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Abstract: Particulate organic matter (POM) is a mixture of living POM (organisms) and non-living POM (detritus). Since the majority of amino acids in organisms are comprised of proteins, and since the particulate combined amino acids (PCAAs) liberated by the acid hydrolysis of POM is the largest constituent of POM, PCAAs may be a mixture of proteins in organisms and their degradation products in detritus. However, the early stage of degradation and chemical alteration of proteins and the processes by which proteins in organisms are transferred to detrital PCAAs have not been well documented. Here we use gel chromatography (SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) to chemically characterize the PCAAs pool and the following results were obtained. 1) The protein/peptide-specific dye (Coomassie brilliant blue; CBB) stainable materials (CSM) and the sugar chain-specific periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stainable materials (PSM) were simultaneously detected on POM electrophoretograms from the Antarctic to the Tropical Zone. 2) CSM and PSM showed electrophoretograms very similar to each other, in that they exhibited a smeared-staining pattern with a broad molecular weight range on the SDS-PAGE gel. Nevertheless, they did not covalently bind each other, and they were roughly separated using the solubility of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution. 3) Results obtained from the combination of enzymatic and chemical deglycosylation experiments, solubility in TCA solution, and SDS-PAGE revealed that CSM might be a conglomeration of proteins/peptides of various organisms in POM, while PSM might be comprised of degradation products of glycoconjugates. Carbohydrate-rich remnants with small-sized peptide chains derived from O-linked glycoproteins and/or proteoglycans were considered to be the most likely chemical form of PSM. The possible roles of such sugar chains in marine environments are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Particulate organic matter (POM) in surface water plays an essential role in maintaining marine ecosystem and is a complex mixture of living POM (organisms) and non-living POM (detritus). Transformation of organic constituents of organisms to detritus may be the most active part in the decomposition processes of organic matter in marine biogeochemistry. Distribution and chemical fractionation of particulate combined amino acids (PCAAs) in surface waters from Southern Ocean to tropical waters along a transect of 170°W were examined to clarify the transfer processes of organic constituents of organisms to detritus. The observational facts may be summarized as follows. 1) Degradation Index (DI) based on principal component analysis of amino acid composition of bulk PCAAs agreed with the traditional degradation indicators of bulk POM, i.e., PCAAs-carbon (C)/particulate organic carbon (POC), PCAAs-nitrogen (N)/particulate nitrogen (PN) and C/N. 2) PCAAs were distinguished into 3 fractions, i.e., Urea-soluble, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)-soluble and SDS/Urea-insoluble fractions, by means of solubility against reagents frequently used for protein extraction from biological samples. Proportions of PCAAs of the 3 fractions to bulk PCAAs were almost constant, although concentrations of the PCAAs of 3 fractions as well as bulk in seawater varied two orders of magnitude over the transect. 3) There was no significant difference among DI values of the 3 fractions, although molecular mass distributions of the Urea-soluble and SDS-soluble fractions determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were different. The results indicated that no one fraction was particularly susceptible to degradation and that there is a common mechanism for transferring and maintaining the similar chemical quality of bulk POM over the transect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]