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We discuss the use of formal techniques to improve the concept phase of product realisation. As an industrial application, a new concept of interventional X-ray systems has been formalized, using model checking techniques and the simulation of formal models. cop. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.

An important goal of research in description logics (DLs) and related logic-based KR formalisms is to identify the worst-case complexity of reasoning. Such results, however, measure the complexity of a logic as a whole. For example, reasoning in the basic DL is ExpTime-complete, which means that constructors can be used in a way so that exponential time is strictly required for solving a reasoning problem. It is, however, well known that, given two knowledge bases of roughly the same size, reasoning with one knowledge base may be much more difficult than with the other, depending on the interaction of the axioms in the KBs. Thus, existing worst-case complexity results provide only a very coarse measure of reasoning complexity, and they do not tell us much about the "hardness" of each individual knowledge base. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.