13,743 results
Search Results
202. Glycoproteomic Study Reveals Altered Plasma Proteins Associated with HIV Elite Suppressors
- Author
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Bai Zhang, Weiming Yang, Shisheng Sun, Oliver Laeyendecker, Richard D. Moore, Sarah K. Wendel, Jian-Ying Zhou, Minghui Ao, Hui Zhang, and J. Brooks Jackson
- Subjects
glycoprotein ,Adult ,Male ,HAART ,Anti-HIV Agents ,elite suppressor ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,HIV Infections ,Viremia ,Inflammation ,Biology ,immune activation ,Mass Spectrometry ,Cohort Studies ,Immune system ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Immunity ,Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ,medicine ,glycoproteomics ,Humans ,Glycomics ,Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous) ,Glycoproteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,HIV ,virus diseases ,Blood Proteins ,medicine.disease ,Blood proteins ,Virology ,3. Good health ,Glycoproteomics ,AIDS ,chemistry ,inflammation ,Immunology ,HIV-1 ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Glycoprotein ,Research Paper - Abstract
HIV elite suppressors (ES) or controllers are individuals achieving control of viremia by their natural immunological mechanisms without highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Study of the mechanisms responsible for the immunological suppression of viremia in ES may lead to the detection of individuals with ES and the effective control of HIV infection. We hypothesize that plasma glycoproteins play essential roles in the immune system of ES since plasma proteins are critical and highly relevant in anti-viral immunity and most plasma proteins are glycoproteins. To examine glycoproteins associated with ES, plasma samples from ES individuals (n=20), and from individuals on HAART (n=20), with AIDS (n=20), and no HIV infection (n=10) were analyzed by quantitative glycoproteomics. We found that a number of glycoproteins changed between ES versus HAART, AIDS and HIV- individuals. In sharp contrast, the level of plasma glycoproteins in the HAART cohort showed fewer changes compared with AIDS and HIV- individuals. These results showed that although both ES and HAART effectively suppress viremia, ES appeared to profoundly affect immunologically relevant glycoproteins in plasma as consequence of or support for anti-viral immunity. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that altered proteins in ES plasma were mainly associated with inflammation. This analysis suggests that overlapping, while distinguishable, glycoprotein profiles for inflammation and immune activation appeared to be present between ES and non-ES (HAART+AIDS) cohorts, indicating different triggers for inflammation and immune activation between natural and treatment-related viral suppression.
- Published
- 2014
203. A Scoop of International Proportions
- Author
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Cohen, Jon
- Published
- 2004
204. Estimation of the Population Size of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Vietnam: Social App Multiplier Method
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Abu S. Abdul-Quader, Vu Manh Linh, Ali Safarnejad, Nguyen Thien Nga, Pham Duc Manh, Nguyen Hoang Long, Vo Hai Son, and Le Thi Cam Tu
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020205 medical informatics ,Population ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,men who have sex with men ,Health Informatics ,02 engineering and technology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Men who have sex with men ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,immune system diseases ,population size estimation ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,Estimation ,Data source ,Original Paper ,education.field_of_study ,Population size ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,HIV ,virus diseases ,medicine.disease ,AIDS ,Multiplier method ,Geography ,Vietnam ,respondent-driven sampling ,Demography - Abstract
Background: Although the prevalence of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Vietnam has been increasing in recent years, there are no estimates of the population size of MSM based on tested empirical methods. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the size of the MSM population in 12 provinces in Vietnam and extrapolate from those areas to generate a national population estimate of MSM. A secondary aim of this study was to compare the feasibility of obtaining the number of users of a mobile social (chat and dating) app for MSM using 3 different approaches. Methods: This study used the social app multiplier method to estimate the size of MSM populations in 12 provinces using the count of users on a social app popular with MSM in Vietnam as the first data source and a questionnaire propagated through the MSM community using respondent-driven sampling as the second data source. A national estimation of the MSM population is extrapolated from the results in the study provinces, and the percentage of MSM reachable through online social networks is clarified. Results: The highest MSM population size among the 12 provinces is estimated in Hanoi and the lowest is estimated in Binh Dinh. On average, 37% of MSM in the provinces surveyed had used the social app Jack’d in the last 30 days (95% CI 27-48). Extrapolation of the results from the study provinces with reliable estimations results in an estimated national population of 178,000 MSM (95% CI 122,000-512,000) aged 15 to 49 years in Vietnam. The percentage of MSM among adult males aged 15 to 49 years in Vietnam is 0.68% (95% CI 0.46-1.95). Conclusions: This study is the first attempt to empirically estimate the population of MSM in Vietnam and highlights the feasibility of reaching a large proportion of MSM through a social app. The estimation reported in this study is within the bounds suggested by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. This study provides valuable information on MSM population sizes in provinces where reliable estimates were obtained, which they can begin to work with in program planning and resource allocation.
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- 2019
205. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to assess the association between Urogenital Schistosomiasis and HIV/AIDS Infection.
- Author
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Zirimenya, Ludoviko, Mahmud-Ajeigbe, Fatima, McQuillan, Ruth, and Li, You
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SCHISTOSOMIASIS ,META-analysis ,AIDS ,RETROVIRUS diseases ,HIV infections - Abstract
Background: Urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV/AIDS infections are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. The co-occurrence of both diseases has led to the possible hypothesis that urogenital schistosomiasis leads to increased risk of acquiring HIV infection. However, the available evidence concerning this association is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to systematically review and quantitatively synthesize studies that investigated the association between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV/AIDS infection. Methods: A systematic review basing on PRISMA guidelines was conducted. It is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018116648. We searched four databases, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health and Global Index Medicus for studies investigating the association between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV infection. Only studies published in English were considered. Results of the association were summarised by gender. A meta-analysis was performed for studies on females using random-effects model and a pooled OR with 95% confidence interval was reported. Results: Of the 993 studies screened, only eight observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Across all studies, the reported unadjusted OR ranged from 0.78 to 3.76. The pooled estimate of unadjusted OR among females was 1.31 (95% CI: 0.87–1.99). Only four of the eight studies reported an adjusted OR. A separate meta-analysis done in the three studies among females that reported an adjusted OR showed that the pooled estimate was 1.85 (95% CI: 1.17–2.92). There were insufficient data to pool results for association between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV infection in the males. Conclusion: Our investigation supports the hypothesis of an association between urogenital schistosomiasis with HIV/AIDS infection in females. Due to insufficient evidence, no conclusion could be drawn in males with urogenital schistosomiasis. Large-scale prospective studies are needed in future. Author summary: Urogenital schistosomiasis, caused by parasitic trematode Schistosoma haematobium is a significant source of morbidity in sub Saharan Africa. HIV infection caused by a retrovirus is of two subtypes HIV 1 and HIV 2, with subtype HIV 1 being found worldwide and more aggressive, leading to HIV/AIDS. Research on both of these diseases in the same settings, has shown that these diseases cross paths. This has led to the suggestion that there could be a possible association between the two. Here we describe a systematic review that was carried out to determine if there is an association between UGS and HIV/AIDS infections. We searched all published articles available in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health (CABI), and Global Index Medicus before 28
th January 2020. We found eight observational studies eligible to be included in the systematic review and no intervention study. Six of these studies were included in the meta-analysis. A summarized meta-analysis of the study findings with adjusted OR showed that there was a likely association between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV/AIDS infections in females. However, due to limited papers in males, no conclusion could be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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206. EFFECTS OF HIV/AIDS ON CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW.
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P. Zinyemba, Tatenda, Pavlova, Milena, and Groot, Wim
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AIDS ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,HIV ,EDUCATIONAL outcomes - Abstract
Over the last three decades, 35 million people have died of AIDS. As a result, HIV/AIDS has brought about a significant reduction in human capital, especially in sub‐Saharan Africa. Several studies have examined the effects of HIV/AIDS on human capital, in particular educational attainment. These studies have examined different countries, datasets, and educational outcomes. This systematic literature review provides a comprehensive up‐to‐date overview of peer‐reviewed papers published in English by focusing on the main mechanisms that influence the effects of HIV/AIDS on educational outcomes. These are sickness of the child, orphanhood, and sickness of parents. The results show that educational outcomes of HIV‐infected children, AIDS orphans, and children with HIV‐infected parents are affected differently. HIV‐infected children mainly miss school days due to illness and medical appointments, and orphans mainly face financial problems and lack motivation in their education, while children with HIV‐infected parents may have to take care of their sick parents or face financial problems that affect their education. Distinguishing these groups of children could help to formulate policies that adequately improve schooling outcomes of these vulnerable children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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207. Effect of HIV/AIDS on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent Evidence.
