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Fifty six spotted rice grain samples of four commercially cultivated rice varieties namely BRRI 28, 29, Kalijira and Pajam were collected from 14 different districts of Bangladesh. Forty rice samples (Hybrid 2,3,4, BR7,11,12,14,16,22,23,25,26and BRRI28 to BRRI 55) were also collected from Bangladesh Rice Research Institute at Joydevpur. Twenty-fivespecies of fungi belonging to 15 genera were associated with these rice varieties. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus clavatus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A.niger, A. ochraceus, A.oryzae, A. terreus, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, C. lunata var. aeria, Drechslera oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani, Microdochium oryzae, Nigrospora oryzae, Penicillium spp., Pestalotiopsis guepinii, Sarocladium oryzae and Trichoderma viride. Amongst these fungi nine i.e. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus flavus Link, Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, Drechsler aoryzae Breda de Haan (Subramanian and Jain), Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, F. solani (Mart.) Sacc., Microdochium oryzae (Hashloka and Yokogi) Sam. and Hal., Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Stay. and Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams and D. Hawks were found to be pathogenic to rice seeds. The most predominant fungus was D. oryzae which was followed by A. flavus and the least incidence was observed in case of F. solani and P. guepinni. Bioresearch Commu. 7(1): 932-940, 2021 (January)

Thirty five fungal species, representing 20 genera were found to be associated with Bipolaris leaf blight infected leaves of 21 wheat varieties, collected from eight districts (Dhaka, Gazipur, Dinajpur, Joypurhat, Pabna, Sirajgonj, Kushtia and Chuadanga) of Bangladesh. Fungi were isolated following tissue planting method. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata, A. triticina, Arthirinium sp., Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Aspergillus sp., Bipolaris cynodontis, B. oryzae, B. sorokiniana, B. tetramera, B. victoriae, Bispora antenata, Chaetomium globosum, Chaetophoma sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Coniothyrium sp., Curvularia affinis, C. lunata, C. pallescens, Drechslera dematioidea, D. hawaiiensis, Epicoccum purpurascens, Eurotium sp., Fusarium moniliforme, F. nivale, F. semitectum, Nigrospora oryzae, N. sacchari, Penicillium digitatum, Pestalotiopsis guepinii, Rhizopus stolonifer, Syncephalastrum racemosum and Trichoderma viride. Bispora antenata is new record for Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 28(1): 21-35, 2019 (January)

A total of ten fungal species were isolated from the anthracnose symptoms of three varieties of Mangifera indica L. viz., Himsagar, Langra and Amrapali. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus flavus Link, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. niger van Tiegh., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Rav., Papulaspora sp. Preuss., Penicillium sp. Link., Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Stey. and Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vull. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed the highest per cent (26.82) frequency in Himsagar whereas R. stolonifer showed the lowest (2.22). Pestalotiopsis guepinii showed the highest per cent (46.83) frequency in Langra whereas R. stolonifer showed the lowest (1.17). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed the highest per cent (38.67) frequency in Amrapali whereas Papulaspora sp. showed the lowest (4.00). Among the isolated fungi C. gloeosporioides, F. semitectum and P. guepinii were found to be pathogenic to three mango varieties. Association of Fusarium semitectum, Papulaspora sp. and Pestalotiopsis guepinii with mango is new record in Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 27(1): 93-100, 2018 (January)

A total of nine species of fungi were found to be associated with seeds of nine varieties of chickpea. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler , Aspergillus flavus Link. , A. niger Van Tiegh. , A. fumigatus Fresenius. , A. nidulans Eidam , Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn , Penicillium Link. , Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill and Trichoderma viride Pers . Five fungicides viz. , Bavistin 50 WP, Dithane M-45, Greengel 72 WP, Ridomil MZ Gold and Tall 25 EC at 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm were evaluated against the test fungi. Tall 25 EC were found most efficient inhibitor which completely inhibited the radial growth of the test fungi followed by Bavistin 50 WP, Dithane M-45 and Greengel 72 WP. Antifungal properties of ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Allium sativum L., Citrus medica L., Datura metel L. and Psidium guajava L . at 5, 10 and 20% concentrations were evaluated against the test fungi. Allium sativum L. was found most efficient inhibitor of the test fungi followed by D. metel L., A. indica A. Juss ., C. medica L. and P. guajava L . Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(1): 83-90, 2016

