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Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm is a perennial plant of the Zingiberaceae family widely distributed in the subtropical and tropical areas of South America, Oceania, and Asia. Multiple plant parts of A. zerumbet have been traditionally used as medicinal sources, each with different clinical uses. These variations may arise from differences among the chemical components and/or accumulations of the active compounds in each part. Therefore, this review summarizes previous studies on the phytochemicals in A. zerumbet and reveals the similarities and differences among the chemical constituents of its multiple medicinal parts, including the leaves, rhizomes, fruits, seeds, and flowers. The results contribute to the scientific validation of the traditional understanding that A. zerumbet possesses different medicinal properties in each plant part. In addition, this review provides directions for further studies on the phytochemicals of this plant.

Shell ginger ( Alpinia zerumbet ) is a perennial ornamental plant of ginger native to East Asia, which can be used as a flavoring agent in food or beverage, as well as a traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, a total of 37 terpenoids, including 7 new compounds, zerumin D1 to zerumin D7 ( 2 , 3 , 28 - 30 , 36 , and 37 ), and 5 new naturally occurring compounds, zerumin D10 to zerumin D14 ( 9 , 12 , 15 , 20 , and 24 ), were isolated and identified from the rhizomes of shell ginger. Compound 3 was an unprecedented variant labdane diterpenoid featuring a unique 6/7/6/3 tetracyclic cyclic ether system in its side chain. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated terpenoids were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Compound 4 significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide with an IC 50 value of 5.4 μM. Further investigation revealed that compounds 2 and 3 may inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, thus suppressing the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 to exert the anti-inflammatory effects.

Alpinia zerumbet is a food flavor additive and a traditional medicine herb around the world. Several studies have reported that A. zerumbet has excellent effects on a variety of cardiovascular diseases, but its potential hypertensive applications, and pharmacokinetic features of main active substances have not been fully investigated. The mechanism of anti-hypertension with ethyl acetate extracts of A. zerumbet fruits (AZEAE) was evaluated by L-NNA-induced hypertensive rats and L-NAME-injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Blood pressure, echocardiographic cardiac index and H&E staining were used to preliminary evaluate the antihypertensive effect of AZEAE, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were evaluated by ELISA, and the proteins expression of IL-1β, IL-18, AGTR1, VCAM, iNOS, EDN1 and eNOS were also evaluated. In addition, isolation, identification, and activity screening of bioactive compounds were carried ou. Next, pharmacokinetics and tissues distribution of dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) in vivo were measured, and preliminary absorption mechanism was conducted with Caco-2 cell monolayers. AZEAE remarkably enhanced the state of hypertensive rats. Twelve compounds were isolated and identified, and five compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. The isolated compounds also exhibited good resistance against injury of HUVECs. Moreover, pharmacokinetics and Caco-2 cell monolayers demonstrated AZEAE had better absorption capacity than DDK, and DDK exhibited differences in tissues distribution and gender difference. This study was the first to assess the potential hypertensive applications of A. zerumbet in vivo and vitro, and the first direct and concise study of the in vivo behavior of DDK and AZEAE., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. was extensively used in traditional medicine for its several properties, but continuous investigation is needed to discover the properties of its essential oils (EOs). This work evaluated the properties of an EO obtained by steam distillation (named ESD) as well as extracts obtained by petroleum ether (named EP) both from Alpinia zerumbet fruits. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was chosen to identify the composition, and eleven compounds were identified as the main components of the EO and EP of Alpinia zerumbet fruits. The antimicrobial properties were investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the inhibition area. The results identified the differences in antimicrobial activities attributed to different extraction methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western Blot (WB) assay were conducted to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of ESD. In conclusion, our study suggested that EO from Alpinia zerumbet fruits might be a prospective candidate for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy., (© 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Alpinia zerumbet is a plant from the Zingiberaceae family, popularly used for hypertension treatment. Several studies have demonstrated Alpinia zerumbet vasodilator effect on conductance vessels but not on resistance vessels. Thereby, the aim of this study was to verify the vasodilator effect of the essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet (EOAz) on isolated rat resistance arteries and characterize its mechanism of action. Therefore, the effect of EOAz (3 to 3000 μg/mL) was verified in second-order branches of the mesenteric artery (SOBMA) pre-contracted by KCl and U46619. To study the mechanism of action, the influence of several inhibitors (TEA, 4-AP, Glibenclamide, Atropine, L-NAME, ODQ and indomethacin) on the vasodilator effect of EOAz was