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C2+ hydrocarbons, especially C2+ olefins, as important basic chemical raw materials, mainly come from petroleum cracking. With the increasing scarcity of petroleum resources, the search for new olefins production routes has become the focus of research, and the production of olefins by the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) process has attracted extensive attention. The OCM route is an important alternative to the production of olefins from petroleum resources and is also an important direction for the development of efficient and clean utilization of natural gas. In this paper, the mechanism, catalysts, and other key factors for the production of olefins by methane oxidative coupling are reviewed. The mechanism of OCM, including the reaction pathway and the formation of intermediate products, is introduced. Then, commonly used catalysts, such as alkali metal/alkaline earth metal oxides, rare earth metal oxides, composite metal oxides with special structures, and classical catalysts Mn/Na2WO4/SiO2, and their mechanisms of action in the reaction are discussed. In addition, the application of chemical looping oxidative coupling of methane (CLOCM) in olefin production is also investigated, which is a promising alternative way due to the high selectivity of olefins and the low cost of catalysts owing to the excellent performance of the catalyst recycling. These studies will help to further understand the mechanism of OCM for olefin production and provide guidance and support for applications in related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]