraphysis spine without small apical notch; ejaculatory apodeme slightly longer (vs. shorter) than depth of epandrium. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.75–1.84 mm), dark brown, uniformly so, glossy; legs yellow. Facial marking large, semicircular. Cheek wide (EL/CW 8.50–11.57), milky white posteriorly. Palp dark brown. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.28; graded series 7–8 dorsal branches shortening distad, 1 short ventral branch; none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium nearly split medially, not grading with surrounding membrane; dense cluster of setae ventrally, ascending in a single line toward apex; small lobe projecting on anterolateral margin. Cercus oval shaped, distinct from surrounding membrane; barely protruding beyond distal margin of epandrium in lateral view. Surstylus roughly triangular, ventral half with scattered setulae; 13 peglike prensisetae, apices blunt, comblike; distallateral fingerlike lobe present, length equal to that of prensisetae. Subepandrial sclerite large, broad, trapezoidal, lateral margins thickened; C-shaped in lateral view; subepandrial appendage well developed, apex with thin, mucronate point (in lateral view), subcordate in posterior view. Outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, formed of 2 lobes, split deeply medially, apex laterally flattened; distal end with sharply curved hook in lateral view, ventrally with preapical lobe; dorsal margin with 2 long spines, distal spine shorter, basal spine curving medially in some specimens; lobes at base in ventral view. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme nearly wide as long, curved in lateral view; distal end widely flared with a broad emargination. Hypandrium U-shaped, thickness consistent; apex notched, accommodating outer paraphyses; lateral arm with gonopod, oriented posteroventrally. Ejaculatory apodeme very large, equal to or slightly longer than length/depth of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 2, 3, 5, 1426, 1525) FL/FW 0.72 (0.66–0.77), EL/EW 1.32 (1.22–1.42), EL/CW 10.09 (8.50– 11.57), FML/FMW 0.41 (0.34–0.54), PR /RR 0.57 (0.54–0.70), ThL 1.79 (1.75–1.84 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: “ 9 mi. SE.” Huachinango, Puebla MEX., [20.062775, -97.962064], M Wasserman, WB Heed, “ June 1952,” 2260:13, Am 2, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: “ 9 mi. SE.” Huachinango, Puebla MEX., M Wasserman, WB Heed, “ June 1952,” 2260:13, 2♂ (Am 3*, 5*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: 5 mi. W San Cristobal, 7500′, 1969-05-06, leg. H.J. Teskey, 1♂ (Am 1426*, CNC); 20 mi N. Bochil, Yerba Buena, 6500′, 1969-06-09 through 1969-06-10, leg. W. R. M. Mason, 1♂ (Am 1264*, CNC). Durango: 14 mi. SW El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-26, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1525*, CNC). Sinaloa: El Palmito, 6400′, 1964-07-02, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1518*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: From Latin latus for “wide” and labrum for “lip.” Used as a noun in apposition. In reference to the characteristic wide facial marking of this species. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota latilabrum occurs widely throughout Mexico including the states of Chiapas, Durango, Sinaloa, and Puebla. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 100-104, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota biacuminis, sp. nov. Figures 34C–D, 37B; 39D–F, H–J, Q; 87B DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.52–1.74 mm), dark blackish brown, including entire pleura; white spots typical of genus present; cheek deep, yellow; belongs to complex of species that includes A. uniacuminis and A. forceps, all with short outer paraphyses that are pincerlike in lateral view; inner paraphysis lost; subepandrial appendage well developed, protruding, apex triangular with an apical “nipple”; hypandrium with 1 or 2 small, wrinkled lobes; Amiota biacuminis distinguished from other species as follows: Arista plumosity shorter; lower lobe of outer paraphysis with apex rounded (vs. bifid); surstylus with fewer prensisetae (7 vs. 12–14); hypandrium with two wrinkled lobes flanking apex (vs. 1). DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.52–1.74 mm), dark blackish brown, pleura entirely dark (including katepisternum); legs yellow. Characteristic markings typical of genus present. Frons dark brown, fading to light brown at margins and orbital plate. Cheek very deep (EL/CW 6.18–7.5), yellowish. Facial marking large, depth 0.25× width. Palp brown. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.27; 3 longer dorsal, 1 short dorsal, 3 very short ventral branches preapically; no branches pointed significantly mediad or laterad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia, bare on apical third. Male genitalia: Epandrium complete dorsally, ventral margin in this area evanescent, graded into membrane below. Cercus of moderate size, nearly grading with surrounding membrane, but margins discrete and faint. Surstylus oval shaped; 7 long prensisetae, apices blunt, closely arranged, comblike; setulae along ventral margin; row of medially projecting setulae dorsal to prensisetae. Subepandrial sclerite well developed; subepandrial appendage present, triangular in full ventral view, broad at base and tapering to small, nipplelike point. Outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, compressed laterally, pincerlike in lateral view, with 2 lobes: upper lobe slender and pointed, lower lobe thicker with apex rounded. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme slightly rectangular, width 0.80× length, the basal lateral margins heavily sclerotized; with slightly lateral constriction, anterior margin with faint emargination. Hypandrium roughly squared, inner margin more sclerotized; apex with two flattened, wrinkled, paramedian lobes; lateral arm with large swollen gonopod, ventrally pointed. Ejaculatory apodeme long, length equal to depth of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 1420, 1449, 1481, 1485, 1515) FL/FW 0.47 (0.43–0.51), EL/EW 1.28 (1.17–1.39), EL/CW 6.57 (6.18–7.5), FML/FMW 0.26 (0.24–0.28), PR /RR 0.46 (0.36–0.50), ThL 1.60 (1.52–1.74 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “9” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, Am 1485, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratypes: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., June “9” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 2♂ (Am 1486*, 1522*, CNC); 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 4♂ (Am 1449*, 1457*, 1481*, 1494*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: 16 mi. NW Comitan, 5000′, 1969-05-18, leg. H.J. Teskey, (Am 1420*, CNC). Durango: 24 mi W La Ciudad, 7000′, 1964-06-25, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1515*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from Latin bi - for “two” and acuminis for “sharp point,” in reference to the two points on the apex of the hypandrium. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota biacuminis is known from the states of Durango and Chiapas in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota.

Amiota tormentum, sp. nov. Figures 18A–B, 19H, 26, 85A DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.10–1.30 mm), nearly black; arista with branches sparse and shorter than in A. antitormentum; inner paraphysis with asymmetrical spines in mirror image of A. antitormentum, anteriormost spines forming forked structure, spines close and nearly parallel, oriented to the left side, other differences with A. antitormentum listed under that species; also similar to Amiota cruciatum, but A. cruciatum differing by the smaller and less sclerotized male genitalia. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.10–1.30 mm), nearly black, slightly lighter ventrally; legs yellow. Frons black, dark brown just above ptilinal margin. Cheek small, rather bronze. Palp brown. Arista: Medium plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.33; 4 long dorsal, 1 long ventral branch, none pointed mediad/ laterad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia along most of its length. Male genitalia: Epandrium fused, indistinct, not grading into surrounding membrane. Cercus distinct, oval shaped, not parallel to neighboring cercus; dorsal membranous region above large, triangular. Surstylus almost triangular, covered in setulae, especially the lateral half; 9 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely arranged; small fingerlike projection along most lateral prensisetae. Subepandrial sclerite broad, almost trapezoidal, base deeply notched. Outer paraphysis laterally flattened, symmetrical; distal end rounded, with small heavily sclerotized preapical dorsal claw, arising internally; large spine proximal to distal end, perpendicular to paraphysis, curving slightly medially. Inner paraphyses consisting of 2 lobes; anterior lobe with 4 spines; 2 lateral spines, each crossing, oriented