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It is well known that the classical diagram lemmas of homological algebra for abelian groups can be generalized to non-abelian group-like structures, such as groups, rings, algebras, loops, etc. In this paper, we establish such a generalization of the "salamander lemma" due to G. M. Bergman, in a self-dual axiomatic context (developed originally by Z. Janelidze), which applies to all usual non-abelian group-like structures and also covers axiomatic contexts such as semi-abelian categories in the sense of G. Janelidze, L. Márki and W. Tholen and exact categories in the sense of M. Grandis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abelian categories provide a self-dual axiomatic context for establishing homomorphism theorems (such as the isomorphism theorems and homological diagram lemmas) for abelian groups, and more generally, modules. In this paper we describe a self-dual context which allows one to establish the same theorems in the case of non-abelian group-like structures; the question of whether such a context can be found has been left open for seventy years. We also formulate and prove in our context a universal isomorphism theorem from which all other isomorphism theorems can be deduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]