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The anisotropy in mechanical strength and electrical conductivity in Cu-Ag alloy during cold rolling were investigated. The anisotropy in tensile strength and electrical conductivity was significant with increasing Ag content in Cu-Ag alloy. The cold rolled Cu-Ag alloys with higher Ag content have filamentary structure, which is composed of elongated eutectic phase and Cu matrix. In addition, the eutectic phase in Cu-Ag alloys with higher Ag content has a strong α-fiber texture. It can be mentioned that the eutectic phase in filamentary structure is promotes the anisotropy of electrical conductivity of Cu-Ag alloys. This strong a-fiber texture of eutectic phase was decreased by annealing process (300 OC for 1h), and the anisotropy in strength and conductivity was decreased.

The influence of extrusion temperature and Ti content was investigated by observing the microstructure and determining the mechanical strength of A3003 alloy tube. The A3003 alloy was modified by inoculation in terms of addition of Ti and then extruded at the various extrusion temperatures. In case of A3003 alloy tube without addition of Ti, the yield strength was slightly improved with decreasing extrusion temperature. On the other hand, the yield strength was improved markedly in A3003 alloy tube with small addition of Ti, and also ductility was slightly reduced. Grain size distribution from observing the microstructure was different with addition of Ti. Coarse grains were formed on the outer and inner parts of the alloy tube without addition of Ti, whereas the finer grains were uniformly distributed in the alloy tube with addition of Ti. Thus the microstructure and mechanical strength of A3003 alloy tube could be controlled by addition of Ti. Threefore, optimum Ti content and extrusion temperature to fabricate high yield strength and ductility A3003 alloy tube (σy=60 MPa, ε=30%) for eco-friendly refrigerant application are above 0.05wt.Ti and below 480 °C, respectively. Introduction

The influence of annealing atmosphere on mechanical and wear properties of free-cutting phosphor bronze alloy was investigated. After annealing in vacuum, the mechanical properties of the alloy decreases due to vaporization of alloying element. In addition, the softening of matrix induces decreasing the wear resistance dramatically. In contrast, high mechanical properties were observed in the alloy annealed in air and in nitrogen atmosphere. In particular, a large smearing of lead in the alloy annealed in air atmosphere was observed and was affected on the enhancement of wear resistance. Consequently, annealing in vacuum atmosphere is not suitable for high mechanical properties and wear resistance.

In accordance with environmental regulations on refrigeration technology, the commercial A1100 alloy condenser tube that has widely been used in CFC and HCFC refrigerant systems and operated at a low working pressure (10–30 bar) was inappropriate to the eco-friendly CO 2 refrigerant systems which possess a high working pressure (60–80 bar) due to the low mechanical properties. As a result, the stiffness of the conventional 1000 series alloys might not be appropriate in this requirement. The present study is mainly aimed at developing condenser tube material such as A3003 alloy for the application of eco-friendly refrigerants with higher working pressure rather than for conventional CFC and HCFC refrigerants. The mechanical properties and pressurized strength of condenser tube are greatly affected by the coarse grains, which grow during the brazing process. According to the pressurized testing, A3003 alloy is more suitable than A1100 alloy when the condenser tube is applied to eco-friendly refrigerants usage because A3003 alloy can be durable in a heat exchanger which requires high working pressure.

Magnesium alloys are attractive for structural components in transportation industries. At present, magnesium components for structural applications are mainly produced by die casting process. It is, however, commonly acknowledged that structural components made from wrought alloys through metal forming processes have great advantage in terms of obtainable strength and toughness. In addition, most of wrought magnesium alloys are heat treatable and thus allow their strengths to be further improved or their mechanical performance to be tailored by adjusting the parameters of heat treatment. However, wrought process route of melting, ingot casting/continuous casting, forming and heat treatment for magnesium alloys should be carried out under protective cover gas to prevent oxidation and ignition. The purpose of this study was to eliminate cover gas during whole wrought process route. This paper discussed effect of CaO on ignition and oxidation behaviors of AZ31 Mg alloy as well as on surface roughness and mechanical properties AZ31 Mg alloy extruded parts.

The aim of this study is to develop novel thixoextrusion process for hard-to-form Al wrought alloys. Thixoextrusion for 7003 Al alloy of Al–Zn–Mg system and 7075 Al alloy of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu system were investigated as functions of isothermal holding temperature and time in the partially remelted semisolid state. The interesting point of the results was that the thixotropic structures of 7003 and 7075 Al alloys could be obtained without additional pretreatment only through simple partial remelting. More than that, the thixoextrusion pressure of 7075 Al alloy was lower than the thixoextrusion pressure of 7003 Al alloy at the same liquid fraction of 10%, despite the big difference of extrudability index between 7075 and 7003 Al alloys. The microstructures of thixoextruded specimens did not show any dendrites or rosette-like structures.