in opposite directions; anteriormost spines forming a forked structure, close, nearly parallel, projecting to the left side; posterior lobe consisting of 4 spines; 2 large, opposite, lateral spines; prominent spine bent at distal end, other 2 spines smaller, arising near bases of larger lateral spines, oriented in opposite directions. Aedeagal apodeme very straight, not curving; long, width 0.6× length; distal end not widely flared, shallowly notched. Hypandrium simple, U-shaped, of relatively uniform thickness. Ejaculatory apodeme very small, slightly longer than 0.25× length of the epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 53, 56, 113, 451, 459) FL/FW 0.83 (0.70–0.96), EL/ EW 1.39 (1.27–1.56), EL/CW 21.06 (18.33–22), FML/FMW 0.32 (0.26–0.36), PR /RR 0.53 (0.50– 0.66), ThL 1.24 (1.10–1.30 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 12 mi N. Silver City, N.M. [New Mexico], [33.019248, -108.263582], MR Wheeler, Aug 1950, 2051, Am 53, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratype: 12 mi N. Silver City, N.M. [New Mexico], MR Wheeler, Aug 1950, 2051, 1♂ (Am 56*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Arizona: Cave Creek nr. Portal, 1951-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B Heed, 3♂ (Am 111*, 113*, 115*, AMNH). New Mexico: Tajique, 1940-06-25, leg. D.E. Hardy, 1♂ (Am 459*, SEMC); 1941-06-25, leg. R. H. Beamer, 1♂ (Am 451*, SEMC). ETYMOLOGY: From tormentum, Latin for “torment,” in reference to the mass of twisting spines of the male genitalia. DISTRIBUTION: This species is known only from the sky islands and mountains of southwestern Arizona and central New Mexico. COMMENTS: Amiota tormentum is very closely related to A. antitormentum, a species with a similar distribution and often collected in the same series. In this case, each species represents a mirror image of the other with regard to the inner paraphysis, the only instance in this study when chirality was found expressed in more than one structure. Amiota tormentum is easily separated by the distinctive forked structure with close and nearly parallel spines, which are oriented to the left side of the animal, and by the arista (with fewer, shorter branches). It is unknown whether this species is lachryphagous, but due to its very close relationship with Amiota antitormentum, which is lachryphagous, it can safely be assumed to be so as well.

Amiota humeralis Loew, 1862 Figures 69C–D, 71, 72D, 77, 95C Amiota humeralis Loew, 1862a: 229 (original description); Malloch and McAtee, 1924: 29 (key and description is male of A. hsui); Wheeler, 1952: 168 (key to Nearctic species, discussion); Wheeler, 1949: 260 (discussion); Wheeler, 1957: 110 (discussion); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 252 (world catalog). Stegana humeralis (Loew): Sturtevant, 1921: 57 (comb. nov. by Sturtevant). Phortica humeralis (Loew): Malloch, 1921: 312 (comb. nov. by Malloch). Amiota setigera Malloch, 1924: 51 (original description; type locality: USA, Illinois, Savoy; Deposited in Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, INHS); Wheeler, 1952: 169 (key to Nearctic species); Wheeler, 1957: 110 (discussion); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Máca, 2003: 265 (redescription and male genitalia figured); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 255 (world catalog); syn. nov. DIAGNOSIS: Very distinctive, small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.20–1.29 mm); frons in male narrow, reflective, and silvery (frons in female slightly wider and not as shiny, glossier); hind femur of male with ca. 3–5 long upright setae (females without long dorsoventral setae on femur); inner paraphyses unique, flanking inner lateral margins of the hypandrium, each side with ca. 8–10 thick, heavily sclerotized, feathershaped lobes. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.20–1.29 mm), dark brown to black, somewhat pollinose, legs yellow. Frons narrow (FL/ FW 0.96–1.25), brilliant silvery from direct anterior view; ocellar triangle black, slightly pollinose. Cheek small, milk white. Palp yellow. Katepisternum lighter in color than rest of pleuron. Hind femur with 3–5 upright setae, more than 2× longer than diameter of femur. Arista: Very long, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.46; 5 dorsal, 2 ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia, bare on apical half. Male genitalia: Epandrium not separated dorsally, lower 2/3 with long setae. Cercus long, grading into surrounding membrane and almost continuous with