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In this paper we introduce a new species of evolution algebras that we call Cayley evolution algebras. We show that if a field $k$ contains sufficiently many elements (for example if $k$ is infinite) then every finite group $G$ is isomorphic to $Aut(X)$ where $X$ is a finite-dimensional absolutely simple Cayley evolution $k$-algebra., Comment: This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is published under the Creative Commons Attribution license and can be freely dowloaded it from https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-023-01414-w

In this work we approach three-dimensional evolution algebras from certain constructions performed on two-dimensional algebras. More precisely, we provide four different constructions producing three-dimensional evolution algebras from two-dimensional algebras. Also we introduce two parameters, the annihilator stabilizing index and the socle stabilizing index, which are useful tools in the classification theory of these algebras. Finally, we use moduli sets as a convenient way to describe isomorphism classes of algebras. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBUA. Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación through the project PID2019-104236GB-I00. Junta de Andalucía through the projects FQM-336 and UMA18-FEDERJA-119, all of them with FEDER funds. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) grant number 307910/2020-2 and Capes-PrInt grant number 88881.310538/2018-01 - Brazil.

We consider an evolution algebra identifying the coefficients of SIS–SIR worm propagation models as the structure constants of the algebra. The basic properties of this algebra are studied. We prov...

This article is devoted to n-dimensional nilpotent finite-dimensional evolution algebras E with maximal index of nilpotency. We are able to find full invariants of these algebras which allows us to...

Recently, by A. Elduque and A. Labra a new technique and a type of an evolution algebra are introduced. Several nilpotent evolution algebras defined in terms of bilinear forms and symmetric endomor...

We prove that every evolution algebra A is a normed algebra, for an l1-norm defined in terms of a fixed natural basis. We further show that a normed evolution algebra A is a Banach algebra if and only if A=A1⊕A0, where A1 is finite-dimensional and A0 is a zero-product algebra. In particular, every nondegenerate Banach evolution algebra must be finite-dimensional and the completion of a normed evolution algebra is therefore not, in general, an evolution algebra. We establish a sufficient condition for continuity of the evolution operator LB of A with respect to a natural basis B, and we show that LB need not be continuous. Moreover, if A is finite-dimensional and B={e1,…,en}, then LB is given by Le, where e=∑iei and La is the multiplication operator La(b)=ab, for b∈A. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence of (Lna(b))n, for all b∈A, in terms of the multiplicative spectrum σm(a) of a. Namely, (Lna(b))n converges, for all b∈A, if and only if σm(a)⊆Δ∪{1} and ν(1,a)≤1, where ν(1,a) denotes the index of 1 in the spectrum of La., The second author acknowledges funding from: the Distinguished Visitor Programme of the School of Mathematics and Statistics of University College Dublin, Project MTM2016-76327- C3-2-P of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Research Group FQM 199 of the Junta de Andalucía and European Union FEDER support.

In the present paper we describe absolute nilpotent and some idempotent elements of an n- dimensional evolution algebra corresponding to two permutations and we decompose such algebras to the direct sum of evolution algebras corresponding to cycles of the permutations., arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1803.11415

The paper is devoted to studying new classes of chains of evolution algebras and their time-depending dynamics and property transition.

The affine group scheme of automorphisms of an evolution algebra that is equal to its square, is shown to lie in an exact sequence, such that the other terms depend solely on the directed graph associated to the algebra. As a consequence, the Lie algebra of derivations is shown to be trivial in characteristic 0 or 2, and to be abelian, with a precise description depending just on the graph, otherwise., 12 pages