Free-cutting phosphor bronze alloy (ASTM C54400) was used as a material for automotive parts and industrial valve parts for its high strength, machinability and excellent corrosion resistance. To obtain desired mechanical strength of the alloy, the process parameters including continuous casting speed, reduction in area and annealing temperature have to be controlled. In this study, we investigated the effect of annealing on the mechanical property and machinability of free-cutting phosphor bronze alloy fabricated by continuous casting with different casting speeds of 80, 100, and 120 m/min, respectively. After annealing, the tensile strength of the alloy decreased with increasing annealing time owing to the occurrence of recrystallization and grain growth. In the cast and swaged alloy produced at casting speed of 120 m/min, the grain growth occurred rapidly. In contrast, in the alloy produced at the casting speed of 80 m/min, the grains growth rate was low. Furthermore, the effect of Pb particle in the alloy on machinability was also investigated by using a tool dynamometer installed force sensor.

Thixoextrusion, one of the thixoforming processes, has advantages of high productivity, reduction of the extrusion pressure and cost saving because of the low energy consumption compared with the conventional extrusion processes. For the thixoextrusion, the low liquid fraction (fL

The strength of aluminum alloys was improved by a severe deformation process while the decrease of elongation leads to the defect. Modification of A3003 alloy was attempted in order to develop a high strength and high formability Al alloy tube for the application of air-conditioning systems in transportation, such as passenger planes and automobiles. An A3003 alloy was modified by Ti addition, grain refiner. As a result of modification, the modified A3003 alloy was able to suitably satisfy the mechanical strength requirements, including elongation. Grain size and secondary dendrite arm spacing of A3003 alloy decreased by as much as 50 % by Ti addition. The finer grains were uniformly distributed in the modified A3003 alloy billet. The yield strength of the modified A3003 alloy was improved by 30 % without decreasing elongation.

The processing of high strength Al wrought alloys does lead either to restrictions for geometrical complexity or to high production costs due to low productivity and multiple-step processes. Thixoextrusion process to overcome these difficulties has been under investigation. In the present study, the effect of thixoextrusion parameters was investigated on mechanical properties of 7003 Al wrought alloy. The maximum extrusion pressure of the thixoextrusion process is three times lower than that of the hot extrusion process. The elongated grains which have the axisymmetry with extrusion direction are generally observed during hot extrusion process, while the microstructures of the thixoextruded are isotropic. The tensile and yield strengthes of the thixoextruded bar are lower than those of the hot extruded bar, while the elongation value of the thixoextruded bar is higher than that of the hot extruded bar.

Thixoextrusion for 7003 and 7075 Al wrought alloys with different content of Cu was carried out with respect to isothermal holding temperature in the partially remelted semisolid state. Especially, despite higher extrudability index of 7075 Al wrought alloy compared with the extrudability index of 7003 Al wrought alloy, the maximum extrusion pressures of 7075 Al wrought alloy were about the same as the maximum extrusion pressures of 7003 Al wrought alloy at temperature with the liquid fraction 10% (7003-624, 7075-609). The hardness values of thixoextruded specimens were higher than that of as-quenched specimens only after partial remelting. The microstructures of thixoextruded specimens did not show any dendrites or rosette-like structures. The average grain sizes of thixoextruded specimens were smaller than average grain sizes of homogenized specimens.

The feasibility study for thixoextrusion of 7075 Al wrought alloys was carried out with respect to reheating profile, isothermal holding temperature and time during the partial remelting through simple partial remelting. The reheating rates were 40/min and 60/min. The isothermal holding temperatures were controlled at 609, 622, 628 and 632 for 0, 2, 5, 10 and 30 min. The interesting point of this study was that the thixotropic structures of 7075 Al wrought alloy without additional pretreatment could be obtained through simple partial remelting. The average grain size was significantly smaller in the quickly heated specimen. The liquid fraction was increased with increasing isothermal holding temperature and time while the average grain size was inversely proportional to isothermal holding temperature and time. However, there was no big change of liquid fraction and average grain size with respect to isothermal holding time. The important fact that the liquid fraction and average grain size were almost uniform after 5 min is considered very useful for thixoextrusion in terms of actual extrusion time.

