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Objective: This article examines the relationship between the consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs and the experience of road-rage victimization and perpetration among drivers and nondrivers in the general population. Method: A cross-sectional survey was designed with 2,500 subjects, ages 14-70 years, living in Castile and Leon, Spain, of which 1,276 (51%) were males and 1,224 (49%) females. The Alcohol-Use And Drug-Use Survey of Castile and Leon, Spain 2008 focused on patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug consumption. Potential risk factors for road-rage experience for the previous 12 months was assessed, including sociodemographics (7 variables), patterns of alcohol consumption (7 variables), and patterns of drug consumption (10 variables). Results: Among drivers, driving under the influence of alcohol and/or cannabis during the previous year was associated with being a perpetrator of road rage (odds ratio [OR] = 3.72, 95% CI [1.71, 8.10] and 6.77 [1.55, 29.48], respectively), being both a victim and perpetrator of road rage (OR = 1.80 [1.05, 3.07] for alcohol, 5.34 [1.64, 17.41] for cannabis, and 4.81 [1.09, 21.16] for alcohol and cannabis), and with serious road-rage perpetration (OR = 4.97 [2.40, 10.30] for alcohol and 17.75 [5.88, 53.56] for cannabis). Problem drinking (CAGE scores [greater than or equal to] 2) was associated with being both a victim and perpetrator of road rage (OR = 2.74 [1.67, 4.50]) and with low (OR = 1.77 [1.09, 2.85]) and serious (OR = 3.47 [1.65, 7.30]) road-rage perpetration. Conclusions: Driving under the influence of alcohol or cannabis and being a problem drinker are associated with the perpetration of serious road-rage behavior, as well as experiencing road-rage victimization and perpetration. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 72, 185-193, 2011), ALTHOUGH THERE IS NO ESTABLISHED definition of road rage at a scientific level (Smart and Mann, 2002; Smart et al., 2005), it can be understood as 'an attempt to intimidate, [...]

Imbalances between early emerging 'bottom-up' systems that express exaggerated reactivity to motivational stimuli and later maturing 'top-down' cognitive control regions during adolescence are investigated. Cognitive control processes are then shown to be more vulnerable to incentive-based modulation and higher susceptibility to the motivational properties of alcohol and drugs.

The correlation between teenagers' sexual behavior and drug and alcohol use is discussed. Additional information on the models used to analyze the impact of the use of alcohol and marijuana on teenagers' sexual activity is included.

The impact of mothers' drug and alcohol use on their children's mental health and behavior is analyzed. Additional information on the mother-child fixed effects models analyzing the connection between mothers' drug and alcohol use and children's behavior problems is included.

The impact of parental substance abuse problems on the creative achievement of 163 undergraduates was investigated. Analysis indicated that parental alcohol and drug problems do not have a significant effect on students' creative achievement. However, significant interaction of gender and family history provided limited evidence that gender may affect the impact of parental substance abuse on creativity.

Community research and clinical practice have shown that alcohol and drug use and depression are interrelated. Among Hispanics, acculturation may play a role in these relationships. To investigate these relationships as well as alcohol-related problems, we interviewed 288 Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Colombian men in early adulthood. No significant differences emerged in the proportions of abstainers across the three groups. Colombians drank significantly more frequently and had more alcohol-related problems than Dominicans. Dominicans were at least risk for and least likely to have alcohol-related problems. Puerto Ricans were much more likely to use drugs than the other Hispanic men. Drug use was associated with an increased likelihood of heavy drinking which, in turn, increased the risk of drug use and depression. Acculturation decreased the risk of drug use. Results are discussed in terms of implications for community psychology research and interventions. KEY WORDS: Hispanics; depression; alcohol; drug use; adult males.

This paper applies the risk factor approach to assess the influence of protection and risk on five measures of substance use: overall involvement in drugs, frequent alcohol use, frequent illegal drug use, frequent drug abuse, and quantity of daily cigarette consumption. For each measure, it was hypothesized that an index of risk factors would serve to increase the likelihood of the occurrence of problem behavior and that an index of protection would result in a reduction. It was also hypothesized that under conditions of high risk the effect of protection would moderate the influence of risk factors more forcefully than under conditions of low risk. Data were obtained from a self-report questionnaire containing over 60 risk and protective measures administered to nearly 400 grade 9 students in 7 high schools located in Toronto, Canada. Measures were tested in a series of regression equations to construct indices of risk and protective factors for each substance measure. Results supported the hypothesis of separate risk and protective factor main effects for all categories of substances. Evidence of moderate to strong interaction effects (i.e., a moderating influence of protection) were also noted. Implications are discussed for methods of identifying high risk youth as well as programs designed to prevent/reduce problem behaviors among this group.

Drug use tends to correlate more strongly with positive expectancies than with negative expectancies. The expectancy-accessibility model provides one explanation for this disparity. This model suggests that the association between positive expectancies of a drug's effects and intentions to use the drug are larger because positive expectancies are often more accessible in memory. Previous work supports the model for positive expectancies and intentions to use smokeless tobacco. Positive expectancies correlated significantly with intentions to use smokeless tobacco only when they were primed in memory. The current study attempted to extend these findings to alcohol consumption. Positive expectancies correlated significantly with intentions to drink when they were primed in memory, as the model predicts. Nevertheless, positive expectancies also correlated significantly with intentions when negative expectancies were primed. In addition, negative expectancies were not associated with intentions to drink, regardless of priming condition. These latter results are not consistent with the model. These findings suggest that the expectancy-accessibility model may be limited.

An evaluation of the vigilance in patients recovering from the addiction of cocaine and alcohol revealed the lack of any significant difference among patients of both categories with regard to the rate of vigilance or electroencephalogram arousal decrement. The only significant difference was in the time taken for reaction by the cocaine dependent group, who had a slower response in comparison with that of the alcohol dependent group.

Determinants of the use of alcohol, alcohol without parental knowledge, cigarettes, marijuana, and crack were assessed in predominantly black, urban, fourth- and fifth-grade students. Each subject identified three best friends. Logistic and least-square regression analyses indicated that children's perceptions of friends' use, perceptions of family use, and actual use of classmates were better predictors of substance use than friends' actual use. The pattern of predictors suggested that peer behaviors and attitudes are more influential for children's socially censured behaviors such as using alcohol without parental permission than for more socially approved behaviors such as using alcohol with parental permission. The importance of perceived friends' use vs. friends' actual use supports Behavioral Intention Theory and Cognitive Developmental Theory, while the importance of classroom use supports Social Learning Theory or may reflect social and environmental conditions including neighborhood availability of drugs and neighborhood values regarding substance use.

Memory processes may influence the causal chain in which antecedents of alcohol and drug abuse affect drinking. Results of studies on alcohol expectancies were consistent with a memory framework. The results have advanced knowledge on how consumption may be influenced by memory representations of biological and environmental characteristics. In addition, findings showed that expectancies can be influenced to produce decreases in drinking through the development of challenge procedures.

Heyman's target article contributes to our understanding of addictions by offering solutions to several paradoxes and by recognizing the stable nature of addictive behavior. Previous classical and operant conditioning models have emphasized molecular processes, such as acquisition and extinction, and have failed to address the aggregate effects of long-term exposure to the contingencies of drug and alcohol use.