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Nketiah-Amponsah, Edward, Abubakari, Mohammed, and Baffour, Priscilla Twumasi
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AIDS ,ECONOMIC development ,HIV ,IMMUNOLOGICAL deficiency syndromes ,MOMENTS method (Statistics) - Abstract
This paper examines the effect of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) using data from 46 SSA countries spanning the period 2000–2015. Results based on the system-generalized method of moments estimation showed that a 1% increase in the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in SSA decreased the growth in per capita income by 0.47%. The impact of HIV/AIDS on economic growth was felt most in Eastern Africa followed by West Africa, although the prevalence rate was highest in Southern Africa. In particular, a 1% increase in the prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in Eastern Africa and West Africa retarded growth in per capita income by 0.64% and 0.47%, respectively, over the study period. The paper suggests that for SSA to minimize the impact of HIV/AIDS prevalence on growth, African governments should take a cue from the southern African countries by making anti-retroviral drugs more accessible and affordable to persons living with the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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208. Paradise Papers.
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Gamage, Michelle
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NOBEL Peace Prize ,AIDS ,AIRPORTS - Published
- 2018
209. Mortuary and hospital-based HIV mortality surveillance among decedents in a low-resource setting: lessons from Western Kenya.
- Author
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Nyakeriga, Emmanuel, Waruiru, Wanjiru, Opollo, Valarie, Waruru, Anthony, Kingwara, Leonard, Onyango, Dickens, Junghae, Muthoni, Muuo, Sheru, Macharia, Teresia, Ngugi, Catherine, Mwangome, Mary, and Ali, Hammad
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HIV infections ,HIV ,FUNERAL homes ,VITAL statistics ,SALIVA ,ACUTE flaccid paralysis ,HIV seroconversion ,HIV infection epidemiology ,HOSPITALS ,HOSPITAL mortality ,RESEARCH funding ,AIDS - Abstract
Background: Lack of dependable morbidity and mortality data complicates efforts to measure the demographic or population-level impact of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Mortuary-based mortality surveillance can address gaps in vital statistics in low-resource settings by improving accuracy of measuring HIV-associated mortality and indicators of access to treatment services among decedents. This paper describes the process and considerations taken in conducting mortuary and hospital-based HIV mortality surveillance among decedents in Kenya.Main Text: We conducted HIV mortuary and hospital-based mortality surveillance at two of the largest mortuaries in Kisumu County, Kenya (April 16-July 12, 2019). Medical charts were reviewed for documentation of HIV status among eligible decedents. HIV testing was done on blood and oral fluid samples from decedents with undocumented HIV status and those whose medical records indicated HIV-negative test results > 3 months before death. A panel of experts established the cause of death according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision rules. Civil registry data for the year 2017 were abstracted and coded to corresponding ICD-10 codes. Of the 1004 decedents admitted to the two mortuaries during the study period, 49 (4.9%) were unavailable because they had been transferred to other facilities or dispatched for burial before enrolment. Of the 955 available decedents, 104 (10.9%) were ineligible for the study. Blood samples were collected from 659 (77.4%) decedents, and 654 (99.2%) were tested for HIV. Of the 564 decedents eligible for the OraQuick® validation sub-study, 154 were eligible for oral sample collection, and 132 (85.7%) matched pre- and post-embalming oral samples were collected and tested. Of the 851 eligible decedents, 241 (28.3%) had evidence of HIV infection: 119 had a diagnosis of HIV infection recorded in their patient files, and 122 had serological evidence of HIV infection.Conclusion: This study shows that in low-resource settings, conducting hospital and mortuary-based surveillance is feasible and can be an alternative source of mortality data when civil registry data are inadequate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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210. A global analysis of literature on older adults and lifelong living with HIV.
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Hoang, Chi Linh, Pham, Hai Quang, Phan, Hai Thanh, Tran, Bach Xuan, Latkin, Carl A., Ho, Cyrus S.H., and Ho, Roger C.M.
- Subjects
GERIATRICS ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,QUANTITATIVE research ,ANTIRETROVIRAL agents ,QUALITATIVE research ,HARM reduction ,QUALITY of life ,DATA analysis software ,SOCIAL skills ,PSYCHOLOGY of HIV-positive persons ,OLD age - Abstract
With the growing number of older people living with HIV, "What is the most effective geriatric care and the research trend of existing literature?" is a compelling question after 30 years since the first paper related to aging and HIV/AIDS published. Our study aims to apply quantitative and qualitative analysis to explore the knowledge gaps and describes the research interest of gerontology research in the field of HIV. A bibliometric analysis was conducted based on the databased of the Web of Science from 1991 to 2019. The major domains of research areas were visualized by using VOSviewer software. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) was applied to classify the dataset into topics. There was a rising number of publications about this topic over time. Our findings indicated that antiretroviral treatment and evaluating quality of life and harm reduction were the major domains regarding care for OPLWH. In addition, the finding highlights the role of social competence in treatment outcomes. Further research needs to tailor multi-disciplinary programs and flexible interventions to reduce the burden and the mortality rate of HIV/AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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211. Knowledge of Infection Prevention and Attitudes Towards HIV/AIDS Among Chinese Dental Bachelor Interns: An Appeal for Educational Intervention.
- Author
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Chang-Xiong Jin, Yu-Chen Meng, Wen-Zhi Du, Dan-Dan Pei, Ang Li, Jin, Chang-Xiong, Meng, Yu-Chen, Du, Wen-Zhi, Pei, Dan-Dan, and Li, Ang
- Subjects
INFECTION prevention ,AIDS ,DENTAL schools ,INFECTION control ,DENTAL students ,DENTAL education ,HIV infections ,CHRONICALLY ill ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CROSS-sectional method ,DENTAL care ,MEDICAL personnel ,HEALTH attitudes ,HIV - Abstract
Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the current situation of Chinese dental bachelor interns on HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and their attitudes towards HIV/AIDS patients.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, paper-based survey involving 147 dental students from three Chinese dental schools was conducted. Students were recruited to complete the questionnaire regarding their knowledge, awareness and attitudes concerning HIV/AIDS anonymously and voluntarily.Results: A total of 144 students responded to the study, generating a response rate of 98.0%. Although 97.0% of the dental students believed dentists were at high risk of HIV infection, 97.2% of students expressed no prejudice towards HIV/AIDS patients and stated their willingness to provide oral healthcare service for such patients. No statistically significant differences in the responses on attitudes and some basic knowledge were found between students who had received the relevant education about infection control and the students who had not. However, regarding most questions about oral manifestations in adult and paediatric patients living with AIDS, the students who received relevant education showed more knowledge than the students who did not (p <0.05). The cognitive level about respecting HIV/AIDS patients' autonomy and privacy was generally low in all the students.Conclusions: Most of the dental students in this survey held positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS patients and good grasp of some basic knowledge about HIV/AIDS. On the other hand, the questionnaire results reflected gaps in education, such as respecting HIV/AIDS patients' privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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212. Dynamical behaviors of a stochastic HIV/AIDS epidemic model with Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process.
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Shang, Jia-Xin and Li, Wen-He
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ORNSTEIN-Uhlenbeck process , *PROBABILITY density function , *HIV , *SOCIAL stability , *COMMUNICABLE diseases , *AIDS - Abstract
AIDS is a chronic infectious disease that has been having a major impact on human health and social stability. In this paper, based on the deterministic SIATR model, a stochastic SIATR model is developed to account for the spread of AIDS by introducing the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. First, the existence and uniqueness of the global positive solution of the model are investigated. Second, a threshold R0E is set: when R0E < 1, the disease will become extinct; when R0E > 1, the disease will persist. Then, it is shown that there exists a stationary distribution for the model when R0E > 1. On this basis, we derive the exact expression for the probability density function of the model in the neighborhood of the quasi-equilibrium state. Finally, the results of the previous proof are verified by several numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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213. IMPULSIVE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION MODEL IN HIV-1 INHIBITION: ADVANCES IN DUAL INHIBITORS OF HIV-1 RT AND IN FOR THE PREVENTION OF HIV-1 REPLICATION.
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MONDAL, SRIJITA, PETERS, JAMES F., GHOSH, PRIYANKA, SARKAR, ASHIS KUMAR, and SASMAL, SOURAV KUMAR
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- *
REVERSE transcriptase , *IMPULSIVE differential equations , *HIV , *NONLINEAR differential equations , *NONLINEAR equations , *ANTI-HIV agents , *VIRAL DNA - Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) are two pivotal enzymes in HIV-1 replication. RT converts the single-stranded viral RNA genome into double-stranded DNA and IN catalyzes the integration of viral double-stranded DNA into host DNA. Currently, dual inhibitors of HIV-1 RT and IN have become a hotspot in new anti-HIV drug research and development. A dual inhibitor of HIV-1 RT/IN does the same thing as the two independent drugs would do. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model comprising a system of nonlinear differential equations describing HIV-1 RT/IN catalyzed biochemical reactions based on Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetic reaction. In the formulated model we incorporate HIV-1 RT/IN dual inhibitor which simultaneously works as a non-nucleoside RT inhibitor and IN inhibitor. To examine the efficacy of HIV-1 RT/IN dual inhibitor in the treatment of HIV-1 infection, we have introduced a one-dimensional impulsive differential equation model and determined an effective dosing regimen for applying the inhibitor numerically. Furthermore, the exact closed form solution of the impulsive differential equation model is carried out by using the Lambert W function and the local stability of the periodic solution is also obtained analytically. The results obtained from analytical as well as numerical studies provide a basic idea to investigate the minimum dose with the highest efficacy for administering HIV-1 RT/IN dual inhibitors to prevent HIV-1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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214. The effect of migration on the transmission of HIV/AIDS using a fractional model: Local and global dynamics and numerical simulations.