Presence of fungi in Paanch Phoron was investigated and presented in this paper. Total fungal species and frequency percentage of association of the fungi with the spices were recorded. In total 10 species of fungi belong to 4 genera of the class deuteromycetes and one genus of the class Zygomycetes were found to be associated. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus flavus Link, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. nidulanss G. Winter, A. niger van Tiegh., A. terreus Thom, Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp, Fusarium sp. and Rhizopus sp. Efficacy of common salt (NaCl) at 5, 10 and 20% concentrations was evaluated against fungal species associated with paanch phoron in vitro. Radial colony growth of fungi associated with inocula prepared from the samples were completely inhibited by salt at 20% concentration used up to six weeks of observation. The name paanch phoron literally means "five spices" in Maithili (Paanch Phorana), Assamese (Pas Phoron), Bengali (Pach Phoron) and Oriya (Panchu Phutana)). This uniquely Bengali (east Indian) spice mix is used to season many dishes. It is a blend of five (Paanch) spices and lends a lovely aroma when added to a dish. Typically, Paanch Phoran is a colourful blend of flavourful seeds: the green of fennel seed, black mustard and nigella seeds, golden fenugreek and buff-coloured cumin seeds. Generally the ingredients are added in equal proportions, though this can vary according to taste. In the tradition of Oriya and Bengali cuisine, Paanch Phoron is typically fried in cooking oil or ghee, which causes it to start popping immediately. This technique is called "Phoron" in Bengali, "Baghaar" (literally "tempering") in Oriya, and chaunk in Hindi. Other ingredients are added at this point. As well as spices, Paanch Phoron is derived from seeds of five plants and are contaminated with fungi (Hashem and Alamri 1988). Although it is used in food in small amounts and they are recognized as important carriers of microbial contamination mainly because of the conditions in which they were grown, harvested and processed. Fungal infestation of the produce may occur when seeds are not properly dried or when stored in a highly humid environment. Even produces stored at low temperature are vulnerable to some fungi. The presence of fungi in Paanch Phoron with formation of noxious orders and other adverse effects including the increased risks for mycotoxin formation under favourable condition (Ath-Har et al. 1988). Lot of research has been

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is a well known, widely distributed ornamental plant and important medicinal plant also. The plant is severely attacked by fungi. In a recent study an attempt was made to find out the association of fungi with C. roseus which revealed the presence of seven species of Dematiaceous fungi associated with the infected leaves. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata ( Fr.) Keissler, Alternaria sp., Arthrinium saccharicola Stevenson, Aspergillus flavus Link., Curvularia brachyspora Boedijn, Curvularia eragrostidis (P. Henn.) J.A. Meyer and a species of Monilia Pers. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Madagascar Periwinkle) is a species of Catharanthus native and endemic to Madagascar. Synonyms include Vinca rosea (the basionym), Ammocallis rosea, and Lochnera rosea. It is cited (under its synonym Vinca rosea) in the Louisiana State Act 159. Other English names occasionally used include Cape Periwinkle, Rose Periwinkle, Rosy Periwinkle and old-maid. This plant belongs to family Apocynaceae. Gardeners and herbalists cultivated vinca for centuries in Europe, India, China, and America (Huxley 1992). Traditionally, the plant has been used for relieving muscle pain, depression of the central nervous system and wasps stings. It is used in the cases of nose bleed, bleeding gums, mouth ulcers and sore throats. It has also been used internally for the treatment of the loss of memory, hypertension, cystitis, gastritis, enteritis, diarrhoea and the raised blood sugar levels. Its application ranges widely from the prevention of cancer, cancer treatment, anti-diabetic, stomachic etc. Catharanthus roseus was the highly exploited and studied medicinal plants as it was found to produce more than 100 monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) that includes the two major commercially important cytotoxic dimeric alkaloids that are used in the cancer chemotherapy. Catharanthus roseus was also found to be a good source of the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. From the traditional period itself, the plant has been used to cure diabetes and high blood pressure as it was believed to promote the insulin production or to increase the body’s usage of the sugars from the food in case of diabetes (Gajalakshami et al. 2013). Catharanthus plants mostly suffers from root rot, Botrytis grey mould, alternaria leaf

Fungal diseases of cotton plant ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) were studied during July, 2011 to June, 2012. Eleven cotton varieties were selected for the experiment. Alternaria alternata (Fr . ) Keissler, Aspergillus niger van Tiegh, Colletotrichum gossypii Sowthworth, Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove, Curvularia clavata Jain, Fusarium sp., Gleotrichum sp., Hyalopycnis sp., Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Stay, and a sterile fungus were isolated from infected leaves of cotton varieties CB6 and CB11. Colletotrichum gossypii was isolated from both the varieties and C. dematium was exclusively isolated from CB6. Varieties CB6 and CB11 were more susceptible than other varieties. Cotton varieties CB1, CB2, and CB3 showed negligible infection on leaves and bolls. Colletotrichum gossypii and Hyalopycnis sp. are new record for Bangladesh. Moreover, association of C. dematium, Gleotrichum sp. , P. guepinii and Hyalopycnis sp. with cotton is being reported first time. The three fungi Colletotrichum. gossypii, C. dematium and Hyalopycnis sp. are described and illustrated in this account as new Deuteromycetous records for Bangladesh. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 2, 213-221, 2015