evaluated. Some protocols were also performed aiming to study the effect of EOAz on Ca 2+ influx and release from intracellular storage. Furthermore, the binding energy of the main constituents with calcium channels were evaluated by molecular docking. Results showed an endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effect of EOAz on SOBMA, and only ODQ and L-NAME produced significant alteration on its pEC 50 . Regarding the calcium assays, contraction reduction caused by incubation with EOAz was observed in all three protocols. Hence, our results suggest that EOAz has a vasodilator effect mediated by inhibition of Ca 2+ influx and release from intracellular storage, as well as an activation of the NOS/sGC pathway., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Proanthocyanidins (PACs) have various bioactivities, such as being anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidant. Consequently, they have been vigorously studied for the development of new natural bioactive compounds. Recently, PAC was isolated from leaves and pseudostems of the medicinal plant Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt and R.M. Smith, and it had shown in vitro antiviral activity against influenza A H1N1 viruses (IAVs). The 50% endpoint dilution method indicated that 0.1 mg/mL A. zerumbet-derived PAC (AzPAC) reduced the titer of IAVs by >3 logs. The antiviral activity of AzPAC means that it can interact directly with viral particles since the antiviral activity test was done by coincubation of PAC with and IAVs before viral infection. However, few studies have investigated the preventive mechanism utilized by AzPAC on influenza virus replication. In this study, the composition of AzPAC and the affinity between AzPAC and IAVs was investigated in detail. We found that AzPAC was composed of an epicatechin, which was linked by inter-flavan bonds between the C4 and C8 positions (B2-type) and the C4 and C6 positions (B5-type) in the terminal units. A quenching assay indicated that AzPAC interacted with IAV membrane proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Additionally, circular dichroism analysis indicated that AzPAC affected the change in the secondary structure rate of the viral membrane proteins. AzPAC was able to impair the infective process of IAVs via direct interaction with their viral membrane proteins. These results indicate that A. zerumbet is a bioresource for the development of preventive drugs against IAV infection., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The current drug therapy for schizophrenia effectively treats acute psychosis and its recurrence; however, this mental disorder's cognitive and negative symptoms are still poorly controlled. Antipsychotics present important side effects, such as weight gain and extrapyramidal effects. The essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet (EOAZ) leaves presents potential antipsychotic properties that need further preclinical investigation. Here, we determined EAOZ effects in preventing and reversing schizophrenia-like symptoms (positive, negative, and cognitive) induced by ketamine (KET) repeated administration in mice and putative neurobiological mechanisms related to this effect. We conducted the behavioral evaluations of prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI), social interaction, and working memory (Y-maze task), and verified antioxidant (GSH, nitrite levels), anti-inflammatory [interleukin (IL)-6], and neurotrophic [brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)] effects of this oil in hippocampal tissue. The atypical antipsychotic olanzapine (OLZ) was used as standard drug therapy. EOAZ, similarly to OLZ, prevented and reversed most KET-induced schizophrenia-like behavioral alterations, i.e., sensorimotor gating deficits and social impairment. EOAZ had a modest effect on the prevention of KET-associated working memory deficit. Compared to OLZ, EOAZ showed a more favorable side effects profile, inducing less cataleptic and weight gain changes. EOAZ efficiently protected the hippocampus against KET-induced oxidative imbalance, IL-6 increments, and BDNF impairment. In conclusion, our data add more mechanistic evidence for the anti-schizophrenia effects of EOAZ, based on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and BDNF up-regulating actions. The absence of significant side effects observed in current antipsychotic drug therapy seems to be an essential benefit of the oil., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The dried leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia zerumbet have been traditionally used as food and medicine. Anti-inflammatory activity-guided phytochemical investigation into the rhizomes of A. zerumbet led to the isolation of 17 compounds including 10 neolignans ( 1 - 10 , 1a , 1b , 2a , 2b , 3a , 3b , 4, and 5 are new compounds) and seven diarylheptanoids ( 11 - 17 ) in which 1 - 3 were three pairs of enantiomers. 4 was only one enantiomer and 5 was a racemic mixture. Compounds 1a , 1b , 2a , and 2b incorporated an 8',9'-dinorneolignan skeleton, which was rare in the lignan family. The planar structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive analyses of spectroscopic data. The relative and absolute configurations were determined by the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)-based electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation method. The 95% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract of A. zerumbet were found to show anti-inflammatory activity against croton oil-induced ear edema in mice with inhibition rates of 20.0 and 47.6% at a dose of 80 mg/kg, respectively. Bioassays showed that compounds 1a , 1b , 2a , 2b , and 12 moderately inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells with IC 50 values of 3.62, 7.63, 6.51, 5.60, and 8.33 μM, respectively.

