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The genus Cucurbita has been mentioned as a good source of carotenoids, including β-carotene, which is a precursor of vitamin A. However, the variability observed for the genus denotes the individual need to invest in the species. An experiment was carried out with the aim of evaluating the content of total carotenoids and β-carotene in C. maxima germplasm. Treatments consisted of 23 accessions and two commercial cultivars of C. maxima. The content of total carotenoids, β-carotene, and the pulp color of the accessions were evaluated. Clustering was performed, and the components of genotypic variance, mean heritability, and accuracy were calculated. The grouping led to the formation of four groups where the total carotenoid content influenced the formation the most. There was no difference in color parameters. High variability was observed for total carotenoids in the studied genotypes (22.28 µg/g to 49.58 µg/g) and β-carotene (7.81 µg/g to 13.75 µg/g). Accessions CMAX-09, CMAX-10, CMAX-12, CMAX-13, and CMAX-14 showed the highest levels of total carotenoids and β-carotene.

The bacurizeiro (Platonia insignis Mart.) is a species of great economic and social importance in the North and Middle North regions of Brazil. However, little is known about the environmental effects on its physiological characteristics. The objective of this work was to determine the gas exchange of genotypes of bacurizeiro in the dry and rainy seasons in the Middle North region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the Embrapa Meio Norte experimental field, located in Teresina-Piauí. A completely randomized design in a 7x2 factorial scheme was used, with seven genotypes and two seasons (dry and rainy), with three replications. The genotypes were M1MP14p12f1, M1MP14p13f1, M2PP2p18f5, M3MP6p14f1, M3MP6p15f1, M4MP6p7f4 and M7PP5p18f3 from the improvement program of Embrapa Meio Norte. Liquid photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and internal CO2 concentration, ratio between internal CO2 concentration and ambient CO2 concentration, intrinsic water use efficiency and instant water use efficiency were evaluated. The environmental variation affects the plasticity of the bacurizeiro genotypes. There is less efficiency in the use of water in the dry period in all genotypes of bacurizeiro, with values between 1.20 and 1.55 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 / µmol H2O m-2 s-1, respectively. The genotypes M1MP14p13f1, M2PP2p18f5 and M7PP5p18f3 are the most stable in the face of environmental variations, since in both seasons they are in the same formed groups

Owing to the high prices of agricultural inputs, it is necessary to seek alternatives that minimize costs during the seedling production stage, such as the use of agro-industrial residues to formulate substrates and the application of humic substances to increase the availability of nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings in substrates based on carnauba bagana under increasing doses of humic substances. The design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, referring to three substrates formulated with carnauba bagana (0, 50 and 100 %) plus soil and four doses of humic substances (0, 12.5, 25 and 50 g L-1). The use of carnauba bagana in the substrate increased the leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, root length, root volume, shoot and root dry mass, and improved the seedlings quality. The application of humic substances to the substrate did not stimulate the seedlings development. RESUMO Mediante os elevados preços de insumos agrícolas, é necessário buscar alternativas que minimizem os custos durante a etapa de produção de mudas, como a utilização de resíduos agroindustriais para a formulação de substratos e a aplicação de substâncias húmicas para o aumento da disponibilidade de nutrientes. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo em substratos à base da bagana de carnaúba sob doses crescentes de substâncias húmicas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, referente a três substratos formulados à base de bagana de carnaúba (0, 50 e 100 %) acrescidos de solo e quatro doses de substâncias húmicas (0; 12,5; 25; e 50 g L-1). O uso da bagana de carnaúba no substrato trouxe incrementos à área foliar, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento radicular, volume radicular, massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, melhorando a qualidade das mudas. A aplicação de substâncias húmicas ao substrato não estimulou o desenvolvimento das mudas.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:31:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Phenotyping is the major bottleneck in the effort to develop varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) suitable for growing under a water-saving irrigation management, such as alternate wetting and drying irrigation techniques (AWD). To analyze if the genotypic variability for carbon isotope discrimination (CID) in rice leaves could be used as a relatively high-throughput tracer to early select superior genotypes highlighting improved root architecture traits when submitted to AWD, a set of twenty varieties grown under semi-natural conditions were submitted to two water irrigation regimes, continuous flooding (CF) and AWD cycles. Coefficients of genetic variance (π2g) obtained for root architecture, micro-morphological and physiological traits were significant for all of them regardless of the adopted irrigation system, except to mean root diameter. The three significant principal components (PCs) with eigenvalue > 1, explain most of the total variation across cycles and water regimes. For most of analyzed traits, the values of heritability coefficients were higher regardless of adopted irrigation management and trait category; for CID, the magnitudes of broad heritability at an individual level (greater than 0.80) were similar in the two irrigation techniques, evidencing that the success of the selection is independent of irrigation management. The higher CID values after three AWD cycles are associated with varieties with higher total root length and volume. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the potential application of CID as a tracer to select root architecture traits in rice when water-saving irrigation management is of concern. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Algodão Núcleo Do Cerrado, Rodovia GO-462, km 12 Zona Rural, GO Centro de Isótopos Estáveis Prof. Dr. Carlos Ducatti” CIE Instituto de Biociências IBB UNESP Campus de Botucatu, SP Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR 392, km 78, RS Universidade Federal de Pelotas Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, RS Centro de Isótopos Estáveis Prof. Dr. Carlos Ducatti” CIE Instituto de Biociências IBB UNESP Campus de Botucatu, SP Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária: 01