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Alla Hamou, A., Azroul, E., and L'Kima, S.
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- *
HIV infection transmission , *AIDS , *BASIC reproduction number , *HIV , *COMPUTER simulation , *CAPITAL stock - Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a serious disease that threatens and affects capital stock, population composition, and economic growth. This research paper aims to study the mathematical modeling and disease dynamics of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with memory effect. We propose two fractional models in the Caputo sense for HIV/AIDS with and without migration. First, we prove the existence and positivity of both models and calculate the basic reproduction number R0$$ {\mathcal{R}}_0 $$ using the next generation method. Then, we study the local and global stability of the obtained equilibria. In addition, numerical simulations are provided for different values of the fractional order ρ$$ \rho $$ using the Adams–Bashforth–Moulton fractional scheme, to verify the theoretical results. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis of the parameters for the model with migration is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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215. Sexualidades entre saber-poder, resistências e linhas de fuga em "Doutor Maravilha".
- Author
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Amaral Sales, Tiago and Franco Carvalho, Daniela
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AIDS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,HIV ,GENDER ,DESIRE - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Estudos Feministas is the property of Revista Estudos Feministas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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216. Multivariate spatial modelling for predicting missing HIV prevalence rates among key populations.
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Lan, Zhou and Bao, Le
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HIV infections ,HIV ,AIDS ,SUSTAINABLE development - Abstract
Ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic is among the sustainable development goals for the next decade. To overcome the problem caused by the imbalances between the need for care and the limited resources, we shall improve our understanding of the local HIV epidemics, especially for key populations at high risk of HIV infection. However, HIV prevalence rates for key populations have been difficult to estimate because their HIV surveillance data are very scarce. This paper develops a multivariate spatial model for predicting unknown HIV prevalence rates among key populations. The proposed multivariate conditional auto-regressive model efficiently pools information from neighbouring locations and correlated populations. As the real data analysis illustrates, it provides more accurate predictions than independently fitting the sub-epidemic for each key population. Furthermore, we investigate how different pieces of surveillance data contribute to the prediction and offer practical suggestions for epidemic data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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217. Audit of the effect of electronic patient records on uptake of HIV testing in a level 3 genitourinary medicine service.
- Author
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Clarke, Emily, Bhatt, Sarah, Patel, Rajul, and Samraj, Selvavelu
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ELECTRONIC health records ,MEDICAL audit ,HIV-positive persons ,HIV infections ,GENITOURINARY diseases ,HIV - Abstract
This audit aimed to measure the impact of introducing and then modifying an electronic patient record (EPR) system on the uptake of HIV testing at a level 3 genitourinary medicine service. It was a retrospective case note review of all new and rebook patients attending our service in 2007 (paper records) and 2010 (EPR), and a prospective review in 2012 (following modification of the EPR). The uptake of HIV testing increased significantly from 72.8% to 78.1% following introduction of the EPR (p = 0.009), and increased further to 86.6% (p < 0.0001) following modification of the EPR. Clinics using paper notes should consider switching to EPR as a means of increasing HIV testing uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
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218. Tracing viral trajectories. Epistemic and bodily reservoirs in interspecies health.
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Szczygielska, Marianna and Kowalewska, Agata
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EMERGING infectious diseases ,AFRICAN swine fever ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,ZOONOSES ,RACE - Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases draw critical attention to the human–animal interface for understanding and explaining global health crises. These include zoonoses that directly affect human health, as well as epizootic events in livestock and wildlife rendering economic and societal systems vulnerable. This paper traces the overlaps between three viral trajectories – that of African Swine Fever (ASF), AIDS, and COVID-19 – to show how technoscientific ways of knowing and responding to disease outbreaks frame certain forms of human–animal contact as risky and dangerous. We mobilize the notion of a reservoir, understood both as (surplus) bodies harboring infectious disease, and an epistemic pool of associations and response protocols accompanying health crises. Our point of departure is a short-lived hypothesis from the 1980s on the connection between AIDS and ASF, which marshalled racialized fears over undesirable interspecies contact. From there we inspect the tension between the epistemic and affective modes of causality in current and historical narratives, which seek the blame for disease in transgressions against nature. By focusing on how disease narratives spill over to social categories of race and class, our analysis questions the depictions of these transgressions from the standpoint of universal humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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219. Exploring the role of empowerment in Black women's HIV and AIDS activism in the United States: An integrative literature review.
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Rutledge, Jaleah D.
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ACTIVISM ,LITERATURE reviews ,AFRICAN American women ,AIDS ,BLACK women ,HIV - Abstract
Black women in the United States continue to be disproportionately affected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. HIV/AIDS activism among Black women for Black women may be one solution to reduce the disparate rates of HIV/AIDS among Black women. However, little is known about what processes and experiences prompt Black women to participate in HIV/AIDS activism. In this paper, I aim to identify mechanisms of empowerment for Black women to engage in HIV/AIDS activism. I draw upon empowerment theory as a theoretical framework to guide analysis of the literature and to offer a strengths‐based perspective on Black women's efforts to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. An extensive literature search was conducted to identify studies of Black women's participation in HIV/AIDS activism. The search yielded 11 studies that were included for review. Synthesis of the literature indicated the following analytic themes as mechanisms of empowerment for Black women to participate in HIV/AIDS activism: relationships and interactions with others, critical awareness, self‐reflection, and spirituality. Article limitations, suggestions for future research, and implications for social change are also discussed. Overall, findings from this study suggest that there are unique mechanisms that facilitate psychological empowerment and prompt Black women's entry into HIV/AIDS activism. Highlights: A comprehensive review of 11 articles on Black women's participation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) activism. Explores how Black women become psychologically empowered to become HIV/AIDS activists. Many mechanisms of empowerment for Black women engaged in HIV/AIDS activism are communal. Emphasizes psychological empowerment as not only an intrapsychic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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220. La mémoire du sida dans la mobilisation des HSH contre le mpox.
- Author
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Desachy, Arthur
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MONKEYPOX ,SEXUAL health ,AIDS ,PUBLIC health ,EPIDEMICS - Abstract
Copyright of Médecine is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
221. Challenges in the implementation of mother-to-child HIV/AIDS prevention programs in Indonesia.
- Author
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Ulfah, Iin Khoiriyah, Indrawan, Renaldy Raditya, Anggraeni, Novi, Hidayati, Afif Nurul, Nasronudin, and Khairunisa, Siti Qamariyah
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AIDS prevention ,HIV infection transmission ,HIV ,HEALTH literacy ,AIDS - Abstract
Introduction The HIV/AIDS prevention program among pregnant mothers aims to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from mother to baby. It also aims to reduce stigma and discrimination, as well as deaths due to HIV/AIDS. This paper aimed to find out obstacles that occur in the implementation of HIV/AIDS transmission program in Indonesia. Methods Online literature search was done on Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed databases with the keywords related to “HIV/AIDS” and transmission prevention program among mothers to children. The search resulted in a total of 343 articles. Results After the abstracts were reviewed, there were only 16 articles selected. Conclusions The implementation of the program in Indonesia has been run but is not yet optimal because of several obstacles i.e., the insufficient number of health workers and poor knowledge of health workers. Figuring out solutions to the obstacles could ease the program implementation to reduce the cases of HIV/AIDS. Obstacles were found in the implementation of the HIV/AIDS prevention program among mothers and children in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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222. Pharmacogenomics of Hypertension in Africa: Paving the Way for a Pharmacogenetic-Based Approach for the Treatment of Hypertension in Africans.
- Author
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Katsukunya, Jonathan N., Soko, Nyarai D., Naidoo, Jashira, Rayner, Brian, Blom, Dirk, Sinxadi, Phumla, Chimusa, Emile R., Dandara, Michelle, Dzobo, Kevin, Jones, Erika, and Dandara, Collet
- Subjects
CARDIOVASCULAR disease prevention ,PHARMACOGENOMICS ,HYPERTENSION ,HERBAL medicine ,MYOCARDIAL ischemia ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,HIV ,AIDS - Abstract
In Africa, the burden of hypertension has been rising at an alarming rate for the last two decades and is a major cause for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity. Hypertension is characterised by elevated blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140/90 mmHg. Current hypertension guidelines recommend the use of antihypertensives belonging to the following classes: calcium channel blockers (CCB), angiotensin converting inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), diuretics, β-blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), to manage hypertension. Still, a considerable number of hypertensives in Africa have their BP uncontrolled due to poor drug response and remain at the risk of CVD events. Genetic factors are a major contributing factor, accounting for 20% to 80% of individual variability in therapy and poor response. Poor response to antihypertensive drug therapy is characterised by elevated BPs and occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). As a result, there have been numerous studies which have examined the role of genetic variation and its influence on antihypertensive drug response. These studies are predominantly carried out in non-African populations, including Europeans and Asians, with few or no Africans participating. It is important to note that the greatest genetic diversity is observed in African populations as well as the highest prevalence of hypertension. As a result, this warrants a need to focus on how genetic variation affects response to therapeutic interventions used to manage hypertension in African populations. In this paper, we discuss the implications of genetic diversity in CYP11B2, GRK4, NEDD4L, NPPA, SCNN1B, UMOD, CYP411, WNK, CYP3A4/5, ACE, ADBR1/2, GNB3, NOS3, B2, BEST3, SLC25A31, LRRC15 genes, and chromosome 12q loci on hypertension susceptibility and response to antihypertensive therapy. We show that African populations are poorly explored genetically, and for the few characterised genes, they exhibit qualitative and quantitative differences in the profile of pharmacogene variants when compared to other ethnic groups. We conclude by proposing prioritization of pharmacogenetics research in Africa and possible adoption of pharmacogenetic-guided therapies for hypertension in African patients. Finally, we outline the implications, challenges, and opportunities these studies present for populations of non-European descent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
223. Transmission dynamics of a novel HIV/AIDS model through a higher-order Galerkin time discretization scheme.
- Author
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Attaullah, Zeb, Kamil, Khan, Ilyas, Ahmad, Riaz, and Eldin, Sayed M.
