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The Sudokwon landfill (SL) in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea, is among the world's largest landfills, striving to curtail landfill gas (LFG) emissions and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Since 2005, the SL Management Corporation (SLC) has measured LFG emissions (i.e., methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 )) using a dynamic flux chamber proposed by the US EPA. However, uncertainty prevails in validating the reduction of LFG emissions due to the limited spatiotemporal data coverage. In 2020, an eddy covariance (EC) system was installed to enhance measurements, revealing highly fluctuating LFG emissions driven by waste layer LFG production, LFG collection, and atmospheric pressure changes. During the study period, the annual CH 4 emission increased slightly from 465.0 ± 4.2 to 485.5 ± 6.4 g C m -2 , while that of CO 2 decreased by 2/3 (from 408.7 ± 16.5 to 270.6 ± 18.8 g C m -2 ), primarily due to the doubled CO 2 uptake by the vegetated topsoil. Our first long-term (March 2020 to February 2022) quasi-continuous monitoring using EC (with a gap-filling and partitioning technique based on Random Forest) emphasizes the difficulty of temporal upscaling of discontinuously observed surface emissions to quantify the LFG inventory and the need for continuous observations or suitable proxies (e.g., atmospheric CH 4 concentration)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Many methods have been applied to monitor fugitive methane gas from landfills. Recently, there have been suggestions to use a framework utilizing an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for landfill gas monitoring, and several field campaigns have proved that a rotary UAV-based measurement has advantages of ease of control and high-resolution concentration mapping on the target planes. However, research on the evaluation of error-inducing factors in the suggested system is limited so far. This study prepared a measurement system with a lightweight methane detector and a rotary UAV to support the applicability of rotary UAV in landfill gas monitoring. Then, the validity of the system was tested experimentally and theoretically. In the detector reliability test, the methane detector had sufficient resolution for field application. The critical UAV velocity required was obtained to ensure the credibility of the proposed measurement system. When spatial interpolators were applied to field data from the measurement system, the empirical Bayesian kriging demonstrated the best prediction of methane concentrations at unmeasured points. With the verifications provided in this study, this proposed method may contribute to reducing uncertainty in estimating fugitive landfill gas emission., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)