Melt extrusion is a new fabrication process with the characteristics of both casting and extrusion. In this process, a metallic melt which is poured and solidified up to semisolid state in the container can be directly extruded through the die exit to form a product of bar shape without other intermediate processes. The aging behavior of Al-Cu alloys in the semisolid state was investigated. And the microstructure and mechanical properties of the melt extruded Al-Cu alloy bar were measured and its characteristics are compared with those of a hot extruded Al-Cu alloy bar. Al-Cu alloys were successfully extruded after squeezing out of liquid during melt extrusion with smaller force compared to the solid extrusion. Al-Cu alloys bar with the mean grain size of up to 200 μm was fabricated by melt extrusion process. And the mechanical properties of the melt extruded Al-Cu alloy bar were improved after the T6 treatment.

Porthole die extrusion has a great advantage in the forming of hollow sections of Al alloy tubes that are difficult to produce by conventional extrusion with a mandrel fixed at the stem. In general, the porthole die extrusion process consists of three stages (dividing, welding, and forming stage) through the complex die structure composed of container, porthole, mandrel, welding chamber and bearing part. Thus, in order to obtain the detailed mechanics, to assist in the design of proper die shapes and sizes, and to improve the quality of products with high welding strength, porthole die extrusion should be analyzed in as non-steady state as possible. This paper analyzed porthole die extrusion processes through 3D FE simulation in the non-steady state during the entire process for following process variables: initial billet temperature, bearing length, tube thickness, and extrusion ratio. The extrusion load for each stage, the welding pressure, and the dead metal zone in the welding chamber were examined through a numerical analysis. Extrusion loads found by FE simulation were compared with experimental results. The surface state of extruded products was also examined. Whole investigations were made for Al7003.

There are two primary semisolid processing (S2P) routes, thixocasting and rheocasting. Especially, the rheocasting process has become a new focus in the field of semisolid process because of its many advantages such as increased shot size flexibility, no special SSM billet, inhouse recycling of scrap and smaller investment, compared with the thixoforming process. In-Ladle direct thermal control (DTC) rheocasting was developed, based on the fact that there is slurry and mush transition in molten metal, which is controlled by solid shape and relative interfacial energy. Fluidity is investigated by applying pressure casting for optimizing conditions of in-ladle DTC rheocasting of A356 Al alloy based on research results of simulation and actual microstructure control.

Thixoextrusion, one of the thixoforming processes, has advantages of high productivity, reduction of the extrusion pressure, extension of the die life, and cost saving owing to its low energy consumption compared with the conventional extrusion processes. Especially, thixoextrusion process is expected to be very effective for hard-to-form materials with high strength. The present study focuses on 7075 Al wrought alloy to investigate the potential industrial applications of the thixoextrusion process. The microstructural evolution of 7075 Al wrought alloy for thixoextrusion was investigated with respect to isothermal holding temperature and time in the partially remelted semisolid state. The results showed that the liquid fraction increased with increasing isothermal holding temperature and time while the average grain size was inversely proportional to isothermal holding temperature and time up to 5min. However, there was no big change of liquid fraction and average grain size with respect to isothermal holding temperature and time. The important fact that the liquid fraction and average grain size were almost uniform after 5 min holding time is considered very useful for thixoextrusion in terms of process control.

The environmentally friendly manufacturing process, continuous casting process with small cross sections, is the near net-shaped manufacturing technology used to fabricate copper alloy wires and plates with the required final tolerance and sound quality. Furthermore, the process consumes less energy and discharges less environmental loads because the process can eliminate the need for hot extrusion, hot rolling and heat treatment for production copper alloy wires and plate. In the present study, the effects of a continuous casting speed on the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the nickel-silver (Cu-Ni-Zn) alloy were studied and energy requirements, atmospheric CO2 emission and yield for the production of the Cu-Ni-Zn alloy was investigated quantitatively with respect to continuous casting with small cross sections and conventional material processing including casting, extrusion and heat treatment. The yield for production of Cu-Ni-Zn alloy can be improved above 30% with the application of continuous casting with small cross sections when the productivity is similar. Twice the amount of energy required and CO2 were consumed and emitted in the conventional manufacturing process when the yield of the processes was considered.

