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The first example of free amine γ-C(sp 3 )-H fluorination is realized using 2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde as the transient directing group. A wide range of cyclohexyl and linear aliphatic amines could be fluorinated selectively at the γ-methyl and methylene positions. Electron withdrawing 3,5-disubstituted pyridone ligands were identified to facilitate this reaction. Computational studies suggest that the turnover determining step is likely the oxidative addition step for methylene fluorination, while it is likely the C-H activation step for methyl fluorination. The explicit participation of Ag results in a lower energetic span for methylene fluorination and a higher energetic span for methyl fluorination, which is consistent with the experimental observation that the addition of silver salt is desirable for methylene but not for methyl fluorination. Kinetic studies on methyl fluorination suggest that the substrate and PdL are involved in the rate-determining step, indicating that the C-H activation step may be partially rate-determining. Importantly, an energetically preferred pathway has identified an interesting pyridone-assisted bimetallic transition state for the oxidative addition step in methylene fluorination, thus uncovering a potential new role of the pyridone ligand.

The mechanistic details on enamine formation between dimethylamine and propanal are unraveled using the ab initio and density functional theory methods. The addition of secondary amine to the electrophile and simultaneous proton transfer results in a carbinolamine intermediate, which subsequently undergoes dehydration to form enamine. The direct addition of amine as well as the dehydration of the resulting carbinolamine intermediate is predicted to possess fairly high activation barrier implying that a unimolecular process is unlikely to be responsible for enamine formation. Different models are therefore proposed which could explain the relative ease of enamine formation under neat condition as well as under the influence of methanol as the co-catalyst. The explicit inclusion of either the reagent or the co-catalyst is considered in the transition states as stabilizing agents. The participation of the reagent or the co-catalyst as a monofunctional ancillary species is found to stabilize the transition states relative to the unassisted or the direct addition/dehydration pathways. The reduction in enthalpy of activation is found to be much more dramatic when two co-catalysts participate in an active bifunctional mode in the rate-determining dehydration step. The transition structures exhibited characteristic features of a relay proton transfer mechanism. The free energy of activation associated with the two methanol-assisted pathway is found to be 16.7 kcal/mol lower than that of the unassisted pathway. The results are found to be in concurrence with the available reports on the rate acceleration by co-catalysts in the Michael reaction between enamine and methyl vinyl ketone under neat conditions.