Molina, Mercedes Siles/0000-0002-4299-5187; Kanuni, Muge/0000-0001-7436-039X; Cabrera Casado, Yolanda/0000-0003-4299-4392 WOS: 000462811200007 With the aim of finding useful tools and invariants to classify finite dimensional evolution algebras, we introduce and study the notion of a basic ideal. Every n-dimensional perfect evolution algebra has a maximal basic ideal I which is unique except when the dimension of I is n-1. An application of our results leads to the description of the four dimensional perfect non-simple evolution algebras over a field with mild restrictions. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Junta de AndaluciaJunta de Andalucia [FQM-336, FQM-7156]; Fondos FEDEREuropean Union (EU) [FQM-336, FQM-7156, MTM2016-76327-C3-1-P]; Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad [MTM2016-76327-C3-1-P] The first and the third authors are supported by the Junta de Andalucia and Fondos FEDER, jointly, through projects FQM-336 and FQM-7156. They are also supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and Fondos FEDER, jointly, through project MTM2016-76327-C3-1-P.

We associate a square to any two-dimensional evolution algebra. This geometric object is uniquely determined, does not depend on the basis and describes the structure and the behavior of the algebra. We determine the identities of degrees at most four, as well as derivations and automorphisms. We look at the group of automorphisms as an algebraic group, getting in this form a new algebraic invariant. The study of associative representations of evolution algebras is also started and we get faithful representations for most two-dimensional evolution algebras. In some cases, we prove that faithful commutative and associative representations do not exist, giving rise to the class of what could be termed as “exceptional” evolution algebras (in the sense of not admitting a monomorphism to an associative algebra with deformed product).

In this paper is devoted to nilpotent finite-dimensional evolution algebras E with $dimE^2 = dimE-1$. We described Lie algebras associated with evolution algebras whose nilindex is maximal. Moreover, in terms of this Lie algebra we fully construct nilpotent evolution algebra with maximal index of nilpotency. Furthermore, this result allowed us fully characterize all local and 2-local derivations of the considered evolution algebras. All automorphisms and local automorphisms of the nilpotent evolution algebras with maximal nilindex are found., 23 pages

Evolution algebras are non-associative algebras inspired from biological phenomena, with applications to or connections with different mathematical fields. There are two natural ways to define an evolution algebra associated to a given graph. While one takes into account only the adjacencies of the graph, the other includes probabilities related to the symmetric random walk on the same graph. In this work we state new properties related to the relation between these algebras, which is one of the open problems in the interplay between evolution algebras and graphs. On the one hand, we show that for any graph both algebras are strongly isotopic. On the other hand, we provide conditions under which these algebras are or are not isomorphic. For the case of finite non-singular graphs we provide a complete description of the problem, while for the case of finite singular graphs we state a conjecture supported by examples and partial results. The case of graphs with an infinite number of vertices is also discussed. As a sideline of our work, we revisit a result existing in the literature about the identification of the automorphism group of an evolution algebra, and we give an improved version of it., Improved version with new results

Evolution algebras were introduced into Genetics to deal with the mechanism of inheritance of asexual organisms. Their distribution into isotopism classes is uniquely related with the mutation of alleles in non-Mendelian Genetics. This paper deals with such a distribution by means of Computational Algebraic Geometry. We focus in particular on the two-dimensional case, which is related to the asexual reproduction processes of diploid organisms. Specifically, we determine the existence of four isotopism classes, whatever the base field is, and we characterize the corresponding isomorphism classes., Comment: 23 pages, 2 tables

The structural constants of an evolution algebra are given by a quadratic matrix. In this work we establish an equivalence between nil, right nilpotent evolution algebras and evolution algebras defined by upper triangular matrices. The classification of 2-dimensional complex evolution algebras is obtained. For an evolution algebra with a special form of the matrix, we describe all its isomorphisms and their compositions. We construct an algorithm running under Mathematica which decides if two finite dimensional evolution algebras are isomorphic.