epandrium. Surstylus longer than broad; 7 prensisetae, apices blunt, prensisetae becoming smaller from middle laterally and medially; prominent lateral thumblike lobe extending out and at angle to prensisetae (slightly hooked), creating gap; covered in setulae. Subepandrial sclerite simple, shield shaped, extending dorsally over surstyli, lacking subepandrial appendage. Outer paraphysis large and elaborate, ventral portion laterally flattened, with ca. 13 sensilla, distal portion with an apical claw, bridge arising proximal to apical claw joining to dorsal portion of outer paraphysis; dorsal portion consisting of 2 thickened, heavily sclerotized projections, the apices finely serrated and jagged, the distal end of dorsal portion consisting of a keellike extension with a deep cleft. Inner paraphysis elaborate: flanking inside margin of lateral arms of hypandrium, each half with 8–10 darkly sclerotized, feathershaped appendages branching from the paraphysis stem. Aedeagal apodeme typical, slightly longer than wide, “distal plate” of aedeagal apodeme flared, distal margin slightly concave. Hypandrium simple; incomplete at apex, diameter of consistent thickness, lateral arms not thickened. Ejaculatory apodeme of moderate size, length ~0.4× the depth of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 183, 324, 465, 656, 737) FL/FW 1.09 (0.96–1.25), EL/EW 1.24 (1.01–1.38), EL/CW 21.58 (17.25–25), FML/ FMW 0.42 (0.31–0.53), PR /RR 0.62 (0.45–0.80), ThL 1.24 (1.20–1.29 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: female: USA: District of Columbia: Loew Coll., “humeralis m.,” “Type 13406,” [barcode] MCZENT00013406, [leg. C. R. Osten-Sacken], [not examined, only photomicrographs reviewed]. Deposited in the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge (MCZC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Alabama: Clay Co., Talladega Nat. For., 33.443496, -85.839339, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 923, AMNH); Lawrence Co., Bankhead Nat. For., 434.308325, -87.395084, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 913, AMNH); Wilson Dam F.Q., 1942-07-12, leg. J.N. Belkin, 2♀ (Am 670, 671, LACM). Arkansas: Johnson Co., Ozark Nat. For., 35.673036, -93.453114, 2018-08-09, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 2♀ (Am 825, 826, AMNH); 2018-08-09, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 839, AMNH); Logan Co., Magazine Mt., 2750 ft., 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 1♂ and 7♀ (Am 318, 324*, 327, 330, 344, 359, 360, 363, AMNH); Garland Co., Ouachita Nat. For., 34.540121, -93.352490, 2018-08-09, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, 1♂ (Am 736*, AMNH). Georgia: Towns-White Cos., Unicoi Pk., 1954-10-02, leg. H. R. Dodge, 3♀ (Am 411, 413, 414, WSU). Illinois: Hardin Co., Shawnee Nat. For., 37.594631, -88.382478, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 4♂ and 27♀ (Am 647*, 737*, 738*, 739*, 755–759, 761–765, 767, 768, 770–774, 776, 778, 779, 781–783, 785, 786, 788, 790, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ and 15♀ (Am 734*, 791, 796–798, 1151–1156, 1158–1162, AMNH); Mason Co., Sand Ridge State Park, 1976-06-12, leg. M.E. Irwin, 1♂ (Am 1601*, INHS); Savoy, 1916-05- 23, [leg. J. R. Malloch], on sap, INHS Insect Collection 238.815, [Holotype of Amiota setigera Malloch], 1♂ (no number, INHS); St. Clair Co., Stemler Cave Woods Nat. Pres., 38.464886, -90.155530, 2019-05- 24, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 996, AMNH); Union Co., Trail of Tears State Forest, 37.499757, -89.340117, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 1♂ and 3♀ (Am 807, 808, 811, 813, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 820, AMNH); White Heath, 1920-08-12, [leg. J. R. Malloch], [paratype of Amiota setigera Malloch], 1♀ (Am 1612, INHS); White Heath, 1920-08-12, leg. J. R. Malloch, INHS Insect Collection 238.814, [Allotype of Amiota setigera Malloch], 1♀ (no number, INHS). Indiana: Harrison Co., O’Bannon Woods St. Pk., 38.194962, -86.267880, 2018-08-14, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 3♂ and 2♀ (Am 655*, 656*, 888, 889, 894, AMNH); Perry Co., Hoosier Nat. For., 38.195597, -86.613230, 2018-08-14, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 865, AMNH). Kansas: Leavenworth, 1935-06-17, leg. L.S. Henderson, 1♀ (Am 450, SEMC). Mississippi: 8 mi. S. Columbus, 1941-09, leg. G.B. Mainland and R.P. Wagner, 1♀ (Am 70, AMNH); Yalobusha Co., George P. Cossar St. Pk., 34.131206, -89.887945, 2018-08-12, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 