Basil is a medicinal and spice plant widely used in the Northeast region of Brazil. However, its production can be affected by the soil salinity and water used for irrigation. For the development o...

Pepper plants of the genus Capsicum present wide genetic variability for phenotypical characters. The joint analysis of quantitative and qualitative characters is a more complete indicator to identify the existing variability in populations of plants. This work aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence within F3 populations of Capsicum annuum L. through the multidimensional scaling based on the joint analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. The work was developed in at the Center of Agrarian Sciences of the Federal University of Paraíba, state of Paraíba, Brazil. Eight populations of an F3 generation were employed, performing the characterization of 36 qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with eight treatments and 50 replications. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) was performed based on Gower’s dissimilarity matrixes. Dispersion diagrams were built to present the nMDS solutions in the bidimensional space. The nMDS mapping was efficient on estimating divergence within populations with Kruskal’s Stress below 20%. The internal uniformity presented by populations P-4, P-5, P-6, P-7, and P-8 is an indicator that the genotypes of these populations are suitable to be used in future genetic breeding programs of ornamental peppers. Conversely, populations P-1, P-2, and P-3 presented the greatest dispersion, characterizing phenotypical variability. The multidimensional scaling was efficient to estimate the genetic divergence among and within F3 populations of ornamental pepper

Background Marbofloxacin (MAR) is an antimicrobial belonging to the fluoroquinolone class and is marketed in the form of tablets. There is no microbiological monograph in official compendia to evaluate the potency of the final product. Furthermore, the literature is scarce in this context. Objective The objective is to develop and validate a microbiological method by turbidimetry to evaluate the potency of MAR-based tablets, based on the principles of green analytical chemistry. Methods Purified water–ethanol (9 + 1, v/v) was used as diluent to prepare the MAR solutions at concentrations of 0.25, 0.8, and 2.56 µg/mL, brain heart infusion (BHI) broth as culture media, E. coli American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25922 at 10% and incubation in a shaker at 37°C for 4 h were used in the method. Results The method was: linear in the range of 0.25 to 2.56 µg/mL; selective against the sample adjuvants; precise (intra-day RSD 2.26%, inter-day RSD 3.49%, and inter-analyst RSD 3.59%); accurate with a recovery of 100.20%; and robust against changes in culture medium volume in the tube, shaker rotation, and incubation temperature in the shaker. The potency of MAR tablets was 96.98% using the proposed method. Conclusion The turbidimetric method developed is a new, fast, and optimized option to the routine QC of MAR in tablets, since it allows the evaluation of the drug's potency in the final product and can be used to complement the results of the physicochemical analysis, in addition to being a green and sustainable alternative. Highlights The work shows an ecological and green alternative to the routine microbiological pharmaceutical analysis of MAR tablets.

