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Wheat bran, and especially wheat aleurone fraction, are concentrated sources of a wide range of components which may contribute to the health benefits associated with higher consumption of whole-grain foods. This study used NMR metabolomics to evaluate urine samples from baseline at one and two hours postprandially, following the consumption of minimally processed bran, aleurone or control by 14 participants (7 Females; 7 Males) in a randomized crossover trial. The methodology discriminated between the urinary responses of control, and bran and aleurone, but not between the two fractions. Compared to control, consumption of aleurone or bran led to significantly and substantially higher urinary concentrations of lactate, alanine, N-acetylaspartate acid and N-acetylaspartylglutamate and significantly and substantially lower urinary betaine concentrations at one and two hours postprandially. There were sex related differences in urinary metabolite profiles with generally higher hippurate and citrate and lower betaine in females compared to males. Overall, this postprandial study suggests that acute consumption of bran or aleurone is associated with a number of physiological effects that may impact on energy metabolism and which are consistent with longer term human and animal metabolomic studies that used whole-grain wheat diets or wheat fractions., peer-reviewed

Epidemiological evidence indicates that the increased consumption of whole grain foods is associated with a decreased prevalence of several chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes, CVD and cancer (1) . Whole grain comprises the endosperm and the outer bran layer. The bran includes the aleurone, which is particularly rich in bioactive components that may contribute to the beneficial effects of whole grains. Metabolomics is an untargeted technique that can investigate acute and chronic alterations in metabolite profiles, and thus has the potential for elucidating the overall biochemical effects of the potentially protective components present in aleurone. However, until now, metabolomics has only been used to evaluate whole grain using animal models (2,3) . Thus, the aim of this study was to use the 1 H NMRbased metabolomic analysis to identify alterations in postprandial human urinary metabolite profiles after consumption of a wheat aleurone meal, compared to a control meal. A wheat aleurone meal and a control meal (balanced for fibre and macronutrients) were prepared by boiling with water, and consumed warm by subjects (7 male; 7 female) after an overnight fast, 1 week apart, using a randomized crossover design. Urine samples were collected at baseline, and at 1 and 2h post consumption. For each urine sample, 1 H NMR spectra were acquired with 32000 data points and 128 scans over a spectral width of 8kHz using a 500MHz DRX NMR spectrometer (Bruker Biospin, Karlsruhe, Germany) with the use of a Noesypresat pulse sequence. The SIMCA-P +11.5 software package was used to carry out statistical analysis. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of these 1 H NMR spectra revealed clear differences between the 1h postprandial urinary metabolome profiles following aleurone consumption compared to the control. The PLS-DA model had R 2 = 0.36 and Q 2 = 0.41. Compared to the control, at 1 h, the aleurone meal, showed a urinary metabolome profile with significantly elevated citrate, dimethylamine, lactate, N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate and significantly decreased creatine. Results indicate that wheat aleurone can influence postprandial urinary metabolite profiles. However, further work is needed to elucidate the significance of these effects in relation to the health benefits of whole grain.