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Background. Research on the relationship between gender and environmentalism is increasingly prevalent. Studies on men and masculinities tend to focus on the negative impact of traditional constructions of masculinities on the environment. On the other hand, little research examines the gendered identities of male environmentalists. Moreover, in countries like Norway, where egalitarian values are emphasised, the gendered identities of male environmentalists are currently under-researched. Research objectives. The objective of this study is to examine the gendered identities of male environmentalists in Norway, particularly their conceptualisations of masculinities and femininities. Additionally, this study aims to explore the connection between the gendered identities of male environmentalists and their environmental engagement. Data Material and Methods. The data of the study consists of interviews with six male environmentalists in Norway with an organisational, institutional, or political background in environmental engagement. The in-depth interviews were semi-structured. Additionally, autobiographical inquiries were partly used. The data were coded and analysed using thematic network analysis by Attride-Stirling (2001). Findings. The findings identify two main themes. First, the male environmentalists present various approaches to gendered identities. They construct masculinities through bodies, power relations, emotions, and in relation to femininities. Their constructions of masculinities are situational and contextual and are changing from resistance to engaging with hegemonic masculinities. Most of the men engaged with subordinated masculinities at a young age and developed coping strategies for their subordinated situation. Such coping strategies were to differentiate themselves from hegemonic masculinities and inhabit feminised spheres. However, they engage with hegemonic masculinities at various moments in their life. Second, the study finds a relatively close alignment between environmental engagement and feminist and queer subcultures. This alignment influences the gendered identities of some of the men. These connections lead them to engage with different forms of masculinities in relation to ecological issues. The masculinities they refer to are ecological masculinities and ecomodern masculinities. Conclusions. The findings of this study suggest that the male environmentalists’ gendered identities are multiple and portray ambivalence as their constructions change from resistance to engagement with hegemonic masculinities. In their engagement with hegemonic masculinities, they depict ambiguity in their egalitarian attitudes. Moreover, the findings suggest that the integration of feminist discourses and queer subcultures in environmental discourses influences the gendered identities of some male environmentalists. The alignment particularly shapes their values on domination over nature and feminist issues, resulting in exhibiting values that refer to ecological masculinities. Further, this integration of subculture in environmentalist spheres may exclude other people that don’t identify such spheres and discourses. Further research should investigate the conditions of emerging ecological masculinities and examine the effects of the alignment of feminism and environmental engagement on various gendered identities in more detail. Keywords: hegemonic masculinities, alternative masculinities, ecological masculinities, environmentalism, ecofeminism, Norway Master's Thesis in Global Development GLODE360

The expressions of gender are gradually becoming diversified in a contemporary society of profound transformations, giving rise to more inclusive manifestations. Our objective was to explore the processes of construction of an alternative masculine identity of a young university student, analyzing his narratives from the Socioconstructionist theoretical framework through a semi-structured interview. Within his system of meanings, we founded the presence of violence in his childhood and a macho environment that led him to tailor his own personal and relational style with a clear female influence to define an androgynous personality. The pressure of heterocentric discourses was also evident through violence against dissidents to the social order. This work contributes to make visible the processes of construction of different personalities from generic normativity, and emphasizes the need to develop research that gives voice to the social minorities of our time. Las expresiones de género se están diversificando paulatinamente en una sociedad contemporánea de profundas transformaciones, dando lugar a manifestaciones más incluyentes. Nuestro objetivo fue explorar los procesos de construcción de una identidad masculina alternativa de un joven universitario, analizando sus narrativas desde el marco teórico socioconstruccionista mediante una entrevista semiestructurada. Dentro de su sistema de significados, se encontró la presencia de violencia en su infancia y un entorno machista que lo llevaron a confeccionar su propio estilo personal y relacional con una clara influencia femenina para definir una personalidad andrógina. También fue patente la presión de los discursos heterocentristas a través de violencias ejercidas hacia los disidentes del orden social. Este trabajo contribuye a visibilizar los procesos de construcción de personalidades diferentes de la normatividad genérica, y subraya la necesidad de desarrollar investigaciones que den voz a las minorías sociales de nuestra época.