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. (Zingiberaceae) is a perennial plant native to the East Indies and is widely distributed in South America, Oceania, and Asia. The mature fruits of the plant have been used in traditional medicine in China. In this study, we compared the chemical constituents in the methanol extracts of the leaves, the placenta, the pericarps, and the seeds obtained from the same plant using LC-MS, and we examined the NO inhibitory activities of the respective extracts and the isolated compounds. As a result of LC-MS analyses, kavalactone derivatives (1-6) were detected in the methanol extracts of the leaves, placenta, and pericarps. Of these, compound 6 was identified as a new asymmetrical cyclobutane dimer of 5,6-dehydrokawain. Quantitative analysis showed that the total amounts of kavalactone derivatives were highest in the methanol extract of the pericarps. Moreover, the results of measurements of the anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the pericarps extract showed the strongest activity. The compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts from A. zerumbet were identified. Of these, five were known kavalactone derivatives and one was a new kavalactone derivative (aniba dimer C). The results showed that the pericarps of A. zerumbet are a rich source of kavalactone derivatives, and that the pericarps of A. zerumbet can be utilized as an important medicinal resource., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background/aims: Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith has been used as a flavor additive in food and a traditional medicine for centuries, especially in Guizhou Province, China, and it prolongs people's lives with multiple beneficial effects. Thus, one of the aims of this review was to expound the chemical constituents of this plant, especially its fruits. Since cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, pose a health threat to humans, another aim was to expound the possible mechanisms of its potential use as an herbal medication for atherosclerosis., Methods: In this study, 10 reports are cited to expound the potential bioactive compounds. Moreover, 33 reports explain the antihypertensive and antiatherosclerotic effects of the plant by ameliorating inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, increasing vasodilation, improving hyperlipidemia, downgrading the glucose status, and working as an antioxidant., Results: A. zerumbetis rich in terpenes, essential oils, flavonoids, polyphenolics, and sterols. Pharmacological experiments showed that A. zerumbet has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on the NF-κB signaling pathway and can ameliorate oxidative stress in the NOS-NO signaling pathway. Moreover, A. zerumbet demonstrates antihypertensive effects by accelerating vasorelaxant response and increasing 3T3-L1 intracellular cAMP, which has promising antiobesity properties, as well as hypolipidemic and anti-diabetic complication effects., Conclusions: A. zerumbet has potential functions and applications in the prevention of atherosclerosis, but further studies are required before clinical trials., (© 2020 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Ethnopharmacology Relevance: The leaves of Alpinia zerumbet is used in folk medicine in Brazil to treat hypertension. However, the cardioprotective effect of this plant has not been studied yet., Aim of This Study: To evaluate the cardioprotective effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (AZE) against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in rats., Material and Methods: Rats were pretreated orally with AZE (300 mg/kg) for 30 days prior to ISO-induced myocardial infarction. The rats were sacrificed and hearts were collected and homogenized for biochemical analysis. At the end of the experiment, cardiac marker enzyme levels, histological and morphometric parameters, and hemodynamic measurements were assessed. Phytochemical compounds were verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)., Results: Rats administered with ISO showed a significant increase in cardiac marker enzymes, i.e., in creatine kinase-NAC (CK-NAC) and CK-MB. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining exhibited an increase in infarct areas. In the animals treated with ISO induced a significant increase in heart rate. Pretreatment with AZE significantly inhibited these effects of ISO. Moreover, biochemical findings were supported by histopathological observations. The GC-MS analyses of AZE identified volatile oils, kavalactones, and phytosterols., Conclusions: Haemodynamic, biochemical alteration and histopathological results suggest a cardioprotective protective effect of oral administration of AZE in isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background/aim: Plants play an important role in anti-cancer drug discovery, therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of Alpinia zerumbet ( A. zerumbet ) flowers., Methods: The phytochemical and biological criteria of A. zerumbet were in vitro investigated as well as in mouse xenograft model., Results: A. zerumbet extracts, specially CH 2 Cl 2 and MeOH extracts, exhibited the highest potent anti-tumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. The most active CH 2 Cl 2 extract was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation leading to isolatation of the naturally occurring 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) which was characterized by IR, MS, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR. A. zerumbet extracts, specially MeOH and CH 2 Cl 2 extracts, exhibited significant inhibitory activity towards tumor volume (TV). Furthermore, A. zerumbet extracts declined the high level of malonaldehyde (MDA) as well as elevated the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in liver tissue homogenate. Moreover, DK showed anti-proliferative action on different human cancer cell lines. The recorded IC 50 values against breast carcinoma (MCF-7), liver carcinoma (Hep-G2) and larynx carcinoma cells (HEP-2) were 3.08, 6.8, and 8.7 µg/mL, respectively., Conclusion: Taken together, these findings open the door for further investigations in order to explore the potential medicinal properties of A. zerumbet.

The longevity of the population in the Okinawa Islands of Japan has been ascribed to genetic factors and the traditional Okinawa cuisine, which is low in calories and high in plant content. This diet includes shell ginger ( Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm) of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). Due to its local popularity, Alpinia zerumbet has become the subject of a good deal of study at the University of the Ryukyus in Okinawa. Personal local experience and review of the literature now suggest that culinary shell ginger may contribute to longevity among the population in Okinawa. This is supported by its abundant phytochemical content, with antioxidant and anti-obesity properties . The major bioactive phytochemicals are dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK; 80-410 mg g -1 fresh weight), 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK; ≤100 mg g -1 ), and essential oils, phenols, phenolic acids, and fatty acids (≤150 mg g -1 each). Further, Alpinia zerumbet extends the lifespan in animals by 22.6%. In conclusion, culinary shell ginger may significantly contribute to human longevity in Okinawa., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflict of interest.