- Subjects
AIDS ,HIV infection transmission ,INFECTIOUS disease transmission ,HIV ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,HIV infections - Abstract
There are numerous contagious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that have the propensity to culminate in fatal consequences. A communicable disease is an illness caused by a contagion agent or its toxins and spread directly or indirectly to a susceptible animal or human host by an infected person, animal, vector, or immaterial environment. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis A, B, and C, and measles are all examples of communicable diseases. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a communicable disease caused by HIV infection that has become the most severe issue facing humanity. The research work in this paper is to numerically explore a mathematical model and demonstrate the dynamics of HIV/AIDS disease transmission using a continuous Galerkin–Petrov time discretization of a higher-order scheme, specifically the cGP(2)-scheme. Depict a graphical and tabular comparison between the outcomes of the mentioned scheme and those obtained through other classical schemes that exist in the literature. Further, a comparison is performed relative to the well-known fourth-order Ruge–Kutta (RK4) method with different step sizes. By contrast, the suggested approach provided more accurate results with a larger step size than RK4 with a smaller step size. After validation and confirmation of the suggested scheme and code, we implement the method to the extended model by introducing a treatment rate and show the impact of various non-linear source terms for the generation of new cells. We also determined the basic reproduction number and use the Routh-Hurwitz criterion to assess the stability of disease-free and unique endemic equilibrium states of the HIV model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
224. Bifurcation and optimal control analysis of HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 co-infection model with numerical simulation.
- Author
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Kotola, Belela Samuel, Teklu, Shewafera Wondimagegnhu, and Abebaw, Yohannes Fissha
- Subjects
HIV infections ,BASIC reproduction number ,PONTRYAGIN'S minimum principle ,MIXED infections ,AIDS ,HIV infection transmission ,COMPUTER simulation - Abstract
HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 co-infection is a common global health and socio-economic problem. In this paper, a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 co-infection that incorporates protection and treatment for the infected (and infectious) groups is formulated and analyzed. Firstly, we proved the non-negativity and boundedness of the co-infection model solutions, analyzed the single infection models steady states, calculated the basic reproduction numbers using next generation matrix approach and then investigated the existence and local stabilities of equilibriums using Routh-Hurwiz stability criteria. Then using the Center Manifold criteria to investigate the proposed model exhibited the phenomenon of backward bifurcation whenever its effective reproduction number is less than unity. Secondly, we incorporate time dependent optimal control strategies, using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to derive necessary conditions for the optimal control of the disease. Finally, we carried out numerical simulations for both the deterministic model and the model incorporating optimal controls and we found the results that the model solutions are converging to the model endemic equilibrium point whenever the model effective reproduction number is greater than unity, and also from numerical simulations of the optimal control problem applying the combinations of all the possible protection and treatment strategies together is the most effective strategy to drastically minimizing the transmission of the HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 co-infection in the community under consideration of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
225. Numerical Analysis for the Effect of Irresponsible Immigrants on HIV/AIDS Dynamics.
- Author
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Ali, Muhammad Tariq, Baleanu, Dumitru, Rafiq, Muhammad, Awrejcewicz, Jan, Ahmed, Nauman, Raza, Ali, Iqbal, Muhammad Sajid, and Ahmad, Muhammad Ozair
- Subjects
HIV infections ,AIDS ,NUMERICAL analysis ,HIV ,OPPORTUNISTIC infections ,FINITE differences - Abstract
The human immunodeficiency viruses are two species of Lentivirus that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a condition in which progressive immune system failure allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Human immunodeficiency virus infection came from a type of chimpanzee in Central Africa. Studies show that immunodeficiency viruses may have jumped from chimpanzees to humans as far back as the late 1800s. Over decades, human immunodeficiency viruses slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world. The Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) models are significant in studying disease dynamics. In this paper, we have studied the effect of irresponsible immigrants on HIV/AIDS dynamics by formulating and considering different methods. Euler, Runge Kutta, and a Non-standard finite difference (NSFD) method are developed for the same problem. Numerical experiments are performed at disease-free and endemic equilibria points at different time step sizes 'h'. The results reveal that, unlike Euler and Runge Kutta, which fail for large time step sizes, the proposed Non-standard finite difference (NSFD) method gives a convergence solution for any time step size. Our proposed numerical method is bounded, dynamically consistent, and preserves the positivity of the continuous solution, which are essential requirements when modeling a prevalent disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
226. Mobile Payment Protocol with Deniably Authenticated Property.
- Author
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Liu, Yunzhuo, Huang, Wen, Zhuo, Ming, Zhou, Shijie, and Li, Mengshi
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MOBILE commerce ,AIDS - Abstract
Mobile payment services have been widely applied in our daily life, where users can conduct transactions in a convenient way. However, critical privacy concerns have arisen. Specifically, a risk of participating in a transaction is the disclosure of personal privacy. This might occur if, for example, the user pays for some special medicine, such as AIDS medicine or contraceptives. In this paper, we propose a mobile payment protocol that is suitable for mobile devices only with limited computing resources. In particular, the user in a transaction can confirm the identity of others in the same transaction while the user cannot show convincing evidence to prove that others also take part in the same transactions. We implement the proposed protocol and test its computation overhead. The experiment results corroborate that the proposed protocol is suitable for mobile devices with limited computing resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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227. Social Activism's Possibility through Perspectives of Gloria Anzaldúa, Walter Benjamin and C. G. Jung1.
- Author
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Brooks, Robin McCoy
- Subjects
- *
ACTIVISM , *SOCIAL action , *POSSIBILITY , *AIDS - Abstract
This paper explores the vertices of Jung's, Anzaldúa's and Benjamin's distinct ontologies and the way in which they connect in the shared recognition that what has been estranged in human history is enigmatically lodged in the world's fabric today. Cultural distress, in other words, is the outcome of what has become repudiated in the self and the collective across time. From this perspective, the paper argues that we have a collective responsibility to listen to the claims of the dead laid bare in moments of contemporary real‐world danger and it elaborates the psychical dimensions of being that are cultivated in times of danger. The author contends that these psychical presences are the dead of human history including our ancestral heritage that linger and possibly may penetrate our awareness. They haunt and hold a potential to animate our movement towards a sublimatory process that can be seen as a precursor to social responsiveness and action. The author explores this through her own experience with an example of the spawning of spiritual activism within the socio‐political maelstrom of AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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228. Systemic Activism: Uneasy Coalitions During the Canadian AIDS Pandemic of the 1980s and 1990s.
- Author
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Muncaster, Kody
- Subjects
- *
AIDS , *GAY men , *ORAL history , *ACTIVISM , *SOCIAL action - Abstract
The AIDS pandemic disproportionately affects Canadian gay men, women, racialized communities, people who inject drugs, and people who have been or are incarcerated, leading these groups to engage in coalitional activism to advance HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. This paper examines how the effects of AIDS necessitated a response across these marginalized groups. Oral history interviews conducted in Toronto by the Canadian AIDS Activist History Project were examined to discuss the coalitions that were formed amongst marginalized groups in Toronto during the height of the Canadian AIDS crisis of the 1980s and 1990s. Oral history interviews are incredibly valuable to marginalized communities; yet, once they are collected, they are often left unanalyzed. This paper analyzes existing oral history interviews to provide an overview of some of the tensions and successes between activists who belonged to different social groups. The paper ends with a discussion of intersectionality and the role of systemic activism in Canadian AIDS activist history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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229. Early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection: magnitude of benefit on short-term mortality is greatest in older adults
- Author
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Valerie Delpech, Ruth D Smith, Alison Brown, Brian Rice, Zheng Yin, and Daniel Davis
- Subjects
Male ,Gerontology ,Aging ,Pediatrics ,Time Factors ,HIV Infections ,Kaplan-Meier Estimate ,older people ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Epidemiology ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Mortality rate ,Age Factors ,Absolute risk reduction ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Research Papers ,3. Good health ,AIDS ,Treatment Outcome ,surveillance ,Number needed to treat ,Female ,epidemiology ,0305 other medical science ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Anti-HIV Agents ,antiretroviral therapy ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Humans ,Proportional Hazards Models ,Retrospective Studies ,Chi-Square Distribution ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Proportional hazards model ,HIV ,Retrospective cohort study ,medicine.disease ,United Kingdom ,CD4 Lymphocyte Count ,Early Diagnosis ,Multivariate Analysis ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,business - Abstract
Background: the number and proportion of adults diagnosed with HIV infection aged 50 years and older has risen. This study compares the effect of CD4 counts and anti-retroviral therapy (ART) on mortality rates among adults diagnosed aged ≥50 with those diagnosed at a younger age. Methods: retrospective cohort analysis of national surveillance reports of HIV-diagnosed adults (15 years and older) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The relative impacts of age, CD4 count at diagnosis and ART on mortality were determined in Cox proportional hazards models. Results: among 63,805 adults diagnosed with HIV between 2000 and 2009, 9% (5,683) were aged ≥50 years; older persons were more likely to be white, heterosexual and present with a CD4 count
