1. Air pollution accelerates the development of obesity and Alzheimer's disease: the role of leptin and inflammation - a mini-review.
- Author
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Campolim CM, Schimenes BC, Veras MM, Kim YB, and Prada PO
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Air Pollutants adverse effects, Signal Transduction, Toll-Like Receptor 4 metabolism, Air Pollution adverse effects, Alzheimer Disease etiology, Alzheimer Disease metabolism, Inflammation metabolism, Inflammation etiology, Leptin metabolism, Obesity metabolism, Obesity etiology, Particulate Matter adverse effects
- Abstract
Air pollution is an urgent concern linked to numerous health problems in low- and middle-income countries, where 92% of air pollution-related deaths occur. Particulate matter 2.5 (PM
2.5 ) is the most harmful component of air pollutants, increasing inflammation and changing gut microbiota, favoring obesity, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). PM2.5 contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which can activate the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. This pathway can lead to the release of pro-inflammatory markers, including interleukins, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3), which inhibits leptin action, a hormone that keeps the energy homeostasis. Leptin plays a role in preventing amyloid plaque deposition and hyperphosphorylation of tau-protein (p-tau), mechanisms involved in the neurodegeneration in AD. Approximately 50 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, with a significant proportion living in low-and middle-income countries. This number is expected to triple by 2050. This mini-review focuses on the potential impact of PM2.5 exposure on the TLR4 signaling pathway, its contribution to leptin resistance, and dysbiosis that exacerbates the link between obesity and AD., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Campolim, Schimenes, Veras, Kim and Prada.)- Published
- 2024
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