The objective of this work was to select a cotton line tolerant to water stress, based on yield and fiber quality characteristics. A total of nine cotton genotypes were evaluated (six breeding lines and three commercial cultivars) in two field experiments conducted in Quixeramobim - CE without water supplementation in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Traits related to cotton lint yield and intrinsic fiber quality were measured. Data were submitted to individual and joint analysis of variance, and selection by the selection index. The genetic variability among the materials demonstrates the possibility of significant gains in the cotton selection process. The genotypes CNPA 2013 - 2235 RF FL, CNPA 2013 - 2064 RF FL and CNPA 2012 - 160 RF FL, as well as the cultivar FM 944 GL, had higher production and better fiber quality under rainfed conditions. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi selecionar linhagens de algodoeiro tolerantes ao estresse hídrico, com base em caracteres de produtividade e qualidade de fibra. O experimento foi conduzido em dois experimentos de campo em Quixeramobim - CE sem suplementação hídrica, nos anos: 2018 e 2019. Foram avaliados nove genótipos de algodoeiro, sendo seis linhagens e três cultivares comerciais. Foram mensuradas variáveis relacionadas com produtividade de algodão em pluma e qualidade intrínseca de fibra. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância individual e conjunta, e a seleção pelo índice de seleção. A variabilidade genética encontrada entre os materiais demonstra a possibilidade de ganhos significativos no processo de seleção do algodoeiro. Os genótipos CNPA 2013 - 2235 RF FL, CNPA 2013 - 2064 RF FL e CNPA 2012 - 160 RF FL e a cultivar FM 944 GL tiveram maior produção e melhor qualidade de fibra em condições de sequeiro.

Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are important microorganisms for increasing plant growth. However, few studies have evaluated the potential of volatile compounds produced by the fungus Trichoderma spp. and it's potential as promoters and beneficiaries with respect to maize cultivation. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of volatile compounds produced by Trichoderma spp. and their potential for morphophysiological improvement in the initial growth of corn crops. The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme (2x6+1), arranged in a completely randomized design, with two evaluation times (7 and 15 days after emergence (DAE) and five Trichoderma spp. isolates (plus one control). The isolates were classified as the following species and identified with the following codes: UFT-25: Trichoderma harzianum; UFT-37: Trichoderma pinnatium; UFT-57: Trichoderma virens; UFT-201: Trichoderma asperellum and UFT-204: Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The volatile compounds produced by Trichoderma spp. and inoculated in culture medium present in each experimental unit without direct contact with the roots of the plants, promoted an increase mass production and changed morphology and physiology, especially plant height, leaf area, absolute and relative growth rate, Falker chlorophyll index, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (RuBisCo), and net photosynthesis rate

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:49:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A crop rotation system can reduce phytopathogen inoculum, and consequently reduce the incidence and severity of disease. Bean bacterial wilt is an important disease and several crops can act as inoculum sources for Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff). The aim was to evaluate the influence of crop rotation systems on 10 common bean cultivars against bacterial wilt. Experiments were located in two different areas in Brazil (2012), cultivated under a no-tillage system and with a history of the disease. The evaluated rotation systems were black oat, wheat and fallow followed by common bean. After harvest, 10 dry bean cultivars were sown, together with a fallow area. Disease incidence and severity were assessed at 45, 60 and 80 days after sowing. Also evaluated were four agronomical parameters: pod numbers, grain numbers, total weight of grains per plant and weight of 100 grains. Epiphytic and endophytic colonization by Cff was evaluated in black oat and wheat, and in crop debris. The rotation systems significantly influenced the incidence and severity of bacterial wilt in common bean cultivars in both areas and negatively affected the four agronomic parameters. The cultivars BRS Campeiro, BRS Estilo, IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Tangará and IPR Campos Gerais presented low severity and incidence of the disease and higher productivity. Cff strains were recovered from black oat, wheat and crop debris. Our results reinforce the importance of planting non-Cff host crops in rotation systems with common bean, as well as planting cultivars with a level of resistance to bacterial wilt. Departamento de Proteção Vegetal Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Avenida Universitária, 3780 Departamento de Proteção Vegetal Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Avenida Universitária, 3780