- Published
- 2013
230. The dynamical behavior of AIDS and HCV infection model with two modes of transmission.
- Author
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Yaseen, Rasha Majeed and Al-Husseiny, Hassan Fadhil
- Subjects
- *
AIDS , *HEPATITIS C , *STABILITY theory , *DIFFERENTIAL equations , *INFECTION - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to describe an epidemic model when two SI-type of diseases are transmitted vertically as well as horizontally through one population. The population contains two subclasses: susceptible and infectious, while the infectious are divided into three subgroups: those infected by AIDS disease, HCV disease, and by both diseases. A nonlinear mathematical model for AIDS and HCV diseases is Suggested and analyzed. Both local and global stability for each feasible equilibrium point are determined theoretically by using the stability theory of differential equations, Routh-Hurwitz and Gershgorin theorem. Moreover, the numerical simulation was carried out on the model parameters in order to determine their impact on the disease dynamics, and the results are displayed graphically and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
231. Increased Coverage of Maternal Health Services among the Poor in Western Uganda in an Output-Based Aid Voucher Scheme
- Author
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Obare, Francis, Okwero, Peter, Villegas, Leslie, Mills, Samuel, and Bellows, Ben
- Subjects
SOCIAL SCIENCE ,ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ,LOCAL POPULATION ,COMMERCIAL SEX ,ACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNING ,SAFE MOTHERHOOD ,IMPROVING HEALTH CARE ,MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES ,CHILDREN ,CHILD HEALTH ,MEASUREMENT ,CONTRACEPTION ,HEALTH SYSTEM ,SEX WORKERS ,ADOLESCENTS ,IMPLEMENTATION ,SERVICE UTILIZATION ,EMERGENCY OBSTETRIC CARE ,POLICY MAKERS ,EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ,POOR MATERNAL HEALTH ,POPULATION ,IMMUNODEFICIENCY ,COMPLICATIONS ,REFERRAL FACILITY ,NUMBER OF CHILDREN ,WOMEN ,ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME ,WORKERS ,REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY ,STIS ,MORTALITY RATIO ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM ,DISEASES ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,IMPROVEMENTS IN QUALITY OF CARE ,POPULATIONS ,HEALTH ,INTERVENTION ,HEALTH CARE SERVICES ,SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES ,VIOLENCE ,BULLETIN ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,NEONATAL MORTALITY ,PATIENT ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,SERVICE QUALITY ,LIVE BIRTHS ,MALARIA ,BABIES ,RURAL AREAS ,PURCHASING POWER ,FERTILITY ,NATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMS ,HEALTH FACILITIES ,SERVICE PROVIDER ,PROGRESS ,MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL ,HYPERTENSION ,MORTALITY ,HEALTH-SECTOR ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRY ,DELIVERY CARE ,SOCIAL COHESION ,NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,MATERNAL HEALTH ,RISKS ,INTERVIEW ,RISK GROUPS ,MATERNAL MORTALITY ,HEALTH SECTOR ,LEVEL OF EDUCATION ,QUALITY SERVICES ,DELIVERY COSTS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,MARKETING ,PREGNANT WOMEN ,SKILLED HEALTH PERSONNEL ,NEWBORN ,INFORMED CONSENT ,COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS ,ADOLESCENT HEALTH ,QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE ,WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ,ANTENATAL CARE ,ABORTION ,HOME DELIVERIES ,HOUSEHOLD ASSETS ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,MIDWIVES ,OBSTETRIC CARE ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,MINISTRY OF HEALTH ,POPULATION COUNCIL ,REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH COMMODITIES ,WOMAN ,HEALTH POLICY ,NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING ,FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS ,FOOD SECURITY ,POLICY ,HEALTH INDICATORS ,FAMILY PLANNING ,HEALTH PROBLEMS ,AIDS ,SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS ,PREGNANCY ,NORMAL DELIVERIES ,HEALTH CARE ,HEALTH SYSTEMS ,MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ,NUTRITION ,SEX ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,SEXUAL PARTNER ,RESPECT ,CHILDBIRTH ,MATERNAL DEATHS ,EMERGENCY CARE ,NURSING ,REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES ,TRAINING ,SERVICE PROVISION ,MATERNAL HEALTH OUTCOMES ,POPULATION STRATEGY ,LOW-INCOME POPULATIONS ,STERILIZATION ,POLICY RESEARCH ,DISEASE SYMPTOMS ,QUALITY OF SERVICES ,MORBIDITY ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,FEMALE STERILIZATION ,CHILDBEARING ,PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS ,FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES ,PREGNANCIES ,DRUGS ,INEQUITIES ,KNOWLEDGE ,CHILD HEALTH SERVICES ,STRATEGY ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO ,REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INDICATORS ,REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE ,ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ,SKILLED ATTENDANT ,USE OF MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES ,RADIO ,MARITAL STATUS ,GENDER EQUALITY ,POLICY ANALYSIS ,PHARMACIES ,HIV ,MATERNAL MORBIDITY ,POSTNATAL CARE ,HEALTH SERVICES ,QUALITY OF CARE ,OBSERVATION ,CHILD MORTALITY ,CAESAREAN SECTION ,NEWBORN CARE ,INJURIES ,NURSES ,WEIGHT ,REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ,PROVISION OF SERVICES ,HOSPITAL ,C-SECTION - Abstract
Vouchers stimulate demand for health care services by giving beneficiaries purchasing power. In turn, health facilities’ claims are reimbursed for providing beneficiaries with improved quality of health care. Efficient strategies to generate demand from new, often poor, users and supply in the form of increased access and expanded scope of services would help move Uganda away from inequity and toward universal health care. A reproductive health voucher program was implemented in 20 western and southwest Ugandan districts from April 2008 to March 2012. Using three years of data, this impact evaluation study employed a quasi-experimental design to examine differences in utilization of health services among women in voucher and nonvoucher villages. Two key findings were a 16-percentage-point net increase in private facility deliveries and a decrease in home deliveries among women who had used the voucher, indicating the project likely made contributions to increase private facility births in villages with voucher clients. No statistically significant difference was seen between respondents from voucher and nonvoucher villages in the use of postnatal care services, or in attending four or more antenatal care visits. A net 33-percentage-point decrease in out-of-pocket expenditure at private facilities in villages with voucher clients was found, and a higher percentage of voucher users came from households in the two poorest quintiles. The greater uptake of facility births by respondents in voucher villages compared with controls indicates that the approach has the potential to accelerate service uptake. A scaled program could help to move the country toward universal coverage of maternal health care.
- Published
- 2016
232. Using online social media for recruitment of human immunodeficiency virus-positive participants: a cross-sectional survey
- Author
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Parya Saberi, Mallory O. Johnson, Michael G Bare, and Patrick Yuan
- Subjects
Male ,Facebook ,Cross-sectional study ,Twitter ,Stigma (botany) ,Health Informatics ,survey retention ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,World Wide Web ,HIV Seropositivity ,online data collection software ,Medicine ,Humans ,Social media ,10. No inequality ,Internet research ,Medical education ,Original Paper ,Data collection ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Data Collection ,Patient Selection ,HIV ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,AIDS ,Incentive ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,non-financial incentives ,recruitment ,online social media ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,The Internet ,Female ,business ,Inclusion (education) ,Social Media ,Software - Abstract
Background: There are many challenges in recruiting and engaging participants when conducting research, especially with HIV-positive individuals. Some of these challenges include geographical barriers, insufficient time and financial resources, and perceived HIV-related stigma. Objective: This paper describes the methodology of a recruitment approach that capitalized on existing online social media venues and other Internet resources in an attempt to overcome some of these barriers to research recruitment and retention. Methods: From May through August 2013, a campaign approach using a combination of online social media, non-financial incentives, and Web-based survey software was implemented to advertise, recruit, and retain participants, and collect data for a survey study with a limited budget. Results: Approximately US $5,000 was spent with a research staff designated at 20% of full-time effort, yielding 2034 survey clicks, 1404 of which met the inclusion criteria and initiated the survey, for an average cost of US $3.56 per survey initiation. A total of 1221 individuals completed the survey, yielding 86.97% retention. Conclusions: These data indicate that online recruitment is a feasible and efficient tool that can be further enhanced by sophisticated online data collection software and the addition of non-financial incentives. [J Med Internet Res 2014;16(5):e117]