Alpinia species, used as ornamental plants and flavoring agents, are renowned for their therapeutic properties and their subsequent use in traditional medicines throughout the world. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. is the most common Alpinia species encountered in Martinique. Several essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation of A. zerumbet flowers collected in various locations on the island at different seasons were analysed to evaluate the influence of the collection period and area on the EOs' chemical compositions and to assess their bioactivity. A combination of GC-FID and GC/MS techniques was used to examine the volatile constituents, leading to the identification of a total of 71 components accounting for 97.8 - 99.3% of the respective total GC-FID areas: among them, nineteen compounds were characterized for the first time in A. zerumbet EOs. The antimicrobial activity of these EOs was assessed against eight bacterial, yeast and fungal strains and two multi-resistant strains: some significant bacteriostatic and fungistatic activities of A. zerumbet flower oils were evidenced. Finally, an interesting insecticidal activity of the flower EO was highlighted for the first time against Aedes aegypti., (© 2017 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

PAK1 (p21-activated kinase 1) is an emerging target for the treatment of hair loss (alopecia) and cancer; therefore, the search for PAK1 blockers to treat these PAK1-dependent disorders has received much attention. In this study, we evaluated the anti-alopecia and anticancer effects of PAK1 inhibitors isolated from Alpinia zerumbet (alpinia) in cell culture. The bioactive compounds isolated from alpinia were found to markedly promote hair cell growth. Kaempferol-3- O -β-d-glucuronide (KOG) and labdadiene, two of the isolated compounds, increased the proliferation of human follicle dermal papilla cells by approximately 117%-180% and 132%-226%, respectively, at 10-100 μM. MTD (2,5-bis(1 E ,3 E ,5 E )-6-methoxyhexa-1,3,5-trien-1-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran) and TMOQ (( E )-2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-8-methylene-7-(oct-6-en-1-yl)octahydro-1 H -quinolizine) showed growth-promoting activity around 164% and 139% at 10 μM, respectively. The hair cell proliferation induced by these compounds was significantly higher than that of minoxidil, a commercially available treatment for hair loss. Furthermore, the isolated compounds from alpinia exhibited anticancer activity against A549 lung cancer cells with IC 50 in the range of 67-99 μM. Regarding the mechanism underlying their action, we hypothesized that the anti-alopecia and anticancer activities of these compounds could be attributed to the inhibition of the oncogenic/aging kinase PAK1.

Bone homeostasis is maintained by balancing bone formation and bone resorption, but an imbalance between them is associated with various bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. We found that 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) and dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK), which were isolated as promising compounds from Alpinia zerumbet rhizomes, promote differentiation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. DK and DDK increased the alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells. DK exerts larger effects than DDK. The gene expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix, which are essential transcription factors in the early period of osteoblast differentiation, was significantly increased by DK treatment. The mRNA level of distal-less homeobox 5 was also enhanced by DK treatment, and DK activated the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Therefore, DK may have clinical potential for preventing osteoporosis, and could be considered as a potential anabolic therapeutic agent.

Here, we investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-aging effects of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (tairin and shima) in vitro and anti-melanogenic effects in B16F10 melanoma cells. The anti-oxidant activities were performed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS); nitric oxide; singlet oxygen; hydroxyl radical scavenging; and xanthine oxidase. The inhibitory activities against collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase were employed for anti-aging. The anti-melanogenic was assessed in B16F10 melanoma cells by melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The volatile chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The EO was a complex mixture mainly consisting of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The results revealed that tairin and shima EOs showed strong anti-oxidant activities against DPPH and nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and xanthine oxidase inhibition. Compared to shima EO; tairin EO exhibited strong anti-aging activity by inhibiting collagenase, tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, and elastase (IC50 = 11 ± 0.1; 25 ± 1.2; 83 ± 1.6; and 213 ± 2 μg/mL, respectively). Both EOs inhibited intracellular tyrosinase activity; thus, reducing melanin synthesis. These results suggest that tairin EO has better anti-oxidant/anti-aging activity than shima EO, but both are equally anti-melanogenic.

Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) is the major and most promising component of the tropical plant Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger), a species of the ginger family Zingiberaceae. Alpinia zerumbet is known for its human use as a traditional herbal medicine, food, and dietary supplement. With its α-lactone ring, DDK belongs to the large chemical group of kavalactones, which are also found in kava (Piper methysticum), another herbal medicine; DDK is characterized by a double-bond linkage at positions 5,6 and the absence of a double-bond linkage at positions 7,8. This dissociates DDK from other kavalactones with their linkages at positions 7,8 and 5,6 that are both either completely saturated or unsaturated, or may have an unsaturated bond at the position 7,8 as well as a saturated bond at the position 5,6. DDK is easily identified and quantified by HPLC and GC. DDK contents in fresh leaves, stems and rhizomes range from 80 to 410 mg/g, requiring solvent extraction procedures to ensure high DDK yield. This is best achieved by hexane extraction from fresh rhizomes that were previously boiled in water, allowing DDK yields of up to 424 mg/g. Successful synthesis of DDK can be achieved by asymmetric pathways, whereas its simple chemical structure facilitates the synthesis of DDK derivatives by HCl hydrolysis. Thus, all synthesized products may be used for various commercial purposes, including the potential development of promising antiobesity pharmaceutical drugs, preparation of specific and safe dietary supplements, and use as effective natural herbicides or fungicides.