Five types of symptom were recorded on two varieties of rose plant. The symptoms were Black spot, Leaf spot1, Leaf spot2, Blight and Anthracnose. The study revealed the presence of 20 species of fungi belonging to 17 genera. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Arthrinium saccharicola Stevenson, Aspergillus flavus, Link., A. niger van Tiegh., Botrytis allii Munn, Cercospora sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) de Vries, C. oxysporum Berk. & Curt . , two species of Colletotrichum , Curvularia brakyospora Boedijn , Curvularia pallescens Boedijn, Fusarium sp., Epicoccum purpurascens Ehreneb ex Schlecht; Link, Gibberella sp., Marssonina rosea (Lib.) Died, Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Masson , Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Stay. with its two culture types , Penicillium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. Ex. Fr) Vuill. and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries. The frequency (%) of association of P. guepinii was higher than any other fungi. Pestalotiopsis guepinii and its two culture types were found to be pathogenic to rose plant . DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v38i2.21347 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 38, No. 2, 225-233, 2014

Nine species of fungi belonging to eight genera of Deuteromycetes were found associated with leaves and fruits of breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis . The fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler, Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh, Aspergillus flavus Link, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc, Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn., Penicillium sp. Pteroconium state of Apiospora camptospora Penz. & Sacc. and Spicaria sp., and Zygosporium oscheoides Mont.. This is the first report of association of A. alternata, C. gloeosporioides., Curvularia lunata, Penicillium sp. Pteroconium state of A. camptospora, Spicaria sp. and Z. oscheoides , with breadfruit. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was the predominating fungus recorded on all infected matured leaves showing brown lesion and anthracnose symptom, and also pathogenic to breadfruit plant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v36i1.10930 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 1, 143-146, 2012

A total of 18 species of fungi representing nine genera were found to be associated with the rotten fruits collected from the markets of Dhaka metropolis. The fungi isolated from the fruits were Alternaria alternata ( Fr.) Keissler, Alternaria sp ., Aspergillus flavus Link ., A. niger Van Tiegh, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. terreus Thorn, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc, Colletotrichum sp.1, Colletotrichum sp.2 , Curvularia brachyspora Boedijn , C. clavata Jain, Curvularia sp . , Fusarium oxysporum Sch., Penicillium sp . , Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenberg, Rhizopus sp . , Syncephalastrum sp . and Trichoderma sp. Apergillus niger was found to be associated as the predominant fungus with the rotten fruits. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v41i1.11090 Bangladesh J. Bot. 41 (1): 115-117, 2012 (June)

Seven types of symptom were recorded in four varieties such as CB3, CB9, Hill cotton 1 (HC-1) and 2 (HC-2) of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) during July, 2005 to June, 2008. The symptoms were Anthracnose, Alternnaria leaf spot, Boll rot, Cercospora leaf spot, Rust, Sclerotium rot and Wilting. Present study revealed that association of 30 species of fungi which belonged to 21 genera such as one one in Zygomycetes, one in Ascomycetes, one in Basidiomycetes, 18 in Deutermycetes and one in sterile fungus. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Arthrinium sp., Ascochyta sp., Aspergillus flavus, Link., Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh, Aspergillus sp., Botryodiplodia sp., Cercospora sp., Chaetomium sp., Chaetophoma sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichun coffeanum Noack, z. f. Pflan zenko., Colletotrichum spp., Curvularia clavate Jain , Curvularia lunata ( Wakker) Boedijn, Fusarium moniliforme, Wr. and Reink, Fusarium spp., Nigrospora sp., Pestalotia sp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp., Pteroconium sp., Puccinia sp., Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. Ex. Fr) Lind, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries. and one sterile fungus. Fusarium spp. and Colletotrichum spp. were frequently associated with all the four cotton varieties examined. Botryodiplodia sp. was associated with Hill Cotton 1 (HC-1) and Hill Cotton 2 (HC-2). Sclerotium rolfsii was found associated with CB-3 cotton variety. Key words: Fungal diseases ; Cotton plant; Gossypium hirsutum; Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i2.8974 DUJBS 2011; 20(2): 139-146

A total of 20 species of fungi representing 12 genera were found to be associated with Datura metel L. in Bangladesh. The fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Arthrinium saccharicola Stevenson, Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh., A. flavu s Link ex Fr,, Cladosporium elatum (Harz) Nannf . , C. coffeanum Noack, C. gloeosporioides {Penz.) Sacc., C. graminicola (Ces.) Wilson, Corynespora pruni (Berk. & Curt.) M. B. Ellis, Curvularia fallax Boedijn , C. lunata (Wakker) Boedijn , C. penniseti ( Mitra) Boedijn , C. prasadii R.L. & B.L Mathur, Fusarium flocciferum Corda. Sturm's Deutschl, F. nivale (Fr.) Ces., Rabenth. Herb., Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason, Penicillium spp . , Pseudocercospora fuligena (Roldan) Deighton, Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex. Fr.) Lind and one sterile unidentified fungal species . The percentage of association of Cladosporium elatum isolated from infected fruits was higher than any other fungi. Arthrinium saccharicola , Colletotrichum coffeanum, Corynespora pruni, Fusarium flocciferum and F. nivale are new records for Bangladesh. Key words: Fungi; Association; Datura metel DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i1.8947 DUJBS 2010; 19(1): 83-89