In this study, the growth and productive characteristics of the soybean were investigated in no-till system after using limestone in a tropical soil of the Brazilian Cerrado. The study was conducted in a Typic Hapludox. The sources of limestone came from Piauí miners (C1, C2 and C3) and from a mining company in Ceará (C4) plus a control treatment (without limestone), with four replicates, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons, in a randomized block design. The limestone was applied in October 2012, using a gravity distribution. The limestone rate applied was 2.73 Mg ha-1 to raise the soil base saturation to 60%. The final plant stand, relative chlorophyll index, leaf area index, shoot dry matter, photosynthetically active radiation, the efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation, number of stems, pod number per plant, thousand-grain mass and grain yield of the soybean were evaluated. There were significant differences between the sources of limestone, with emphasis on the sources C1 and C4 due to the greater increases in plant growth and soybean grain yield (79% and 90%, respectively, in the 2014/2015 harvest). Soybean yield is correlated to the vegetative and reproductive development of the plant when cultivated in a tropical soil of the Cerrado corrected with limestone.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical attributes of the soil cultivated with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear under different doses of organic fertilizer, planting spacings and sampling times. Four doses of organic fertilizer with bovine manure (0, 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha-1 year-1), three spacings (1.0 x 0.5, 2.0 x 0.25 and 3.0 x 1.0 x 0.25 m) and three sampling times (0, 390 and 600 days after planting) corresponding to the periods prior to planting, growth and harvest of the first cycle, were evaluated in a randomized block design in a 4 x 3 x 3 factorial scheme, with three repetitions. The pH in water, macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg), micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), variables of the soil sorption complex (H + Al, SB, CEC, T, V) and soil organic matter (SOM) were determined. Organic fertilization increased the values of SOM, P, K, Ca, Mg, SB, CEC, T and V and reduced H + Al in soils cultivated with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear at different times. The doses of manure increased pH and Mn, regardless of sampling time and spacing. The spacings did not influence the chemical attributes of the soil. RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os atributos químicos do solo cultivado com palma forrageira ‘Gigante’ sob diferentes doses de adubo orgânico, espaçamentos de plantio e épocas de amostragem. Foram avaliadas quatro doses de esterco bovino (0; 30; 60 e 90 Mg ha-1 ano-1), três espaçamentos (1,0 x 0,5; 2,0 x 0,25 e 3,0 x 1,0 x 0,25 m) e três épocas de amostragem de solo (0; 390 e 600 dias após plantio) correspondentes às épocas antes do plantio, crescimento e colheita do primeiro ciclo, dispostos no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 x 3, com três repetições. Foram determinados o pH em água, macronutrientes (P, K, Ca, Mg), micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), variáveis do complexo sortivo do solo (H + Al, SB, CTC, T, V) e matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). A adubação orgânica incrementou os valores de MOS, P, K, Ca, Mg, SB, CTC, T, V, e diminuiu o de H + Al nos solos cultivados com palma forrageira ‘Gigante’ em diferentes épocas. As doses de esterco incrementaram o pH e Mn, independentemente de época e espaçamento. Os espaçamentos não influenciaram nos atributos químicos do solo.

Moringa oleifera is one of the most important plants in the world due to its multiple uses as well tolerance to abiotic stress. However, it may presents low quality seedlings in protected environment under thermal and luminous stresses. The current study aimed to evaluate environmental microclimate changes; photomorphogenesis and water use of M. oleifera cuttings under light spectral and phytohormones variations, as well as to identify the most important variables to explain those effects. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 4 x 4 factorial design with four replications. Four luminosity conditions, white (a transparent plastic layer), blue (two layers of blue cellophane paper), red (two layers of red cellophane paper), and extreme red lights (one layer of red cellophane and one of alternating blue cellophane) and four phytohormones concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100%) were applied. M. oleifera semi-woody cuttings were collected from 7 am to 9 am from the M. oleifera mother plants, grown on a rural property located in the city of Lagoa Seca, Paraíba, Brazil, with the following characteristics: 15 cm in length, 4 to 5 mm in diameter, and 2 or 3 buds. Throughout the experimental period, environments were monitored to determine illuminance, average air temperature, relative humidity, soil average temperature, and evapotranspirated water consumption by cuttings. The numbers of shoots were recorded weekly. The number of surviving roots and shoots were measured 60 days after M. oleifera cuttings planting. Illuminance was reduced in environments under blue, red, and extreme red lights, respectively. The air temperature was reduced under blue light, while red and extreme red lights induced the increase on air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, and therefore, water consumption of cuttings. Protected environments when irradiated with blue light and application of phytohormones at concentrations of 25 and 50% enabled the shootings and survival of cuttings, although no root formation was observed after 60 days from planting. All variables were considered important to explain the effects.