This study found that fruit shells of shell ginger (Alpinia zerumbet) are a rich source of the kavalactones dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) and 5,6-dehydrokavain (DK). The fruit shell extraction with hexane resulted in good purity and higher yields of DDK and DK than did chloroform, ethanol, 10% ethanol, methanol or water. Additionally, this study examined the neuroprotective effects of DDK and DK against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells and the possible molecular mechanisms involved. 16 h after stimulation with 400 μM H2O2, the viability (MTT reduction) of PC12 cells decreased while membrane damage (LDH release) was noticeably increased. However, pretreatment for 6 h with DDK and DK (1 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM and 50 μM) rescued PC12 cells from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, as evidenced by decreased LDH release and increased cell viability. DDK and DK inhibit the MAPK family member p38, activate AKT, and reduce caspase-3 activity. DDK also reduced the oxidative status in H2O2-treated PC12 cells. Together, our data indicate that the A. zerumbet constituents, DDK and DK, exert a protective effect against oxidative stress-induced PC12 cell death and that the regulation of p-Akt and the p38 MAPK, and of oxidative states may be involved., (Copyright © 2014 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

ABSTRACT Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm, known as shell ginger, is an aromatic plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. In Guizhou Province of China, its mature fruits have been used by the Miao people for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Although the bioactivities of mature fruits of A. zerumbet are derived from phytochemicals in the seeds and pericarps of the plant, there remains a dearth of reports on the isolation of phytochemicals from the pericarp of A. zerumbet. In the present study, the pericarps of mature fruits of A. zerumbet were extracted, and two new kavalactone dimers, alpingsin E (1) and aniba dimer D (2), were isolated. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and NMR calculations. Especially, density functional theory–based NMR chemical shift calculations were employed to elucidate and confirm the relative configuration of 1 and 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet. (Pers.) B.L. Burttand R.M. Sm., commonly known as shell ginger, Siamese ginger, Thai ginger, or Galangal, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. A. zerumbet is traditionally used in various countries across the globe for its medicinal properties. This review aims to compile and analyze the available literature on the phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of A. zerumbet. Traditional medicine employs A. zerumbet to treat various diseases, and it is also part of the traditional Okinawan diet in Japan. The leaves and rhizomes of A. zerumbet are commonly utilized as spices and flavorings in various dishes, including rice, meats, and pasta. The phytochemical constituents of A. zerumbet include terpenes and terpenoids such as linalool, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and ascorbic acid. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated various biological activities, including its use as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional uses of A. zerumbet and highlighting its chemical constituents for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new monoterpene esters (1 and 2) and four known compounds (3–6) were isolated from the pericarps of Alpinia zerumbet. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by monitoring their inhibitory effects on the interleukin-1β-induced production of nitric oxide in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. The new compound 1 and cardamonin 3 showed inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 17.6 ± 1.1 and 10.2 ± 1.3 µM, respectively, which are comparable to that of the positive control NG-methyl-L-arginine acetate salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet is a medicinal and ornamental plant of the Zingiberaceae family cultivated in many parts of the world. The plant is medicinally important and often misidentified with closely related species. The objective of this work was to establish its DNA-based identity and a protocol for highfidelity micropropagation to support the medicinal plant industry. PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing of RuBisCO large subunit (rbcL) and Maturase K (matK) gene successfully report its DNA barcode. In vitro shoots were induced the best from rhizome buds on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6.0 mg L-1 6-benzyl amino purine and 30 g L-1 sucrose. Microshoots were rooted well in MS medium amended with 1.5 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid. Plantlets were satisfactorily acclimated to soils maintained in a growth chamber and subsequently in the open air for 10-20 days. Analyzing eight random amplified polymorphic DNA and eight inter-simple sequence repeat primers resulted in 53 and 60 distinct bands, respectively. Uniform banding patterns suggest the genetic uniformity of the micropropagated plants. The results offer an accurate identification of A. zerumbet from any plant tissue. The micropropagation protocol would be helpful for economically feasible and environmentally sustainable exploitation of this valuable plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Alpinia zerumbet in the treatment of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] grains under storage conditions for the management of Callosobruchus maculatus. Measurements of the effects of these essential oils were based on contact, fumigation, and repellency tests. The lethal concentrations (LC50) obtained from the contact tests were 0.65 and 11.23 µL/20 g for the essential oils of C. flexuosus and A. zerumbet, respectively. The impact on F1 offspring increased with increasing concentrations of essential oils. The LC50 values obtained from the fumigation tests were 2.34 and 8.69 µL/L of air for the C. flexuosus and A. zerumbet, respectively. Regarding repellency, both essential oils were classified as neutral. C. flexuosus was more toxic than A. zerumbet in the contact test; however, there was no difference in their toxicities found in the fumigation test. The essential oils of C. flexuosus and A. zerumbet presented a great insecticidal potential against C. maculatus, therefore, can be an environmentally sustainable alternative to synthetic chemical fumigants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study evaluated the chemical characterization, larvicidal activity and molluscicidal activity in front of the snail transmitting schistosomes (Biomphalaria glabrata) of the essential oils of Alpinia zerumbet and Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. The essential oils (EOs) were extracted by hydrodistillation, with chemical characterization through Gas Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The physical-chemical parameters were determined according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The toxicity test followed the bioassay with Artemia salina Leach, the EOs approved in this assay followed to evaluate their biological properties. Methodology: for molluscicidal activity, the methodology recommended by the WHO was performed, and the LC50 of the EOs was performed for their action in the face of the snail obtained by the Reed&Muench method. Both EOs showed low toxicity, and thus were evaluated for the biological properties larvicidal and molluscicidal. Alpinia zerumbet EO showed molluscicidal activity with LC50 of 40.63 mg·L-1 and Cymbopogon citratus EO 33.94 mg·L-1. Results: Both EOs showed larvicidal and molluscicidal potentials against the organisms tested, showing satisfactory results for their action. The results indicate that the evaluated EOs are composed of substances that promote and encourage their application due to their potential for molluscicidal and larvicidal biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) from the leaf extract of Alpinia zerumbet was investigated in this protocol. The basic nature of A. zerumbet leaf extract helps in CuO NPs synthesis. The catalytic activity of A. zerumbet-fabricated CuO NPs is explored in water at room temperature only in the presence of NaPTS hydrotrope. The green catalytic protocol is investigated via synthesis of 1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthene. The biogenic leaf extract fabricated CuO NPs are efficiently reactive, stable and recyclable in aqueous solution of sodium p-toluenesulfonate (NaPTS) hydrotrope. CuO/NaPTS proved to be the best catalytic system as synergistic nanotrope in terms of yield and time of reaction in water at room temperature. The green synthetic approach of CuO NPs, greener medium, easy workup and proficient recyclability are advantages in the said protocol. This is first time report of catalytic activity of biogenic CuO NPs in water at room temperature in the presence of NaPTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In plants, viral diseases are second only to fungal diseases in terms of occurrence, and cause substantial damage to agricultural crops. The aqueous extracts of shell ginger, Alpinia zerumbet exhibit inhibitory effects against virus infections in belonging to the Solanaceae family. In this study, we isolated an anti-plant-virus molecule from the extracts using a conventional method involving a combination of reversed phase column chromatography, dialysis, and lyophilization. The anti-plant-virus molecule was identified as proanthocyanidin, which mostly consisted of epicatechin and exhibited more than 40 degrees of polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aromatic perennial plant Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith (Zingiberaceae) is widely distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Japan, from southern Kyushu to the Ryukyu Islands. Its essential oil has a distinct aroma and antioxidant activity but is expensive due to low extraction efficiencies. Applying underwater shockwave pretreatment to A. zerumbet leaves is expected to enable more effective essential oil extraction during subsequent steam distillation. Thus, we subjected A. zerumbet leaves to shockwave pretreatment and analyzed its effects on the essential oil yield and components. Multiple cracks formed in the cell walls via spalling destruction induced by the shockwaves, creating permeation pathways that improved the passage of water vapor and greatly increased the essential oil yield. Moreover, the pretreatment increased the antioxidant activity of the essential oil and its water extract. Underwater shockwave processing selectively and effectively destroyed the fiber and/or cell structures of the leaves, resulting in efficient essential oil extraction. This novel process has the potential for application to many extraction processes, such as the extraction of compounds from medicinal plants. The dynamic control of instantaneous high pressures based on underwater shockwaves could pave the way for a new field of industrial technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer radiotherapy and modern synthetic medicine are critical for the treatment of cancer patients, but on the other hand they may have tremendous harmful side effect from the point of view of a weakened immune system. The focus of current research efforts in the industry and academia is not only to find affordable treatment methodologies but also to discover sources that mitigates or prevents the negative impact of these treatments on the patient’s immune system. This review will provide details of optimal methodology involving Invitro application of techniques such as phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, cytogenetic analysis that were adopted to assess the efficacy of Alpinia Zerumbet extracts as a radioprotector. These methodologies provide a holistic evaluation technique for assessing any potential cytoprotective agent, especially if it’s from the herbal domain. As a case study, analytical and inferential results summary of the research conducted to assess radioprotective property of Alpinia Zerumbet, a herbal and readily available derivative, will be presented. The key findings from the research indicate that the Alpinia Zerumbet extract has potential to be an effective radioprotector, with minimal side effects as compared to synthetic chemical cytoprotective agents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate antibacterial activity and the bioactive compounds of 50% hydroethanolic extract of Alpinia zerumbet (A. zerumbet) rhizomes. Methods: Eight reference microbial strains including two Gram-positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)] and six Gram-negative bacteria [Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATTC 700603), Proteus mirabilis (DMST 8212), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Vellore. (ATCC 15611), Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)], were used to test antimicrobial susceptibility by the broth microdilution method. Bioactive compounds were analyzed by using HPLC. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration values of A. zerumbet extract were 8 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri and 16 mg/mL for Enterococcus faecalis and the other four Gram-negative bacilli. HPLC chromatograms revealed that the A. zerumbet extract contained hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. Conclusions: The constituents of A. zerumbet rhizomes could be a potential source of antibacterial compounds, warranting further study of A. zerumbet extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The leaves of Alpinia zerumbet var. excelsa (alpinia) are used to prepare traditional food items and folk medicines. Objective: This study was designed with a view to explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic potentials of major components of alpinia leaves. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory effects of leaf-derived compounds were primarily assessed with protein denaturation and proteinase assay. Their inhibitory effects on nitrite accumulation and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells were also evaluated. For anti-melanogenic assays, all the compounds were tested on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells and on mushroom tyrosinase in vitro. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated using fibroblast cell line 3T3 L-1 and brine shrimps. Results: Five compounds, 5,6-dehydrokawain, dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain, (E)-5-methoxy-8-(4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)-7-phenyl-1-styryl-2-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-3-one (AS-2), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (KOG), and quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (QOG) were purified from the leaves. Of which, AS-2 and QOG were purified for the first time. All compounds significantly inhibited albumin denaturation and proteinase activity. AS-2, KOG, and QOG remarkably inhibited nitric oxide formation with IC50 values of 8.2, 13.3, and 12.6 μM, respectively, in RAW 264.7 cells. They also inhibited PGE2 production with IC50 values 19.8-23.7 μM. They showed anti-melanogenic effects reducing tyrosinase activity (IC50 values 29.6-112.5 μM) and melanin formation (IC50 values 30.8–164.4 μM) in B16F10 cells, and inhibiting mushroom tyrosinase (IC50 values 61.5-456.4 μg/ml). Conclusion: Taken together, major components of alpinia leaf could be utilized as a potent herbal drug and food supplement with therapeutic prospects against inflammatory disorders and hyperpigmentation. Abbreviations used: HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; DK: 5,6-dehydrokawain; DDK: Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain; AS-2: (E)-5-methoxy-8-(4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)-7-phenyl-1-styryl-2-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-3-one; KOG: Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide; QOG: Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; PAK1: RAC/CDC42-activated kinase 1; UV: Ultra violet; α-MSH: α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS: Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase; PDGF: Platelet Derived Growth Factor; MITF: Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; TRP: Tyrosinase Related Protein; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; DMEM: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; CS: Newborn calf serum; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; NO: Nitric oxide; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; DMRT: Duncan's multiple range test; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The aim was to determine the optimum process for the extraction of volatile oil from Alpinia zerumbet fruit. [Methods] Steam distiilation was used to extract volatile oil from A. zerumbet fruit. Based on the single factor tests, an orthogonal test was designed to explore the effects of solid-liquid ratio, soaking time, extraction time and grinding degree of material on the extraction rate. The composition of volatile oil from A. zerumbet fruit was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the relative mass fraction of each component was determined by peak area normalization. [Results] With volatile oil yield as the index, the optimum extraction process was determined: solid to liquid ratio of 1:10, soaking time of 0.5 h, grinding degree of passing through 24-mesh sieve and extraction time of 5 h. A total of 29 compounds were isolated. Among them, the contents of a-terpinene (24. 894%), 1, 8-terpadiene (15.527%) and α-pinene (6. 982%) were relatively high. [Conclusions] The optimized extraction process for volatile oil from A. zerumbet fruit is stable and reasonable. Under the optimum extraction process, the extraction effect of volatile oil from A. zerumbet fruit was the best. The chemical components of volatile oil from A. zerumbet fruit were determined by GC-MS as α-terpinene (24. 894%), 1, 8-terpadiene (15.527%) and α-pinene (6.982%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-aging effects of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (tairin and shima) in vitro and anti-melanogenic effects in B16F10 melanoma cells. The anti-oxidant activities were performed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS); nitric oxide; singlet oxygen; hydroxyl radical scavenging; and xanthine oxidase. The inhibitory activities against collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase were employed for anti-aging. The anti-melanogenic was assessed in B16F10 melanoma cells by melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The volatile chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The EO was a complex mixture mainly consisting of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The results revealed that tairin and shima EOs showed strong anti-oxidant activities against DPPH and nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and xanthine oxidase inhibition. Compared to shima EO; tairin EO exhibited strong anti-aging activity by inhibiting collagenase, tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, and elastase (IC50 = 11 ± 0.1; 25 ± 1.2; 83 ± 1.6; and 213 ± 2 μg/mL, respectively). Both EOs inhibited intracellular tyrosinase activity; thus, reducing melanin synthesis. These results suggest that tairin EO has better anti-oxidant/anti-aging activity than shima EO, but both are equally anti-melanogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently several compounds from Okinawa plants including Alpinia zerumbet (alpinia) were shown to inhibit directly the oncogenic/ageing kinase PAK1 (p21-activated kinase 1). Furthermore, it was recently revealed that both PAK1 and PAK4 (p21-activated kinase 4) are equally essential for the melanogenesis in melanoma cells. Thus, in this study, we tested if several alpinia compounds inhibit the melanogenesis in melanoma (B16F10) cells, as well as the PAK1-dependent up-regulation of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in cultured adipocytes (3T3-L1) without any cytotoxicity. The effect of alpinia compounds on the