855, AMNH). Missouri: Carter Co., Ridge Road at Road C, 4.5 mi SW of Van Buren, 1967-08-04, leg. H.B. Leech, 3♀ (Am 382– 384, CAS); Franklin Co., Meramac Caverns, 1966- 07-06, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 1♀ (Am 385, CAS); Lithium, 1955-06-29, leg., M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ and 7♀ (Am 44, 47–51, 67, 188, AMNH); Taney Co., Drury Conservation Area, ex. Buttonbush Pond., 36 34 2.28 N, 93 4 33.60 W, 280 m, 2019-06-06, leg. B.J. Sinclair, CNC 1450129, 1♂ (Am 1296, CNC). Ohio: Lawrence Co., Wayne State Forest, Vesuvius Recreation Area, 1989-07-13, leg. S.A. Marshall, 1♀ (Am 747, DEBU); Vinton, 1900-06-05 through 1900-06- 12, [collector unknown], 2♂ and 1♀ (Am 464, 465, 467, SEMC). Tennessee: Rutledge, 1954-07, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ (Am 183*, AMNH). Texas: Austin, 1958-10, leg. L. Throckmorton, 1♀ (Am 109, AMNH). DISTRIBUTION: Amiota humeralis inhabits an area comprised of the Ozark Mountains, lower Midwest, portions of the southern Appalachia Mountains, the upper American South, and extends into the Great Plains; a unique distribution. The holotype of A. humeralis was collected in the District of Columbia, suggesting a greater historical range for this species in the east. COMMENTS: The name A. humeralis Loew has been misapplied in the literature to many small, dark species of the genus. Wheeler (1952) erroneously cited A. humeralis as the type species of Amiota Loew, which was later amended (Wheeler, 1957); the type species is A. leucostoma Loew, as designated by Coquillet (1910). The holotype of A. humeralis designated by Loew in the MCZC is a female (fig. 71). Examination of photographs of the holotype revealed a frons on the female that is reflective and golden pruinose. This reflective frons is also found in the male of A. setigera Malloch (type at INHS), although much more brilliant and silvery. Detailed distribution maps of both sexes with shimmering frons overlap and are nearly identical. This morphological and distributional is compelling evidence that the male of A. setigera Malloch is the male of A. humeralis Loew, and that taxonomic conclusion is adopted here. Wheeler (1957) alluded to this possibility as well. Females of A. humeralis are commonly collected, and in some cases, can outnumber the males caught at a given locality by up to 8:1 (L.E.J., personal obs.), so it is no surprise that a female of this species would have been among the first collected and described in the genus. Amiota humeralis exhibits a number of external characters that make its identification easy without the dissection of genitalia including the narrow, silvery frons, as well as the long setae on the hind femora. This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 133-135, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Loew, H. 1862 a. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 6: 185 - 232.","Malloch, J. R., and W. L. McAtee. 1924. Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 37: 25 - 42.","Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Wheeler, M. R. 1949. Taxonomic studies on the Drosophilidae. University of Texas Publication 4920: 157 - 195.","Wheeler, M. R. 1957. Taxonomic and distributional studies of Nearctic and Neotropical Drosophilidae. The University of Texas Publication 5721: 79 - 114.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.","Sturtevant, A. 1921. The North American species of Drosophila. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 301: 1 - 150.","Malloch, J. R. 1921. Some notes on Drosophilidae (Diptera). Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia 32: 311 - 312.","Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274."]}

Amiota wheeleri, sp. nov. Figures 18C–D, 19I, 27, 85B DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.18 mm), dark brown to somewhat black dorsally; outer paraphysis long, laterally flattened, with apical hook, large dorsal spine perpendicular to paraphysis, left spine long, tapered to point, [right spine broken in holotype]; inner paraphyses asymmetrical, heavily sclerotized, each with 3 large, twisting spines; aedeagal apodeme narrow, nearly flat, distally flared, distal margin deeply notched. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.18), dark brown, grading black dorsally, legs yellow. Frons black. Characteristic markings faded [likely due to preservation of holotype]. Palp yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: long, plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.48; 3 long dorsal, 2 long ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with short to medium microtrichia, including on apical half. Male genitalia: Epandrium with narrow dorsal connection, dorsal incision indistinct, grading into surrounding membrane; setae clustered on ventral lobe, with a line of single setae ascending dorsally to apex. Cercus long, oval, distinct from surround membrane. Surstylus wide, paddle shaped, middle region and ventral margin with scattered setulae; 13 prensisetae, apices blunt, of equal size; fingerlike lobe adjacent to lateralmost prensiseta. Subepandrial sclerite broad, wide, prominent notch creating posterior apex, without any appendage. Outer paraphysis long, laterally flattened, distal end rounded; heavily sclerotized, preapical, curved dorsal claw, attached on inner surface of paraphysis, sensilla lining rounded margin at distal end; large proximal spine, perpendicular to paraphysis, heavily sclerotized, oriented dorsally; left appendage slightly sinuous, tapering to point; right appendage shorter, the distal end serrated (possibly broken); proximal to long appendages, 7–8 sensilla on lateral side as well as dorsally. Inner paraphyses asymmetrical, heavily sclerotized; each with 3 large, twisting spines. Aedeagal apodeme long and narrow, the distal end widely flared, deeply notched, width at apex lobes 0.7× length of aedeagal apodeme. Hypandrium U-shaped, simple, lateral arms thick in ventral. Ejaculatory apodeme not examined. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 73) FL/FW 0.76, EL/ EW 1.45, EL/CW 10.16, FML/FMW 0.43, PR /RR 0.77, ThL 1.18 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 10 mi. N. Ft. Davis, Texas, [30.781638, -103.895047], MR Wheeler, WB Heed, June 1951, “2174.6,” Am 73, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: Named for Marshall R. Wheeler (1917–2010), graduate of Blackburn College in Carlinville, Illinois, and professor of biology at the University of Texas at Austin, who collected many specimens used in this revision, and for his many contributions to drosophilid systematics. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota wheeleri is currently only known from the mountains of West Texas. COMMENTS: This species is apparently of close relation to Amiota texas, which is also found in the mountains of West Texas. The lack of white spots on the holotype is probably due to preservation techniques., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota avipes, sp. nov. Figures 34A–B, 37A, 38B, E, G, I, 87A DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.17– 1.24 mm), dark blackish brown fading lighter ventrally; facial marking thin, width 0.25× length; characteristic markings on postpronotal lobe and under wing base small, fading near margins; surstylus with short secondary row of 4 prensisetae; outer paraphyses symmetrical, short, stout, heavily sclerotized, with 2 short apical spines, winglike basal projection, pointed laterally; inner paraphysis lost; length of ejaculatory apodeme equal to height of epandrium. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.17– 1.24 mm), dark blackish brown fading to lighter ventrally, including katepisternum; legs light yellow. Characteristic markings on postpronotal lobe and under wing base small, fading near margins. Frons dark blackish brown, black near ptilinal suture, overall with faint bluish pollinosity. White facial marking thin, width 0.25× length. Cheek relatively wide (EL/CW 9.5–11), yellowish. Palp yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Medium, plumose; longest branch D4; A.R. 0.35; 7 dorsal branches, grading to shortest one apically; 3–4 short ventral branches; no branches pointed significantly mediad or laterad; arista trunk with mediumlength microtrichia to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsally complete, ventral margin in this area graded into membrane below; row of ~6 setae leading near posterior margin. Cercus long, pendulous, dorsally grading into membrane and epandrium; lateral margins of cercus discrete; cercus large, occupying virtually all space surrounded by epandrium. Surstylus with even row of 8–9 prensisetae, apices blunt; second row of 4 prensisetae dorsally, apices slightly pointed, widely spaced; setulae along ventral margin and midpoint of surstylus. Subepandrial sclerite well developed; subepandrial appendage pyramidal, pointed at tip. Outer paraphysis laterally flattened, heavily sclerotized, short, stout, with 2 pointed apical lobes and small group of sensilla at base of lower lobe; low carina immediately basal to group of sensilla; winglike basal projection, with faint distal striations, oriented laterally. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme constricted on all sides, curved 90° in lateral view; basal margins wider than distal end. Hypandrium circular, apex with small gap; lateral arms thick, bulging outward anteriorly and posteriorly; membranous connection with 2 pairs small membranous lobes between lateral arms and paraphyses. Ejaculatory apodeme as long as height of epandrium, stalk thick. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 3; Am 1453, 1496, 1514) FL/FW 0.50 (0.45–0.53), EL/EW 1.27 (1.25–1.29), EL/CW 10.3 (9.5–11), FML/ FMW 0.26 (0.23–0.29), PR /RR 0.48 (0.44–0.50), ThL 1.20 (1.17–1.24 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, Am 1453, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratypes: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., 8000′, June “9” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 2♂ (Am 1496*, 1514*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the type series. ETYMOLOGY:Formed from Latin avis for “bird” and pes for “foot.” Used as a noun in apposition. In reference to the paraphyses, in lateral view, resembling an outstretched bird’s foot. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota avipes is currently only known from Durango State. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 66-72, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota tessae, sp. nov. Figures 42E–F, 46, 90A DIAGNOSIS: Very large fly (ThL 1.61–1.92 mm), medium brown, grading darker ventrally, abdomen nearly black; similar coloration to A. minor, except characteristic markings of genus present; outer paraphysis long, heavily sclerotized, sinuous in dorsal/ventral, lacking lateral spine, trichoid sensillum on distal end; inner paraphysis short, heavily sclerotized, U-shaped in dorsal/ventral views with lateral hook, inner tips distant (not almost touching as in leucostoma and mcalpinei). DESCRIPTION: Very large fly (ThL 1.61–1.92 mm), medium brown grading darker ventrally, setation black, legs dark yellow; abdomen nearly black; coloration similar to A. minor (Malloch), except characteristic markings of genus present. Frons ochre, matte, with dark brown triangle, relatively broad (FL/FW 0.60–0.76). Cheek yellowish brown on anterior half, yellowish gray on posterior half. Palp yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Medium, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.33; 4 long dorsal branches, 4 shorter ventral branches; aristal trunk with medium-length microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium stout, with broad ventral lobes; separated dorsomedially, ventral lobe densely setose, lateral portion of epandrium lacking microtrichia. Cercus crescentic, margins distinct from surrounding membrane (not grading), cercus occupies most of space surrounded by epandrium. Surstylus with 12 prensisetae, slightly curved, apices pointed (not round); distal end of surstylus densely hairy. Subepandrial sclerite large, well developed, sclerotized, strongly U-shaped in lateral view; a long, phalluslike subepandrial appendage ventral to epandrium and projecting slightly beyond, distal end of appendage round, surrounded by fine membrane. Outer paraphysis long, slender and linear, heavily sclerotized, slightly sinuous in dorsal/ventral views, tapering to a point, sensillum on distal end; middle with several sensilla pits ventrally. Inner paraphysis short, heavily sclerotized, slightly C-shaped, central groove down middle, distal appendage pointed posterolaterally. Aedeagal apodeme long, bent 90° in lateral view and slightly sinuous; distal end widely flared and deeply concave. Hypandrium narrow, forming wide square, apex slightly notched; lateral arm with gonopod consisting of two lobes of unequal size, dorsalmost larger. Ejaculatory apodeme long, straight, and stout, 3/4 the length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 3; Am 721, 1310, 1311) FL/FW 0.72 (0.60–0.76), EL/EW 1.39 (1.23–1.55), EL/CW 14.94 (11.3– 19.33), FML/FMW 0.34 (0.27–0.38), PR /RR 0.57 (0.54–0.63), ThL 1.75 (1.61–1.92 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: “Mont Tremblant, QUE., [46.218957, -74.555477], 15.VII.1959, 3000′, B. V. Peterson,” Am 1310, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratype: “Mont Tremblant, QUE., 15.VII.1959, 3000′, B. V. Peterson,” 1♂ (Am 1311*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Maine: SE Guarette, 1948-07, M. R. Wheeler and T.C. Hsu, 1891.7 [genitalia on slide in AMNH], 1♂ (Am 304*, AMNH). Michigan: Marquette Co., Huron Mtns., Huron Mtn. Club property vicinity, 46.874950, -87.891717, 2018-07, leg. T. Werner, 1♂ (Am 721*, AMNH). Tennessee: Great Smoky Mt. N.P., 6.6 air mi. NNE Clingman Dome, 1987-06-16, leg. D.W. Webb, 1♂ (Am 1594*, INHS). ETYMOLOGY: Named for Tessa Steenwinkel, undergraduate researcher in the Werner laboratory of Michigan Technological University, on behalf of Thomas Werner. DISTRIBUTION: Currently, this species is only known from locations near the 46th parallel including the upper peninsula of Michigan, Quebec, and Maine. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota (T. Werner, personal commun.)., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 85-91, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota uniacuminis, sp. nov. Figures 36C–D; 39B, C, G, K–M, R; 89A DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.09–1.32 mm); dark brown, legs dark yellow; characteristic markings of postpronotal lobe and face faded, marking on wing base less so; cheek relatively deep (EL/CW 8.57–10.60); similar to other species in complex, including A. biacuminis and A. forceps (defined under A. biacuminis), but differing from them by the following: epandrium nearly semicircular in terminal view (vs. narrowed dorsally in A. biacuminis and A. forceps); outer paraphysis with tapered, pointed upper lobe, extended well beyond level of lower lobe, lower lobe with distal end slightly expanded with 2 small points; hypandrium with prominent, wrinkled, median lobe at apex (vs. pair of such lobes in A. biacuminis), apex not deeply notched (vs. notched in A. forceps); surstylus with shorter prensisetae (~1/2 length in other species). DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.09– 1.32 mm); dark brown, legs dark yellow. Katepisternum lighter than remaining pleuron. Markings on postpronotal and face faded, marking on wing base less so comparatively. Frons dark brown dorsally; light brown ventrally, concentrated in ventrolateral corners. Cheek relatively deep (EL/CW 8.57–10.60), white posteriorly. Palp brown. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Medium, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.38; 5 dorsal branches decreasing in length apicad, 4 short ventral branches; aristal trunk with medium-length microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium wide, virtually semicircular in terminal view; dorsally complete, ventral margin grading with membrane below region. Cercus pendulous, slightly crescentic, faintly grading into membrane dorsally. Surstylus with setulae on ventral half; 12 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced, the innermost medial 4 slightly more spaced; prensisetae relatively short. Subepandrial sclerite well developed, compressed laterally; subepandrial appendage present, nearly triangular in full terminal view, with pointed, nipplelike tip. Outer paraphysis with upper lobe extended well beyond level of lower lobe, upper lobe tapered, pointed; lower lobe with distal end slightly expanded with 2 small points, several scattered sensilla near base. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme rectangular, width 0.80× length, each margin faintly concave. Hypandrium of uniform thickness, inner margin more sclerotized; apex with a flat, rounded, slightly wrinkled lobe. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively small, half the length of the epandrium, stalk straight. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 3; Am 254, 255, 1511) FL/ FW 0.60 (0.54–0.66), EL/EW 1.30 (1.25–1.35), EL/CW 9.72 (8.57–10.60), FML/FMW 0.23 (0.19–0.26), PR /RR 0.48 (0.40–0.55), ThL 1.19 (1.09–1.32 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, Am 1511, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratype: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1412*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Guerro: 30 klm. N. Chilpancingo, July 1952, leg. M. Wasserman and W.B. Heed, 2266.19, 2♂ (Am 254*, 255*, AMNH). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from Latin uni - for “one” and acuminis for “point.” In reference to the pointed lobe at the apex of the hypandrium. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota uniacuminis is known to inhabit a wide swath of Mexico, from Durango and Guerro State. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 79-80, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026