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Solute clustering and precipitation in an Al–Cu–Mg–Ag–Si model alloy has been investigated by atom probe tomography (APT) as well as high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Nine types of solute clusters (Cu, Ag, Mg–Cu, Mg–Ag, Mg–Cu–Si, Mg–Ag–Si, Mg–Ag–Cu, Cu–Ag–Si and MgAgCuSi) were observed by APT in both the as-quenched alloy and after ageing the alloy at 180 °C for 1 h. Three types of precipitates (Ω (AlCuMgAg), θ (Al 2 Cu) and Mg 2 Si) were observed by APT and HAADF-STEM after further ageing at 180 °C for 24 h and 100 h. We propose that MgAgCu and MgAgCuSi clusters are likely to be responsible for the formation of the Ω (AlCuMgAg) phase. Furthermore, we also suggest that the θ (Al 2 Cu) phase forms from Cu clusters and the Mg 2 Si phase forms from the decomposition of MgAgSi and MgAgCuSi clusters by losing Ag to Ω phase growth. Many early binary clusters (Mg–Cu, Mg–Ag) do not seem to undergo a significant further growth during ageing; these are more likely to be transformed into complex ternary and quaternary clusters and be subsequently consumed during the growth of large clusters/precipitates. Furthermore, it is proposed that the plate-like Ω (AlCuMgAg) precipitates evolve continuously from the MgAgCu and MgAgCuSi clusters, rather than via heterogeneous nucleation on their precursors (i.e. MgAgCu and MgAgCuSi clusters). More interestingly, even after ageing at 180 °C for 100 h, the Ω (AlCuMgAg) precipitates remain coherent with the α-Al matrix, indicating that these precipitates have a high thermal stability. This can mainly be attributed to the presence of a single Mg–Ag-rich monolayer observed at the interface between the Ω precipitate and the α-Al matrix, significantly improving the coarsening resistance of the Ω (AlCuMgAg) precipitates. Our results thus reveal links between a variety of solute clusters and the different types of precipitates in the Al–Cu–Mg–Ag–Si model alloy. Such information can in the future be used to control the precipitation by tailoring solute clustering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Ag addition on the characteristics of precipitates and age hardening response of Mg 6Bi alloy were investigated. The results illustrate that the Ag addition in Mg Bi alloy can significantly enhance the age hardening response of the alloy. The peak-aged hardness increases from 51.8 HV of the Mg 6Bi alloy to 59.1 HV of the Mg-Bi-Ag alloy after ageing at 160 °C for 40 h, which is increased by 14.1%. Using high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM) and STEM-EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), the crystal orientation relationships (ORs) between the Mg 3 Bi 2 precipitate and Mg matrix were characterized to be [0 0 0 1] Mg3Bi2 //[1 1 2 ¯ 0] Mg , (1 1 ¯ 0 0) Mg3Bi2 //(1 1 ¯ 0 0) Mg , (1 1 2 ¯ 0) Mg3Bi2 //(0 0 0 1) Mg , and [1 1 2 ¯ 0] Mg3Bi2 //[1 1 2 ¯ 0] Mg , (0 0 0 1) Mg3Bi2 //(1 1 ¯ 0 2 ¯) Mg , (1 1 ¯ 0 2) Mg3Bi2 //(0 0 0 1 ¯) Mg. Furthermore, it was found that Ag atoms can be not only enriched in the Mg 3 Bi 2 precipitates but also segregated at the interface between the Mg 3 Bi 2 precipitate and Mg matrix. Thus, it promotes the nucleation rate and slows down the growth of the precipitates, resulting in the fined precipitates and the increased number density of precipitates. The roles of Ag in the improving ageing hardening response and characteristic of precipitates are discussed in the present paper. • Microstructure and age hardening response of Mg-Bi-Ag alloy were investigated. • The age hardening response of Mg Bi is significantly enhanced by Ag addition. • Ag addition refines the Mg 3 Bi 2 precipitate and increases its number density. • Ag atoms are both enriched within Mg 3 Bi 2 phase and segregated at the interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Variant selection of intergranular bcc-Cr precipitates in a Ni–43mass% Cr alloy was studied by electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope equipped with a field emission gun (FESEM) and Kikuchi line analysis in transmission electron microscope (TEM). A single variant was invariably selected at the underlying grain boundaries (GB) when GB-precipitates were KS-related with respect to both the adjacent matrix grains. Meanwhile multiple variants were formed at the GB when GB-precipitates were KS-related to one of the adjacent matrix grains. Theses variant selections were examined with the tilt angle to underlying GB of low-energy interphase boundaries and the orientation relationship with respect to both the adjacent matrix grains. The underlying mechanism was discussed from the viewpoint of activation energy for nucleation of two-dimensional nuclei. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg alloys via multi-stage aging treatments were studied to explore the strength-toughness trade-off. The microstructures of aged alloys were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results indicated that large numbers of GP zones and some part of η′ phases were formed during the low-temperature (90 °C) aging at the third-stage aging, which consumed considerable solid solubility. This prevents fast growth and coarsening of precipitates at the fourth-stage aging (150 °C). Finally, the mixed precipitation state of mainly η′ phases and some η phases formed. The grain boundary phase grew insignificantly, which is beneficial to decrease the strength gap between intragranular and grain-boundary. The intragranular equilibrium η phase is beneficial to pin the movement of dislocation, which avoids fracture caused by accumulation of dislocations around the large second-phase and on the grain boundaries. Although the strength of materials decreased slightly, the impact toughness of materials significantly increased due to the positive effect of the intragranular equilibrium η phase. Compared with the conventional retrogression and re-aging (RRA) treatment (120 °C/24 h + 185 °C/105min + 120 °C/12 h), the designed four-stage ageing treatment (FSA) (120 °C/24 h + 185 °C/105min + 90 °C/12 h + 150 °C/12 h) resulted in the decrease of tensile strength and yield strength by only 3% and 4%, respectively, but contributed to the increases of elongation and impact toughness by 15% and 17%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]