Evolution algebras are a new type of non-associative algebras which are inspired from biological phenomena. A special class of such algebras, called Markov evolution algebras, is strongly related to the theory of discrete time Markov chains. The winning of this relation is that many results coming from Probability Theory may be stated in the context of Abstract Algebra. In this paper we explore the connection between evolution algebras, random walks and graphs. More precisely, we study the relationships between the evolution algebra induced by a random walk on a graph and the evolution algebra determined by the same graph. Given that any Markov chain may be seen as a random walk on a graph we believe that our results may add a new landscape in the study of Markov evolution algebras., Comment: Improved version, to appear in Journal of Algebra and Its Applications

An evolution algebra corresponds to a quadratic matrix A of structural constants. It is known the equivalence between nil, right nilpotent evolution algebras and evolution algebras which are defined by upper triangular matrices A . We establish a criterion for an n -dimensional nilpotent evolution algebra to be with maximal nilpotent index 2 n - 1 + 1 . We give the classification of finite-dimensional complex evolution algebras with maximal nilpotent index. Moreover, for any s = 1 , … , n - 1 we construct a wide class of n -dimensional evolution algebras with nilpotent index 2 n - s + 1 . We show that nilpotent evolution algebras are not dibaric and establish a criterion for two-dimensional real evolution algebras to be dibaric.

We study evolution algebras of arbitrary dimension. We analyze in deep the notions of evolution subalgebras, ideals and non-degeneracy and describe the ideals generated by one element and characterize the simple evolution algebras. We also prove the existence and unicity of a direct sum decomposition into irreducible components for every non-degenerate evolution algebra. When the algebra is degenerate, the uniqueness cannot be assured. The graph associated to an evolution algebra (relative to a natural basis) will play a fundamental role to describe the structure of the algebra. Concretely, a non-degenerate evolution algebra is irreducible if and only if the graph is connected. Moreover, when the evolution algebra is finite-dimensional, we give a process (called the fragmentation process) to decompose the algebra into irreducible components., To appear in Linear Algebra and its Applications (2016)

In the present paper we study some algebraic properties of evolution algebras. Moreover, we reduce the study of evolution algebras of permutations to two special types of evolution algebras, idempotents and absolute nilpotent elements of the algebra. We study three-dimensional evolution algebras whose each element of evolution basis has infinite period. In addition, for an evolution algebra with some properties we describe its associative enveloping algebra., 11 pages

In this work we investigate the derivations of $n-$dimensional complex evolution algebras, depending on the rank of the appropriate matrices. For evolution algebra with non-singular matrices we prove that the space of derivations is zero. The spaces of derivations for evolution algebras with matrices of rank $n-1$ are described., 13 pages

A digraph is attached to any evolution algebra. This graph leads to some new purely algebraic results on this class of algebras and allows for some new natural proofs of known results. Nilpotency of an evolution algebra will be proved to be equivalent to the nonexistence of oriented cycles in the graph. Besides, the automorphism group of any evolution algebra $E$ with $E=E^2$ will be shown to be always finite., Comment: 10 pages

We introduce a notion of chain of evolution algebras. The sequence of matrices of the structural constants for this chain of evolution algebras satisfies an analogue of Chapman-Kolmogorov equation. We give several examples (time homogenous, time non-homogenous, periodic, etc.) of such chains. For a periodic chain of evolution algebras we construct a continuum set of non-isomorphic evolution algebras and show that the corresponding discrete time chain of evolution algebras is dense in the set. We obtain a criteria for an evolution algebra to be baric and give a concept of a property transition. For several chains of evolution algebras we describe the behavior of the baric property depending on the time. For a chain of evolution algebras given by the matrix of a two-state evolution we define a baric property controller function and under some conditions on this controller we prove that the chain is not baric almost surely (with respect to Lebesgue measure). We also construct examples of the almost surely baric chains of evolution algebras. We show that there are chains of evolution algebras such that if it has a unique (resp. infinitely many) absolute nilpotent element at a fixed time, then it has unique (resp. infinitely many) absolute nilpotent element any time; also there are chains of evolution algebras which have not such property. For an example of two dimensional chain of evolution algebras we give the full set of idempotent elements and show that for some values of parameters the number of idempotent elements does not depend on time, but for other values of parameters there is a critical time $t_{c}$ such that the chain has only two idempotent elements if time $t\geq t_{\rm c}$ and it has four idempotent elements if time $t< t_{\rm c}$, 22 pages, 3 figures