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Disturbance of natural ecosystems resulting from the economic development of any region leads to changes in the structure of the vegetation cover. At the beginning of the 21st century, about 70 adventive species were known on the territory of Tyva. To date, the presence of 117 species has been noted in the adventive flora of the region. Most of them are xenophytes, ergasiophytes (departed from culture) – 31 species. According to the degree of naturalization, ephemerophytes predominate – 73 species. The adventive flora of Tuva contains 41 species included in the “List of invasive and potentially invasive species of Siberia” (2014). In comparison with other Siberian regions, there are fewer invasive and potentially invasive species in Tyva, which is associated both with the natural and climatic conditions of the region and with the later economic development of the territory. The most vulnerable to the introduction of alien species were the northern and central regions of the republic, which are characterized by the highest degree of recreational pressure. On the contrary, the outlying territories of the republic, relatively remote from the Central Tuva Basin, are sufficiently protected from the invasion of adventive plants, where, when alien, mainly mesophytic, species are introduced into the flora, the harsh sharply continental climate acts as a limiting factor. The successful introduction of alien species on fallow lands is due to the weakening, up to complete destruction, of natural habitats and plant communities., Нарушение естественных экосистем, происходящее в результате хозяйственного освоения любого региона, приводит к изменениям в структуре растительного покрова. В начале XXI века на территории Тывы было известно около 70 адвентивных видов. К настоящему времени в адвентивной флоре региона отмечено присутствие 117 видов. Из них большая часть – ксенофиты, эргазиофитов (ушедших из культуры) – 31 вид. По степени натурализации преобладают эфемерофиты – 73 вида. В адвентивной флоре Тывы содержится 41 вид, внесенный в «Список инвазивных и потенциально инвазивных видов Сибири» (2014). В сравнении с другими сибирскими регионами, в Тыве меньше инвазивных и потенциально инвазивных видов, что связано как с природно-климатическими условиями региона, так и с более поздним хозяйственным освоением территории. Наиболее уязвимыми для внедрения чужеродных видов оказались северные и центральные районы республики, характеризующиеся наибольшей степенью рекреационной нагрузки. Напротив, достаточно защищены от вторжения адвентиков сравнительно удаленные от Центрально-Тувинской котловины окраинные территории республики, где при внедрении во флору чужеродных, преимущественно мезофитных, видов лимитирующим фактором выступает суровый резко-континентальный климат. Успешное внедрение на залежных землях чужеродных видов обусловлено ослаблением, вплоть до полного уничтожения, естественных местообитаний и растительных сообществ.

Pouteau, R., et al., [Aim] The number of naturalized (i.e. established) alien species has increased rapidly over recent centuries. Given the differences in environmental tolerances among species, little is known about what factors determine the extent to which the observed size of the naturalized range of a species and hence the extent to which the observed richness of naturalized species of a region approach their full potential. Here, we asked which region- and species-specific characteristics explain differences between observed and expected naturalizations. [Location] Global. [Time period] Present. [Major taxa studied] Vascular plants. [Methods] We determined the observed naturalized distribution outside Europe for 1,485 species endemic to Europe using the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database and their expected distributions outside Europe using species distribution models. First, we investigated which of seven socio-economic factors related to introduction pathways, anthropogenic pressures and inventory effort best explained the differences between observed and expected naturalized European floras. Second, we examined whether distributional features, economic use and functional traits explain the extent to which species have filled their expected ranges outside Europe. Results: In terms of suitable area, more than 95% of expected naturalizations of European plants were not yet observed. Species were naturalized in only 4.2% of their suitable regions outside of Europe (range filling) and in 0.4% of their unsuitable regions (range expansion). Anthropogenic habitat disturbance primarily explained the difference between observed and expected naturalized European floras, as did the number of treaties relevant to invasive species. Species of ornamental and economic value and with large specific leaf area performed better at filling and expanding beyond their expected range. Main conclusions: The naturalization of alien plant species is explained by climate matching but also by the regional level of human development, the introduction pressure associated with the ornamental and economic values of the species and their adaptation to disturbed environments., Robin Pouteau was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31901176) and Taizhou University (2018YQ001). Carsten Meyer acknowledges funding by the Volkswagen Foundation through a Freigeist Fellowship (A118199), and additional support by iDiv, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG–FZT 118, 202548816). Petr Pyšek and Jan Pergl were supported by the Czech Science Foundation (EXPRO grant 19-28807X) and the Czech Academy of Sciences (long-term research development project RVO 67985939). Idoia Biurrun and Juan Antonio Campos were supported by the Basque Government (IT936-16). Gianmaria Bonari, Milan Chytrý, Ilona Knollová, Anna Kuzemko and Corrado Marcenò were supported by the Czech Science Foundation (19-28491X). Rosario G. Gavilán was supported by Madrid Government project REMEDINAL (P2018/EMT-4338). Jens-Christian Svenning considers this work a contribution to his VILLUM Investigator project ‘Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World’ funded by VILLUM FONDEN (16549). Mark van Kleunen was supported by the German Research Foundation DFG (264740629). The authors appreciate the helpful comments by three anonymous referees and the Handling Editor, Melodie A. McGeoch.