Defender of the Protestant Reformation and attached to Italian humanism, Aonio Paleario (1503-1570) displays his social, egalitarian and religious commitment through his literary production, one that reflects his critical thinking towards the Catholic Church and the oppressive 16th century society. Through the presentation of his most significant contributions, this paper analyzes with particular interest the text entitled Dell'economia o vero del Governo della casa (1555), a volume of invaluable anthropological significance for both Humanist Philology and Women's History. Defensor de la Reforma protestante y adscrito al Humanismo italiano, Aonio Paleario (1503-1570) manifiesta su compromiso social, igualitario y religioso a través de su producción literaria, obra que plasma su pensamiento crítico para con la Iglesia católica y la opresora sociedad quinientista. Presentando algunas de sus aportaciones más significativas, este ensayo analiza con particular interés el texto Dell'economia o vero del Governo della casa (1555), un volumen de preciado valor antropológico tanto para la Filología humanista como para la Historia de las mujeres.

Prominent measures of masculinity focus on traditional masculine norms, such as high aggression, low emotional expression, and heteronormativity. However, recent qualitative research has indicated that a variety of men embrace alternative forms of masculinity that include unique characteristics not represented by traditional norms. I developed the Alternative Masculinity Measure (ALT-M) to address this gap. The ALT-M was designed to measure individual differences on constructs derived from a modern, socially progressive representation of masculinity. Concepts, scales, and items were developed primarily from readings of qualitative research on alternative masculinities. Nine dimensions with 14 items each was sent to 15 experts for content validity assessment. A final pool of 101 items distributed across 9 constructs (10 -12 items per scale) was distributed to undergraduate males at Western University (N = 497). Participants also completed the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-46; Parent & Moradi, 2009), the Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992), the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – Short Form (TEIQue-SF; Petrides, 2009) and the HEXACO Personality Inventory-short version (Ashton & Lee, 2009) for construct validation purposes. Item descriptive statistics and separate factor analyses were inspected for each construct to evaluate unidimensionality. One scale was removed due to its inability to adequately represent a homogeneous set of items. The other 8 scales displayed evidence of unidimensionality and were analysed together using a combination of Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) with a target rotation and CFA. Weak items, defined as items with loadings below .30 on their hypothesized scales or high loadings on other scales were removed one at a time using an iterative process. During this process, another full scale and multiple items were removed. In the end, I retained 7 scales with 6 items each, for a total of 42 items. All items load strongly on their scales (range .414 - .823) and have low cross-loadings on other scales. The seven remaining scales are labelled Homophilia, Emotional Openness, Cooperation, Avoidance of Physical Aggression, Reticence, Gender Egalitarian, and Intimacy Orientation. A higher order factor structure reveals all scales load significantly onto a latent “progressive masculinity” construct, loadings range from .506 - .771. Final CFA and ESEM models show good level of fit. Average scores for the scales and full measure were created and compared to the scale and full measure scores of the CMNI, revealing a good level of convergent and discriminant validity. In order to evaluate the distinctiveness of the ALT-M from the CMNI, these two instruments were compared in terms of their relationships with the HEXACO, Aggression Questionnaire, and Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. Strong evidence of construct distinctiveness is provided. Finally, a Latent Profile Analysis was conducted on the measure, revealing four unique masculinity profiles that differ in shape, ethnic composition, and trait aggression levels. Overall the ALT-M has sound psychometric properties and can be used to delineate multiple unique masculinities. It will benefit from future cross validation in terms of its factorial structure and profiles.

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-01-05T19:32:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Halina Rauber Baio.pdf: 1574843 bytes, checksum: 672f3841705eca4649958405a082103d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-05T19:32:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Halina Rauber Baio.pdf: 1574843 bytes, checksum: 672f3841705eca4649958405a082103d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Inserted in the fields of Visual Anthropology and Gender Studies, this work aims to analyze the questioning powers of dissident masculinities in bodies designated as "woman" at birth. The objects of analysis are the films If these walls could talk 2 (2000) (segment 1972), Boys don't cry (1999) and Tomboy (2011). Having as research interlocutors the central characters of each film Amy, Brandon and Michael/Laure the central reflection of the work is about how the different types of masculinity of the characters in these three pieces manifest themselves and how these dissident masculinities collaborate to question the gender parameters, disregarding the notion of masculine as something related to "men". In order to bring this reflection, I try to understand how the representations of lesbians or dissident masculinities are represented in these three movies and how these representations are constituted by immaterial elements (such as body movement, activities), but also by material elements (clothes, accessories) that cross the bodies of the characters. In addition, the paper draws a perspective on the insertions of the gender debates in cinematographic productions. Inserido nos campos da Antropologia Visual e dos Estudos de Gênero, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as potências questionadoras das masculinidades dissidentes em corpos designados como "mulher" ao nascer. Os objetos de análise são os filmes Desejo proibido (2000) (conto de 1972), Meninos não choram (1999) e Tomboy (2011). Tendo como interlocutores/as de pesquisa as personagens centrais de cada filme Amy, Brandon e Michael/Laure a reflexão central do trabalho é sobre como se manifestam os diferentes tipos de masculinidade das personagens desses três filmes, e de que forma essas masculinidades dissidentes colaboram para questionar os parâmetros de gênero, desatrelando a noção de masculino como algo relativo a "homens". Para pensar nisso, busco compreender como se dão as representações de lésbicas ou de masculinidades dissidentes nos três filmes e como essas representações se constituem através de elementos imateriais (como, por exemplo, movimentação corporal, atividades), mas também dos elementos materiais (roupas, acessórios) que atravessam os corpos das personagens. Além disso, o trabalho traça uma perspectiva sobre as inserções dos debates de gênero nas produções cinematográficas.