- Published
- 2014
233. Reflections on Infecting the Treatment.
- Author
-
Domenici, Thomas
- Subjects
COUNTERTRANSFERENCE (Psychology) ,PSYCHOTHERAPIST-patient relations ,SELF-disclosure ,PSYCHOTHERAPY practice ,DISCLOSURE ,LGBTQ+ studies ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
This paper discusses Gilbert Cole's book, "Infecting the Treatment: Being an HIV-Positive Analyst." The author provides some personal reflections on the outbreak of AIDS and the impact it had upon his work as a psychotherapist. The paper addresses the importance of the cognitive schemata Cole provides to psychotherapists working with seropositive patients. This paper then addresses a powerful technique, a therapist's self disclosure to a patient, upon which Cole's work focuses. Using the example of psychoanalytic strictures regarding self-disclosure, the author argues that self-disclosure is more likely to be adhered to in theory than it is in practice. The author agrees with Cole that non-disclosure is often a technique used by analysts to hide, rather than provide a therapeutic field of action. The specific case of therapists hiding their antihomosexuality when working with lesbians and gay men is used to illustrate the author's perspective. A specific case presented by Cole in his book is then used to both compare and contrast Cole and this paper's author's use of self-disclosure. The paper commends Cole's study for opening a debate on how to use countertransference and self-disclosure as tools which widen and enrich the therapeutic relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
234. The Utilisation of Payment Models Across the HIV Continuum of Care: Systematic Review of Evidence.
- Author
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Rua, Tiago, Brandão, Daniela, Nicolau, Vanessa, and Escoval, Ana
- Subjects
HIV-positive persons ,HIV infections ,ONLINE information services ,MEDICAL databases ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDICAL care ,PATIENTS ,BEHAVIOR ,MEDICAL care costs ,CONTINUUM of care ,LABOR incentives ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,COST effectiveness ,QUALITY assurance ,PAY for performance ,MEDLINE ,ECONOMIC aspects of diseases ,AIDS ,COMORBIDITY - Abstract
Copyright of AIDS & Behavior is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
235. Temporal Associations Between Social Activity and Mood, Fatigue, and Pain in Older Adults With HIV: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
- Author
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Christopher N. Kaufmann, Colin A. Depp, Florin Vaida, Raeanne C. Moore, Emily W Paolillo, David J. Moore, Alexandra S. Rooney, Bin Tang, and Brent T. Mausbach
- Subjects
social isolation ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Psychological intervention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Quality of life ,happiness ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Social isolation ,education ,media_common ,Original Paper ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Ecology ,ecological momentary assessment ,Odds ratio ,3. Good health ,AIDS ,Sadness ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Mood ,quality of life ,Happiness ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background Social isolation is associated with an increased risk for mental and physical health problems, especially among older persons living with HIV (PLWH). Thus, there is a need to better understand real-time temporal associations between social activity and mood- and health-related factors in this population to inform possible future interventions. Objective This study aims to examine real-time relationships between social activity and mood, fatigue, and pain in a sample of older PLWH. Methods A total of 20 older PLWH, recruited from the University of California, San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program in 2016, completed smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys 5 times per day for 1 week. Participants reported their current social activity (alone vs not alone and number of social interactions) and levels of mood (sadness, happiness, and stress), fatigue, and pain. Mixed-effects regression models were used to analyze concurrent and lagged associations among social activity, mood, fatigue, and pain. Results Participants (mean age 58.8, SD 4.3 years) reported being alone 63% of the time, on average, (SD 31.5%) during waking hours. Being alone was related to lower concurrent happiness (beta=−.300; 95% CI −.525 to −.079; P=.008). In lagged analyses, social activity predicted higher levels of fatigue later in the day (beta=−1.089; 95% CI −1.780 to −0.396; P=.002), and higher pain levels predicted being alone in the morning with a reduced likelihood of being alone as the day progressed (odds ratio 0.945, 95% CI 0.901-0.992; P=.02). Conclusions The use of EMA elucidated a high rate of time spent alone among older PLWH. Promoting social activity despite the presence of pain or fatigue may improve happiness and psychological well-being in this population.
- Published
- 2018
236. Population Size Estimation of Gay and Bisexual Men and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men Using Social Media-Based Platforms
- Author
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Baral, Stefan, Turner, Rachael M, Lyons, Carrie E, Howell, Sean, Honermann, Brian, Garner, Alex, Hess III, Robert, Diouf, Daouda, Ayala, George, Sullivan, Patrick S, and Millett, Greg
- Subjects
social media ,Population ,men who have sex with men ,Health Informatics ,Men who have sex with men ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Criminalization ,5. Gender equality ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Pandemic ,medicine ,key populations ,Social media ,030212 general & internal medicine ,10. No inequality ,education ,Original Paper ,education.field_of_study ,030505 public health ,estimates ,Population size ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,HIV ,16. Peace & justice ,medicine.disease ,3. Good health ,AIDS ,Geography ,Residence ,0305 other medical science ,Demography - Abstract
Background: Gay, bisexual, and other cisgender men who have sex with men (GBMSM) are disproportionately affected by the HIV pandemic. Traditionally, GBMSM have been deemed less relevant in HIV epidemics in low- and middle-income settings where HIV epidemics are more generalized. This is due (in part) to how important population size estimates regarding the number of individuals who identify as GBMSM are to informing the development and monitoring of HIV prevention, treatment, and care programs and coverage. However, pervasive stigma and criminalization of same-sex practices and relationships provide a challenging environment for population enumeration, and these factors have been associated with implausibly low or absent size estimates of GBMSM, thereby limiting knowledge about the dynamics of HIV transmission and the implementation of programs addressing GBMSM. Objective: This study leverages estimates of the number of members of a social app geared towards gay men (Hornet) and members of Facebook using self-reported relationship interests in men, men and women, and those with at least one reported same-sex interest. Results were categorized by country of residence to validate official size estimates of GBMSM in 13 countries across five continents. Methods: Data were collected through the Hornet Gay Social Network and by using an a priori determined framework to estimate the numbers of Facebook members with interests associated with GBMSM in South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Cote d'Ivoire, Mauritania, The Gambia, Lebanon, Thailand, Malaysia, Brazil, Ukraine, and the United States. These estimates were compared with the most recent Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and national estimates across 143 countries. Results: The estimates that leveraged social media apps for the number of GBMSM across countries are consistently far higher than official UNAIDS estimates. Using Facebook, it is also feasible to assess the numbers of GBMSM aged 13-17 years, which demonstrate similar proportions to those of older men. There is greater consistency in Facebook estimates of GBMSM compared to UNAIDS-reported estimates across countries. Conclusions: The ability to use social media for epidemiologic and HIV prevention, treatment, and care needs continues to improve. Here, a method leveraging different categories of same-sex interests on Facebook, combined with a specific gay-oriented app (Hornet), demonstrated significantly higher estimates than those officially reported. While there are biases in this approach, these data reinforce the need for multiple methods to be used to count the number of GBMSM (especially in more stigmatizing settings) to better inform mathematical models and the scale of HIV program coverage. Moreover, these estimates can inform programs for those aged 13-17 years; a group for which HIV incidence is the highest and HIV prevention program coverage, including the availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), is lowest. Taken together, these results highlight the potential for social media to provide comparable estimates of the number of GBMSM across a large range of countries, including some with no reported estimates.
- Published
- 2018
237. Dynamic analysis and optimal control of HIV/AIDS model with ideological transfer.
- Author
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Hao, Wenhui, Zhang, Juping, and Jin, Zhen
- Subjects
- *
CONDOM use , *AIDS , *COMPUTER simulation , *EPIDEMICS , *EQUILIBRIUM - Abstract
This paper presents an HIV/AIDS model with ideological transfer in male susceptible individuals, and considers condoms and education as control measures. First, it gives the threshold R 0 of the model. Then it proves that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when R 0 < 1. Under different threshold conditions, the local stability of the boundary equilibria is given. The existence of the endemic equilibrium is also given. We also perform numerical simulations for different parameter values. Furthermore, when considering control measures, the simulation results show that effective and long-term use of condoms significantly reduce the number of infected individuals and education should be vigorously promoted when the epidemic is controllable. This result provides theoretical guidance for effective control the spread of HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
238. Fractional model of HIV transmission on workplace productivity using real data from Indonesia.
- Author
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Chukwu, C.W., Fatmawati, Utoyo, M.I., Setiawan, A., and Akanni, J.O.