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient concentration and nutritional efficiency in ‘Gigante’ cactus pear under different chemical, organic and organomineral fertilizations, planting configurations and spacings, during three production cycles. Seventy two treatments, involving two types of configuration in the plots, three spacings in the subplots and 12 types of fertilization in the sub-subplots were arranged in a split-split-plot scheme, in a randomized block design, with three repetitions. At the time of harvest of each production cycle, 40 cladode tissue samples were collected per treatment to determine dry matter mass and nutrient concentration, which were used to calculate the coefficients of biological utilization of nutrients. Organic fertilization reduces Mn concentrations in cladodes to levels below the sufficiency range. The nutritional efficiency of N, S, P, Mn and Zn is higher with organic and organomineral fertilizations and are associated with higher dry matter yields, whereas K nutritional efficiency is higher with mineral fertilization. The absence of fertilization or application of 30 Mg ha-1 year-1 of bovine manure is insufficient to ensure nutritional status and dry matter yield above 15 Mg ha-1 in ‘Gigante’ cactus pear. RESUMO Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar durante três ciclos de produção, os teores de nutrientes e a eficiência nutricional em Palma forrageira ‘Gigante’ submetida a diferentes adubações química, orgânica e organomineral, configurações de plantio e espaçamentos. Setenta e dois tratamentos, envolvendo dois tipos de arranjos nas parcelas, três espaçamentos nas subparcelas e 12 tipos de adubação nas sub-subparcelas foram dispostos em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas, em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Na época da colheita de cada ciclo produtivo, coletaram-se 40 amostras de tecidos dos cladódios por tratamento para determinação da massa de matéria seca e dos teores de nutrientes e a partir destes calcularam-se os coeficientes de utilização biológica dos nutrientes. Verificou-se que a adubação orgânica diminui os teores de Mn nos cladódios abaixo da faixa de suficiência. A eficiência nutricional de N, P, S, Mn e Zn é maior com adubação orgânica e organomineral e estão associadas às maiores produtividades de matéria seca, enquanto de K é maior com adubação mineral. A ausência de adubação ou aplicação de 30 Mg ha-1 ano-1 de esterco bovino é insuficiente para assegurar o estado nutricional e produtividade de matéria seca acima de 15 Mg ha-1 em palma forrageira ‘Gigante’.

Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze is a species widely used in folk medicine and has a high aromatic and therapeutic potential. However, its cultivation in semi-arid regions can be limited by salts in the irrigation water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) as a mitigator of saline stress on the growth and gas exchange of M. suaveolens. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks in an incomplete factorial scheme (Central Composite Design), with five electrical conductivities water (ECw = 0.5, 1.45, 5.0, 8.55, and 10.0 dS m-1) and five SA doses (0.0, 0.29, 1.0, 1.71, and 2.0 mM). Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, root length, and height/diameter ratio, and gas exchange (stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, instantaneous, and intrinsic water use efficiency, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and leaf temperature) were evaluated. The application of 0.9 mM SA attenuates the negative effect of saline stress on the number of leaves and leaf area of M. suaveolens. The application of SA stimulates the number of leaves, plant height, and root growth, but does not affect the gas exchange of M. suaveolens. ECw reduces the growth and gas exchange of M. suaveolens plants. RESUMO: Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze é uma espécie muito utilizada na medicina popular e que possui um elevado potencial aromático e terapêutico. No entanto, sua exploração em regiões semiáridas pode ser limitada em função do teor de sais na água de irrigação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do ácido salicílico (AS) como mitigador do estresse salino sobre o crescimento e trocas gasosas de M. suaveolens. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial incompleto (Delineamento Composto Central), com cinco condutividades elétricas de água (CEa = 0,5, 1,45, 5,0, 8,55 e 10,0 dS m-1) e cinco doses de AS (0,0, 0,29, 1,0, 1,71 e 2,0 mM). Foram avaliados a altura de plantas, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, área foliar, comprimento de raiz e relação altura/diâmetro do caule e trocas gasosas (condutância estomática, taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2, transpiração, eficiência instantânea e eficiência intrínseca no uso da água e de carboxilação e a temperatura foliar). A aplicação do AS na dose de 0,9 mM atenua o efeito do estresse salino sobre o número de folhas e área foliar. A aplicação de AS estimula o número de folhas e o crescimento em altura e da raiz, mas não afeta as trocas gasosas. A CEa reduz o crescimento e as trocas gasosas das plantas de M. suaveolens.