melanogenesis was measured by both the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells treated with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), a melanogenesis stimulating hormone. We found that (1E,3E,5E)-6-methoxyhexa-1,3,5-trien-1-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran (MTD), 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK), labdadiene, hispidin and dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK) at 50 µg/mL reduced the melanin content by 63-79%. The MTD, DK and hispidin, at 50 µg/mL, inhibited tyrosinase activity by 70-83% in melanoma cells. Among these compounds, labdadiene, MTD, (E)-2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl-8-methylene-7-(oct-6-en-1-yl)octahydro-1H-quinolizine (TMOQ) and hispidin strongly inhibited the ROS production. Hispidin, labdadiene and MTD at 20 µg/mL inhibited NO production by over 70%. These findings altogether suggest that some of these alpinia compounds could be potentially useful for the prevention or treatment of hyperpigmentation and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils are new natural medicines, which have been studied extensively in recent years. In this paper, the chemical composition of the essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet leaves and its ability to modulate the activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics is reported. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antibacterial activity of the essential oil alone or in association with aminoglycosides was determined by a microdilution test against twelve strains (standards and multi-resistant clinical isolates obtained from sputum and wounds), seven Gram negative and five Gram positive. The major components identified by GC/MS were 4-terpineol (32.9 ± 4.0%), 1,8-cineole (21.4 ± 1.2%), γ-terpinolene (10.0 ± 1.8%) and sabinene (7.1 ± 4.6%), with a strong predominance of monoterpenes. The results indicated that the multi-resistant clinical isolates Staphylococcus aureus 358 and Escherichia coli 27 were more sensitive to the essential oil, exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 32 and 128 μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil was capable of enhancing the antimicrobial activity of aminoglycosides against all strains tested, except for S. aureus 358. Very significant reductions in the MICs of the antibiotics were found, with a 94% decrease in MIC of neomycin against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031. The results obtained indicate that the A. zerumbet essential oil has a significant synergistic antibiotic effect when combined with aminoglycosides, demonstrating that its constituents may act as potentiators of the antibiotic activity of aminoglycosides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and its related disorders have become leading metabolic diseases. In the present study, we used 3T3-L1 adipocytes to investigate the anti-obesity activity of hispidin and two related compounds that were isolated from Alpinia zerumbet (alpinia) rhizomes. The results showed that hispidin, dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK), and 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) have promising anti-obesity properties. In particular, all three compounds significantly increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations by 81.2% ± 0.06%, 67.0% ± 1.62%, and 56.9% ± 0.19%, respectively. Hispidin also stimulated glycerol release by 276.4% ± 0.8% and inhibited lipid accumulation by 47.8% ± 0.16%. Hispidin and DDK decreased intracellular triglyceride content by 79.5% ± 1.37% and 70.2% ± 1.4%, respectively, and all three compounds inhibited glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and pancreatic lipase, with hispidin and DDK being the most potent inhibitors. Finally, none of the three compounds reduced 3T3-L1 adipocyte viability. These results highlight the potential for developing hispidin and its derivatives as anti-obesity compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of Alpinia zerumbet leaf extract on the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans. It states that effects of Alpinia zerumbet leaf extract (ALP) on lifespan of C. elegans were investigated using animal models of Caenorhabditis elegans. Table related to effects of Alpinia hot-water (ALH) and ALP under thermal stress on wild type C. elegans is also presented.

Abstract: Essential oil (EO) of Alpinia zerumbet leaves, at non-toxic concentrations (50–300μg/mL), did not induce genotoxicity in human leukocytes. However, at the highest concentration (500μg/mL) tested caused a reduction in cell proliferation and viability, and an increase in DNA damage. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that EO (400mg/kg) did not exert mutagenicity on peripheral blood cells and bone marrow in mice. In DPPH test, EO showed scavenging effects against DPPH radicals, and other free radicals (determination of intracellular GSH and lipid peroxidation assays). Furthermore, EO was able to reduce the intracellular levels of ROS, and prevented leukocytes DNA against oxidative damage. The ability of EO to reduce H2O2 toxicity was observed only when cells were treated with EO during and after exposure to H2O2. With the co- and post-treatment procedures, EO decreased the frequency of apoptotic and micronucleated leukocytes as well DNA strand breaks. However, a synergistic effect was observed in cultures exposed to 500μg/mL EO. In conclusion, EO at concentrations up to 300μg/mL or doses up to 400mg/kg are not mutagenic in leukocytes and in mice, but do have antioxidative and protective effects against the cytotoxicity and clastogenesis induced by H2O2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Alpinia zerumbet is an important medicinal and ornamental plant species. Drought stress is a major concern for sustainable horticulture crop production under changing climate scenarios. Trehalose (Tre) and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) are osmoprotectants that play important roles in mitigating plant stresses. In this study, the effects of foliar application of 25 mM Tre or 10 mg L−1 ALA on biochemical and physiological parameters of A. zerumbet seedlings and their growth were evaluated under well-watered and drought-stressed (65% of field capacity) conditions. Drought caused reductions in physiological parameters and plant growth. These decreases were accompanied by increases in leaf free proline and glycine betaine concentrations and peroxidase activities. Foliar application of Tre or ALA remediated physiological and biochemical parameters and plant growth. Overall, foliar application of ALA or Tre proved to be beneficial for mitigating drought stress in A. zerumbet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]