- Subjects
- *
HIV infection transmission , *AIDS patients , *HIV infections , *BASIC reproduction number , *AIDS - Abstract
A mathematical model approach to control the spread of HIV and AIDS is needed to predict the future effect of HIV and AIDS on work productivity. In this paper, we consider the analysis of fractional-order mathematical models of the spread of HIV with productivity in the workplace. First, we estimate the epidemiological parameters of the HIV/AIDS model using the annual data of AIDS reported in Indonesia from 2006 to 2018. Based on the model analysis, two equilibria are determined, namely the HIV disease-free and endemic equilibrium's. The disease-free equilibrium of HIV is locally asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is less than one, while the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if the reproduction number is greater than one. The sensitivity analysis and numerical simulations are then carried out with variations in fractional order values to determine the dynamics of HIV spread with on-site productivity. Based on numerical simulation results, it was found that the transition rate of HIV-productive workers to AIDS sufferers could reduce the labor population of people living with AIDS and increase the workforce population vulnerable to HIV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
239. Junkies, Queers, and Babies: Persistence and Updating of the Category AIDS Through Silencing and Puncturing of the Moral Boundary.
- Author
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Chang-Zunino, Mia and Grodal, Stine
- Subjects
AIDS ,CATEGORIES (Philosophy) ,ETHICS ,CAUSATION (Philosophy) ,ATTITUDES of medical personnel ,BLOODBORNE infections ,GAY men ,AIDS in infants ,PEOPLE with drug addiction - Abstract
Category emergence has been a central question in organization theory. Yet, we still do not understand what drives category persistence and updating during emergence as new information arises. We investigate this question through a rich set of oral histories and archival materials on the emergence of the category AIDS from 1978 to 1985. We show that the initial proto-category's features and causal theories cohered with its stigmatized moral meanings. Over time, anomalies challenging these features and theories spurred a minority of medical professionals to update the category's causal theory. However, a silent majority resisted updating the category because the new causal theory conflicted with the proto-category's moral meanings, challenging the clear moral boundary dividing what was perceived as worthy from what was perceived as unworthy. As a result, the majority silenced the vocal minority's updated understandings and withheld resources from the category. This article contributes to the literature on categorization by showing that conflicts between category dimensions can stifle updating, amplify imprinting, and prolong category persistence. Particularly, the dichotomous nature of the moral dimension might hinder the updating of other dimensions, such as the causal one, despite accumulated evidence suggesting the need for updates. We show that calls for category updating backed solely by rational arguments may fail to persuade the silent majority and may falter until the moral boundary is punctured and the category is morally reappraised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
240. Gendered Experiences of Living with HIV in Australia.
- Author
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Hutton, Vicki
- Subjects
HIV-positive persons ,MEN who have sex with men ,SOCIOECONOMIC status ,SOCIAL stigma - Abstract
Globally, women represent more than half the people living with HIV. This proportion varies by country, with an over-representation of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in some regions. For example, in Australia, MSM account for over 60% of transmissions, with heterosexual sex accounting for almost a quarter of transmissions. Irrespective of geographic region, there is evidence that women can have a different lived experience of HIV due to their unequal social and economic status in society, while MSM can have a different lived experience depending on the laws and customs of their geographic location. Gender differences related to risk factors, stigma, access to services, mental health, health-related quality of life and economic consequences have been consistently reported globally. This paper explores the subjective lived experience of gender and sexuality disparities among three individuals living with HIV in Australia: a male who identified as gay, and a male and female who each identified as heterosexual. Analysis of themes from these three case reports indicated discernible differences by gender and sexuality in four areas: access to medical services, social support, stigma and mental health. It is argued that knowledge and understanding of potential gender and sexuality disparities must be factored into supportive interventions for people living with HIV in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
241. COMMUNITY-LEVEL APPLICATION OF ISCT WHEN NORMS COLLIDE: ACCESS TO HIV MEDICINES IN SOUTH AFRICA.
- Author
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Sama, Linda M. and Reisel, William D.
- Subjects
SOCIAL responsibility of business ,AIDS ,SOCIAL contract ,CONSENSUS (Social sciences) ,LIFESAVING ,DRUGS ,BUSINESS ethics ,SOUTH Africans ,ETHICS ,HUMAN services - Abstract
This paper examines the difficulties of resolving complex problems associated with the distribution of life-saving pharmaceuticals even when a substantial degree of agreement exists between contractors at the macro-level of analysis as outlined in Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT). Our focus in this paper is to demonstrate how ISCT can offer a finer lens for resolving, often, intractable challenges at the meso and micro levels of analysis, as well as identify where that lens can be myopic or inadequate in clarifying solutions when authentic micro norms conflict. We begin by detailing the moral issues attending the empirical case of pricing and distributing HIV/AIDs medications in South Africa, identifying the relevant communities and local extant norms. We then go on to describe the application of ISCT to this national context and develop a conceptual model of issue analysis. The paper concludes with theoretically derived policy recommendations and offers avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
242. Dynamical behavior and density function analysis of a stochastic HIV/AIDS model with general incidence rate.
- Author
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Zhang, Xinhong, Yang, Qing, and Wang, Yan
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STOCHASTIC analysis ,HIV ,PROBABILITY density function ,AIDS ,WHITE noise ,STOCHASTIC models - Abstract
In this paper, we mainly present the dynamic properties of a stochastic SICA model with general incidence rate. Through rigorous analysis and reasoning of the stochastic model, we obtain that the solution of the model is global, positive, and unique. By constructing the threshold value R0s$$ {R}_0^s $$, which includes the influence of white noise, we obtain a sufficient condition for the ergodicity of this model. Furthermore, we show that the model has a unique ergodic stationary distribution while R0s>1$$ {R}_0^s>1 $$ by adopting a novel method. The extinction of the system is also established. Besides, the expression of probability density function of the stochastic model with bilinear incidence rate around the unique stable positive equilibrium of the deterministic model is derived. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
243. Clinical and imaging characteristics of pulmonary cryptococcosis: a comparative analysis of 118 non-AIDS patients in China.
- Author
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Xiong, Ping, Huang, Chaowen, Zhong, Liandi, and Huang, Liebin
- Abstract
The accurate diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) is an important guarantee for the selection of reasonable treatment methods. In this paper, the clinical and imaging manifestations of PC in non-AIDS patients were retrospectively analyzed, and according to whether there was an underlying disease, a comparative analysis was carried out to deepen the understanding of PC, and improve the accuracy of its diagnosis. Both clinical and CT imaging data of 118 PC patients were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical manifestations of PC patients were not specific, and 61 patients had no apparent symptoms. A total of 49 patients (49/118) were treated with antifungal agents alone, 46 of them had follow-up records after treatment, and 91.3% (42/46) of them achieved a good outcome. The most common imaging sign was the subpleural nodule or mass. Other main imaging signs include bronchial air sign (50/118), halo sign (32/118), ring target sign (65/118), lobulation sign (72/118), and necrosis (76/118). In terms of age, halo sign, and ring target sign, there were significant differences between the group with underlying disease and the group without underlying disease (P < .05). The CT manifestations of PC have some characteristics, and using antifungal agents can achieve good outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
244. Barriers and facilitators to maintaining a high level of polypharmacy adherence in people living with HIV: A scoping review.
- Author
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Jiamin He, Zheng Zhu, Meiyan Sun, Xiaoning Liu, Junwen Yu, Lin Zhang, and Hongzhou Lu
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HIV ,HIV-positive persons ,LONGEVITY ,POLYPHARMACY ,MEDICAL personnel - Abstract
Objectives: With the prolongation of life span and increasing incidence of comorbidities, polypharmacy has become a challenge for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). This review aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to maintaining a high level of polypharmacy adherence in people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: Nine electronic databases were searched for studies from 1996 to October 2021. Studies were included if they were conducted with adults living with HIV/AIDS and reported barriers and facilitators to maintaining a high level of polypharmacy adherence. This review presents a conceptual framework model to help understand the barriers and facilitators. Results: Twenty-nine studies were included. The majority of publications were observational studies. Eighty specific factors were identified and further divided into five categories, including individual factors, treatment-related factors, condition-related factors, healthcare provider-related factors, and socioeconomic factors, based on the multidimensional adherence model (MAM). Conclusion: Eighty factors associated with polypharmacy adherence among people living with HIV/AIDS were identified and grouped into five major categories. Healthcare providers can make decisions based on the five categories of relevant factors described in this paper when developing interventions to enhance polypharmacy adherence. It is recommended that medications be evaluated separately and that an overall medication evaluation be conducted at the same time to prevent inappropriate polypharmacy use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
245. Identification of Clinically Relevant HIV Vif Protein Motif Mutations through Machine Learning and Undersampling.
- Author
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Altamirano-Flores, José Salomón, Alvarado-Hernández, Luis Ángel, Cuevas-Tello, Juan Carlos, Tino, Peter, Guerra-Palomares, Sandra E., and Garcia-Sepulveda, Christian A.