In a view point of mechanical property of medium strength alloy such as A7003 aluminum alloy, it is necessary to increase Mg content in the alloy however an increment in Mg content has an adverse effect on the extrudability. Furthermore, it has been generally practiced to reduce the Mg content for enhanced recovery efficiency during Al scrap recycling in the aluminum industry. Therefore, it is important to select the amounts of alloy elements for mechanical property and extrudability in medium strength A7003 alloy. To examine the effect of Mg content on extrudability in A7003, hot extrusion experiments and then microstructure examination by XRD, SEM and EPMA have been performed. The quantitative analysis of energy consumption and CO2 emission for production of A7003 extruded bar are estimated with different process variables such as Mg content, extrusion process (direct or indirect extrusion) and billet pre-heating process (heating by light oil or LPG). The estimation of energy consumption is performed in a stage except mining and extraction (from shipping to gate) to investigate an influence of the parameters on energy consumption and CO2 emission in detail. As Mg content is increased, the flow stress and the extrusion pressure for A7003 alloy are increased. It has been thought that an increment in extrusion pressure with increasing Mg content is caused by the solid solution hardening of Mg atoms in the matrix and an increment in volume fraction of intermetallic compound, Mg2Si. The energy consumptions can be reduced when lower content of Mg in A7003 alloy and indirect extrusion process are used. It has been found that CO2 emission in billet heating process can be reduced when induction heating process is introduced.

To examine the effect of Mg content on extrudability in 7xxx aluminum alloys, hot extrusion experiments and then microstructure examination by XRD, SEM and EPMA have been performed. The finite element analysis has been also carried out for comparison of extrusion pressure in direct and indirect extrusion process. The total energy consumption from cradle to gate in Al extrusion process has been estimated after calculating the standard data of unit process in LCA inventory analysis. The extrudability and the tensile strength are equal to, or above that of conventional A 7003 alloy even the content of Mg varied from 1.1wt.% to 0.5wt.%. alloy. This means that minimizing the content of Mg in A7003 alloy can enhance recovery efficiency during Al scrap recycling. It has been found that energy consumption of unit process can be reduced when the indirect process is used. However, there are little differences in total energy consumption related with increasing Mg content or changing extrusion process at the range from cradle to gate. Thus, for LCA inventory in the extrusion process, a range within the process except mining and extraction has to be introduced.

The Ohno process was applied to produce Al-lwt.% Si alloy rods for semiconductor devices. The casting conditions which enable production of an 8mm diameter rod having a mirror surface with a highly longitudinally oriented microstmcture was established. It was demonstrated that the alloy could be drawn, without the need of intermediate recrystallization or stress relief, to produce wires of 0.14 to 0.10mm in diameter. The rela-tionships between the casting conditions and wire breakage during fine wire drawing were also studied.

An investigation has been conducted to describe the effect of Ti grain refiner or Sr modifier on the microstructure of an Al-11.3 wt.%Si alloy produced by the Ohno horizontal continuous casting process so as to obtain directional solidification at high cooling rates. Experimental results demonstrated that the directionality of the primary grains were promoted by the addition of 0.2 to 0.4%Ti or by the addition of 0.02%Sr, whereas the addition of 0.6%Ti suppressed this directionality. Feathery grains were promoted by the addition of 0.2%Ti, while these feathery grains were suppressed when over 0.4%Ti or when 0.02%Sr was added. The addition of Ti also resulted in increased coarsening of the eutectic Si in these Al-11.3 wt.%Si alloys.

In the present study, in order to find out an grain refinement mechanism, 0.1wt.% Al-10wt.%Ti master alloy was added into A3003 alloy melt contained in graphite crucible and in alumina crucible, and then the melt holding time at 750°C was systematically changed from 1 min up to 120 min. It is interesting to note that the grain refinement and fading phenomena remarkably depend on the crucible material. The fading effect in the specimens using alumina crucible can be explained as the result of TiAl3 phase dissolution into molten aluminium matrix. In the specimens using graphite crucible, the grain refinement was occurred gradually with increasing holding time. It was suggest that the continuous grain refinement is due to transition of refinement mechanism from TiAl3 phase to TiC phase. It can be mentioned that the TiC formed from titanium and carbon solute in the aluminium melt, which came from the Al-10Ti alloy and the graphite crucible.

The precipitation process in a supersaturated Al-2. 3wt%Li-2. 3wt%Mg alloy has been studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It has been shown that the pre-precipitate something like G.P. zones is formed almost simultaneously with the δ' phase during and after quenching. The activation energies for dissolution of the pre-precipitate and for precipitation of the δ' phase have been determined by applying Ozawa's method to the DSC curve, to be 87 ± 5 kJ mol and 83 ± 3 kJ mol , respectively. The precipitation sequence in this alloy is suggested to be: supersaturated solid solution → pre-precipitate → metastable δ' phase → equilibrium δ and T phases.