The Lord of the Rings is one of the most widely acclaimed fantasy novels in history and since it was first published in the fifties, the analysis of the work from the perspective of gender has mainly focused on its female characters. In this article, written on the 60th anniversary of the first publication of the third and last volume, The Return of the King, my aim is to focus rather on the most relevant male characters and what types of masculinities they perform, offering thus a new re-reading of the text from the point of view of masculinities. Title in Spanish: “La construcción de masculinidades múltiples en El Señor de los Anillos, de J.R.R. Tolkien”Resumen: El Señor de los Anillos es una de las novelas de fantasía más aclamadas de la historia. Desde que fue publicada en los cincuenta, el análisis de esta obra desde el punto de vista del género se ha centrado fundamentalmente en las mujeres. En este artículo, escrito en el sexagésimo aniversario de la primera publicación del tercer y último volumen de la obra, El Retorno del Rey, mi intención es centrarme sin embargo en los tipos de masculinidades representados por algunos de los personajes más relevantes, ofreciendo una nueva relectura del texto desde el punto de vista de las masculinidades.

Rad propituje transformacije i multiplikacije ideja, koncepcija i predodžbi muževnosti nastalih u kontekstu (konzumerističkog) mita o muškoj ljepoti. Naime, u skladu s predviđanjima Naomi Wolf, inicijacija u mitologiju ljepote i vječne mladosti posljednjih desetljeća više nije rezervirana samo za žene. Uz feminizam, svjetske ratove, promjene u svijetu rada, afirmaciju gay pokreta, snažan utjecaj na krizu hegemonijskog maskuliniteta i općenito na promjene u konstruiranju muževnosti imaju nastanak i uspon konzumerističkog društva. Konzumerizam je komodificirao muževnost. Krajem 1980-ih muškarci postaju komercijalna meta, pri čemu je dovedena u pitanje patrijarhalna dualistička matrica koja razlikuje »maskuline« i »feminine« kulturne prakse, odnosno proizvodnju tretira kao mušku, a potrošnju kao žensku aktivnost. Konzumeristička kultura (uspješno i profitabilno) manipulira slikama »discipliniranih tijela«, koja su »savršeno« oblikovana podvrgavanjem permanentnim režimima vježbe, reducirane prehrane, medikalizacije, estetskih intervencija i, općenito, naglašene brige za (vlastito) tijelo. U radu se recentne predodžbe muževnosti ilustriraju predodžbama muževnosti prezentiranim u globalno poznatom i popularnom magazinu za muškarce Men´s Health., The paper examines transformations and multiplications of ideas, concepts and presentations of masculinities in the context of (consumeristic) myth about male beauty. In fact, in accordance with Naomi Wolf´s anticipation, the initiation into beauty mythology and eternal youth has not been reserved only for women. Along with feminism, world wars, changes in world of labour, affirmation of gay movement, strong influence on crisis of hegemonic masculinity and changes in constructing of masculinity in general are connected with beginning and rise of consumer society. Masculinity is commodified by consumerism. In the late 1980s men have became commercial target, so patriarchal dualistic pattern which have made distinction between “masculine” and “feminine” cultural activities, specifically it have treated production as male, and consumption as feminine activity, have been questioned. Consumer culture has been manipulating (successfully and with profit) with the images of “the disciplined bodies” which have been “perfectly” shaped by permanent regimes of workouts, reduction diets, medicalization, esthetic interventions and, in generally, strongly manifested care for one’s own body. Recent images of masculinities are illustrated by images of masculinities presented in Men´s Health, global known and popular magazine for men.