The plant elicitors use as an agricultural input is limited and few studies show their influence on physiological responses. However, its use can induce broad-spectrum and long-lasting resistance in plants by inducing defense systems, primary and secondary metabolism. The the aim of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange (gs, A, E, Ci, WUE, iWUE and iCE) and enzymatic antioxidant system (POD, PPO and PAL) of Z. mays under elicitors application. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with seven treatments: control (sterilized distilled water); Rocksil® (3 g L-1); Poagrim® (3 g L-1); Bion® (0.4 g L-1); Agrosilicon Plus® (3 g L-1); Ecolife® (3 mL L-1); Thiabendazol® (1 g L-1), with four repetitions and three plants per repetition. Gas exchange (net photosynthesis [A], stomatal conductance [gs], internal carbon concentration [Ci], transpiration rate [E], instantaneous water use efficiency [WUE= A/E], intrinsic water use efficiency [iWUE= A/gs], instantaneous carboxylation efficiency [iCE= A/Ci], and enzymatic activity (peroxidase [POX], polyphenol oxidase [PPO], phenylalanine ammonia-lyase [PAL]) were evaluated at 40 and 45 days after sowing. Gs, A, WUE, iCE and peroxidase activity increased in plants whose seeds were soaked with Rocksil® and Thiabendazol®. The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was reduced in plants from seeds soaked in Ecolife®. The elicitors increased the gas exchange and antioxidant system of Zea mays L.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the population dynamics of the burrower bug (Scaptocoris castanea) in an area with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivated after cover crops. The insects were counted in soil samples collected at 0-40 cm depth. Insect incidence was documented in 18 cover crops, alone or intercropped, in each plant stage. Rainfall distribution was compared with fluctuations in the burrower bug population. Crotalaria species have a suppressive effect on the insect population, whereas some grass species favor its increase. Rainfall distribution directly influences the insect population.