- Subjects
AIDS ,MACHINE learning ,ARTIFICIAL neural networks ,VIRAL load ,SUPPORT vector machines ,HIV ,IDENTIFICATION - Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its clinical entity, the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continue to represent an important health burden worldwide. Although great advances have been made towards determining the way viral genetic diversity affects clinical outcome, genetic association studies have been hindered by the complexity of their interactions with the human host. This study provides an innovative approach for the identification and analysis of epidemiological associations between HIV Viral Infectivity Factor (Vif) protein mutations and four clinical endpoints (Viral load and CD4 T cell numbers at time of both clinical debut and on historical follow-up of patients. Furthermore, this study highlights an alternative approach to the analysis of imbalanced datasets, where patients without specific mutations outnumber those with mutations. Imbalanced datasets are still a challenge hindering the development of classification algorithms through machine learning. This research deals with Decision Trees, Naïve Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This paper proposes a new methodology considering an undersampling approach to deal with imbalanced datasets and introduces two novel and differing approaches (MAREV-1 and MAREV-2). As theses approaches do not involve human pre-determined and hypothesis-driven combinations of motifs having functional or clinical relevance, they provide a unique opportunity to discover novel complex motif combinations of interest. Moreover, the motif combinations found can be analyzed through traditional statistical approaches avoiding statistical corrections for multiple tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
246. When death strikes early as often will: How counsellors and schools can support grieving pupils and students.
- Author
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Wango, Geoffrey and Gwiyo, Leila Mkameli
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COVID-19 pandemic ,STUDENT counselors ,AIDS - Abstract
Death is inevitable and universal, and the corona virus disease has only further intensified a world of uncertainties as a result of frequent accidents, HIV/AIDS, cancer and natural disasters. Bereavement after any death is a potentially disruptive life event with consequences in physical and mental health, relationships and social functioning. Death is a rather odd, thought-provoking and challenging experience, particularly in the lives of children and adolescents. Death of parent/s, sibling, relative/s, teacher, classmate or friend is a relatively new and challenging phenomenon. Persons working with pupils and students, including teachers, counsellors, school chaplain and social workers, need to be prepared to offer help to those who experience bereavement. Death is unpredictable and may occur naturally, suddenly, or traumatically. In several instances, help is sometimes required in advance of bereavement in that the death may be anticipated such as instances of prolonged illness or following a fatal accident. In all cases, the role of the teacher and counsellor in the school is pivotal in supporting pupils and students who have been bereaved. This paper highlights the need to impart post-traumatic growth in bereft pupils and students in schools in order to cope with bereavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
247. THE DYNAMICS OF HIV/AIDS MODEL WITH FRACTAL-FRACTIONAL CAPUTO DERIVATIVE.
- Author
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ULLAH, SAIF, ALTANJI, MOHAMED, KHAN, MUHAMMAD ALTAF, ALSHAHERI, AHMED, and SUMELKA, WOJCIECH
- Subjects
HIV ,AIDS ,HIV infections ,HIV infection transmission ,PUBLIC health ,INFECTIOUS disease transmission - Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major global public health issue and causes millions of deaths around the globe. The most severe phase of HIV infection is known as AIDS. In recent years, a number of mathematical models based on classical integer-order derivative have been developed to analyze the insight dynamics of HIV/AIDS. This paper presents the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS using fractional order (FO) and a fractal-fractional order compartmental model with the power-law kernel. In the first phase, the proposed model is formulated using the Caputo-type fractional derivative. The basic properties such as the solution positivity and existence as well as uniqueness of the fractional model are presented. The equilibria and the basic reproductive number ℛ 0 are evaluated. Further, using fractional stability concepts the stability of the model (both local and global) around the equilibrium is presented in the disease-free case. In addition, the fractional model is solved numerically, and the graphical results with many values of q 1 are shown. In the second phase, the concept of a fractal-fractional (FF) operator is applied to obtain a more generalized model that addresses the dynamics of HIV/AIDS. The uniqueness and existence of the solutions of the FF-based model are shown via the Picard–Lindelof approach while the modified Adams–Bashforth method is utilized to present the numerical solution. Detailed numerical simulations are presented for various values fractional as well as the fractal orders, q 1 and q 2 , respectively. The graphical results reveal that the FF-based model provides biologically more feasible results than the models in fractional and classical integer-order cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
248. Africa and the Nexus of poverty, malnutrition and diseases.
- Author
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Adeyeye, Samuel Ayofemi O., Ashaolu, Tolulope J., Bolaji, Olusola T., Abegunde, Titilope A., and Omoyajowo, Adetola O.
- Subjects
DEVELOPING countries ,AIDS ,MALNUTRITION ,POVERTY ,HUMAN Development Index ,SUBSISTENCE farming - Abstract
This review examines the nexus of poverty, malnutrition and diseases in Africa, the challenges, implications and their mitigation. The paper takes a critical look at available literatures on the primary causes, modes, implications and solutions to the problems of poverty, malnutrition and diseases in Africa continent. Poverty and malnutrition are outcomes of uncontrolled rapid population growth, inefficient agricultural and industrial practices, high debt profile of many African countries due to poor governance and corruption, diseases such as AIDS epidemic, malaria, Ebola virus and COVID-19 pandemic, poor and inadequate health infrastructure and armed conflicts. African poverty scenario entails non-availability of basic human needs which makes many Africans to be very poor. Despite abundance of natural resources, the gross domestic product per capita of many African countries is among the lowest of list of nations of the world. According United Nation in 2009, 22 of 24 nations among the "Low Human Development" nations of the world on the UN's Human Development Index were found in sub-Saharan Africa. Out of the 50 countries on the United Nation list of least developed countries, 34 of them were in Africa. According to FAO data over 200 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were undernourished in 2014-2016. The prevalence of undernourishment in sub-Saharan Africa rose from 181 million in 2010 to 222 million in 2016. In 2016, Africa had the highest prevalence of undernourishment in the world and estimated to be 20% of the population. While this was alarming in Eastern Africa where one-third of the population is suspected to be undernourished. In a similar data, World Bank also found that sub-Saharan Africa Poverty and Equity Data was 47% with over 500 million people in abject poverty in 2012. Poverty is the major cause of hunger and malnutrition in Africa while hunger and malnutrition escalated the problem of diseases in African continent. Poverty has continued to torment Africa as a result of poor and harmful economic policies, conflict and war, environmental factors like drought and climate change and population growth, poor leadership and greed. With the advent of COVID-19, the problem of poverty, malnutrition and diseases has been escalated and in many African countries people find it difficult to make ends meet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
249. The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on service delivery and treatment outcomes in people living with HIV: a systematic review.
- Author
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SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad, Mirzapour, Pegah, Pashaei, Zahra, Afzalian, Arian, Tantuoyir, Marcarious M., Salmani, Roghayeh, Maroufi, Seyed Farzad, Paranjkhoo, Parinaz, Maroufi, Seyede Parmis, Badri, Hajar, Varshochi, Sanaz, Vahedi, Farzin, Mehraeen, Esmaeil, and Dadras, Omid
- Subjects
EVALUATION of medical care ,HIV-positive persons ,HIV infections ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MEDLINE ,DATA analysis software ,ONLINE information services ,COVID-19 pandemic ,EVALUATION - Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 epidemic and various control and mitigation measures to combat the widespread outbreak of the disease may affect other parts of health care systems. There is a concern that the COVID-19 pandemic could disrupt HIV services. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on service delivery and treatment outcomes in people with HIV. Methods: In this study, a systematic search was conducted using the keywords in the online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. The retrieved articles underwent a two-step title/abstract and full-text review process, and the eligible papers were selected and included in the qualitative synthesis. Result: We selected 16 studies out of 529 retrieved records that met the inclusion criteria for this review. Study populations of the selected studies were either HIV-positive patients or HIV clinics and healthcare providers. Most studies were focused on adhering to and obtaining medication and attending clinical appointments and their decrement during the pandemic. Other aspects of HIV care (alternative healthcare settings, viral suppression, psychological care, etc.) were discussed to a lesser extent by the included studies. Conclusion: Interruption in in-person visits and medical follow-up services, loss of adherence to treatment, and subsequent increase in mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic complications in PLHIV have led to growing concerns. Other challenges were psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression, an increase in substance abuse, and a rise in experienced stigma and discrimination. However, the use of telemedicine in some countries helps to alleviate the situation to some extent and is recommended in similar settings in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
250. "It's Still in the Test Tube and Finding out How the Experiment Ends... ". A Qualitative Study on Health and Aging in Older Gay Males Living with HIV in England.
- Author
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Licchelli, Stefano, King, Andrew, and Smith, Kimberley J.
- Abstract
This paper highlights experiences and perceptions of older gay males living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in relation to age, sexual orientation, HIV status and how they perceive health. Participants were gay males aged 50 and over living in England, diagnosed with HIV for longer than 2 years. In total, 19 interviews were conducted between March 2020 and March 2021. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Three major themes were generated: 1.) Health as holistic and as a balance; 2.) The impact of HIV on people's lives; 3.) The Intersectionality of stigma: a lifetime of discrimination. Participants highlighted the changing nature of the concept of health through their lifespan while the intersectionality of stigma in different contexts is examined considering the personal journey of living with HIV. The implications of health as a complex concept and intersectional stigma on the planning and delivering of care in this population are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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