The paper presents new records for 29 vascular plant species from 12 Eurasian countries. Seven taxa (Agave sisalana, Austrocylindropuntia subulata, Lagurus ovatus subsp. nanus, Opuntia stricta, Orobanche serbica, Oxalis articulata, Vitis × instabilis) are reported from Albania, one (Allium carinatum) from the Europaean part of Russia, six (Dipsacus fullonum, Gagea shmakoviana, Mentha × dalmatica, Thymus indigirkensis, Thymus sergievskajae, Viola × sukaczewii) from the Asian part of Russia, two (Agrostis sozanensis, Poa mustangensis) from China, two (Carex muskingumensis, Sedum rubens) from Poland, two (Crataegus macrocarpa, Dactylorhiza lapponica) from Romania, two (Oxygraphis delavayi, Ranunculus eryuanensis) from Nepal, two (Erigeron bonariensis, Ophioglossum vulgatum) from Tajikistan, one (Ranunculus olgae) from Kazakhstan, one (Najas guadelupensis) from Hungary, one (Orobanche bartlingii) from Armenia, one (Crataegus petrodavisii) from Azerbaijan and one (Amaranthus powellii) from Georgia. For each species, synonyms, general distribution, habitat preferences, taxonomy with remarks on recognition, and differentiation the species from the most similar taxa occurring in a given country, as well as a list of recorded localities (often far from the previously known areas) are presented.

The paper presents new records of 24 vascular plant species from 11 Eurasian countries. One taxon (Orobanche laxissima) is reported from Armenia ; one (Epipactis condensata) from Azerbaijan ; two (Phragmites americanus, Polygala multicaulis) from Belarus ; one (Stipa caucasica) from Egypt ; one (Puccinellia hauptiana) from Kyrgyzstan ; three (Aquilegia xinjiangensis, Geranium saxatile, Ranunculus songaricus) from Mongolia ; one (Stipa roborowskyi) from Pakistan ; three (Echinochloa muricata, Erigeron acris subsp. podolicus, Hypericum majus) from Poland ; six from Russia, whereof one (Zanthoxylum armatum) from the European part of Russia and five (Chaerophyllum aureum, Elsholtzia densa, Poa compressa, Ranunculus subrigidus, Viola sororia) from the Asian part of Russia ; two (Ludwigia repens, Sagittaria latifolia) from Slovakia ; and three (Rubus ambrosius, Rubus camptostachys, Rubus perrobustus) from Ukraine. For each species, synonyms, general distribution, habitat preferences, taxonomy with remarks on recognition and differentiation of the species from the most similar taxa occurring in a given country, as well as a list of recorded localities (often far from the previously known areas), are presented.