The equilibrium and nutritional balance of plants are known to be of utmost importance to evaluate their yield potential and to comprehend the dynamics of nutrients in the soil-plant system. Hence, the present study determined the reference values for evaluating the nutritional status of ‘Gigante’ cactus pear cultivated with organic fertilization in semiarid conditions by Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) and Balanced Indexes of Kenworthy (BIK) methods. The cladodes nutrients contents and dry matter yield of 72 plots were employed. The database was classified into a high-yield and low-yield population, above and below 19.93 Mg ha-1 cycle-1, respectively. The five ranges of nutrient contents in cladodes were defined based on the standard deviation range(s) of the DRIS indexes of the high-yield population. Furthermore, the fixed BIK values made it possible to ascertain the lower and the upper limit of the reference values of nutrient contents in the cladodes. The reference values for all nutrients determined by the DRIS and BIK methods varied from each other and those reported in the literature. These methods were efficient in identifying the limiting nutrients for ‘Gigante’ cactus pear, with differences in the hierarchical order of limitation, due to lack or excess, and nutrients not limiting to productivity. RESUMO O equilíbrio e o balanço nutricional das plantas são de extrema importância para avaliar seu potencial produtivo e para compreender a dinâmica dos nutrientes no sistema solo-planta. Assim, objetivou-se determinar valores de referência para diagnose nutricional de palma forrageira ‘Gigante’ cultivada com adubação orgânica em condições semiáridas pelos métodos Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS) e Índices Balanceados de Kenworthy (IBK). Utilizaram-se teores de nutrientes dos cladódios e produtividades de matéria seca de 72 parcelas. O banco de dados foi separado em população de alta e de baixa produtividade, acima e abaixo de 19,93 Mg ha-1 ciclo-1, respectivamente. As cinco faixas dos teores de nutrientes nos cladódios foram definidas de acordo com a(s) faixa(s) de desvio padrão dos índices DRIS da subpopulação de alta produtividade. Por sua vez, com valores fixos do IBK, foi possível determinar o limite inferior e o limite superior dos valores de referência dos teores de nutrientes nos cladódios. Os valores de referência gerados para todos os nutrientes pelos métodos DRIS e IBK diferem entre si e da literatura. Esses métodos são eficientes na identificação dos nutrientes limitantes para palma forrageira ‘Gigante’, havendo diferenças na ordem hierárquica da limitação, por falta ou por excesso, e dos nutrientes não limitantes à produtividade.

Salinity is one of the modern agriculture major obstacles, causing several physiological disturbances in plants, adversely affecting its growth and development. Therefore, some techniques are required in order to alleviate the negative effects of salinity stress on plants, as for example an adequate nitrogen fertilization. The aim of this study was to assess the ecophysiological responses of sugar apple plants (Annona squamosa L.) submitted to different salinity levels and nitrogen fertilization doses. The experimental design was a randomized block in an incomplete factorial scheme, with five electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (ECw: 0.5, 1.01, 2.25, 3.49 and 4.0 dS m-1) and five nitrogen doses (0, 101, 350, 598.2 and 700 mg dm-3), with four replicates, generated from the Box Central Composite experimental design matrix. Through a daily course, it was observed variations in gas exchange, chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters. The gas exchange, chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters were measured on photosynthetically active leaves. There was significant interaction between the salinity levels (ECw) and nitrogen doses for the chlorophyll indexes. The electrical conductivity of the irrigation water caused significant negative effects on chlorophyll fluorescence. Therefore, it can be stated that the sugar apple plants ecophysiology varies through the day and that salinity affects its chlorophyll content and fluorescence.

Endophytic bacteria has been reported as plant growth promoters in various cultivated and uncultivated plants. Thus, the objective onf this study was to evaluate the potential of 21 endophytic bacterial isolated from leaves of passionfruit plants (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa). In vitro antagonism, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, gibberellins, cytokines and phosphate solubilization were also tested. In vitro antagonism was investigated using volatile metabolites detection by means of the overlapping dishes technique and direct confrontation. The production of IAA was evaluated by means of the colorimetric method with the absorbance reading of the optical density at O.D. (550nm). The phosphate solubilization was measured in a qualitative method by reading the solubilization halo diameter and the quantitative evaluation in liquid medium and reading of O.D. (450 nm). All bacterial isolates were able to inhibit the growth of Phytophthora sp. in both methods with values ranging from 50% to >90% inhibition (Skott-Knott, p ≤0 0.05). All the tested endophytic bacteria were also able to produce plant hormones. The phosphate solubilization was more than mean of the liquid medium. Thus, the studied endophytic bacterial isolates are suggested as potential plant growth promoters.

Cactus pear is adapted to semi-arid conditions. In this study, the objective was to evaluate the water use efficiency and green and dry mass yields of the cultivar Gigante under different fertilization rates and sources in three production cycles, spacing and planting arrangement. Seventy two treatments, involving two types of arrangements in the plots, three spacings in the subplots and 12 types of fertilization in the sub-subplots were arranged in a split-split-plot scheme, using randomized block design with three repetions. Dry mass content decreases while water use efficiency and green mass and dry mass yields increase from the first to the third cycle. It is feasible to use planting arrangements in triple or quadrupling rows which allow increasing the mechanization index of the crop. Organomineral fertilization with 30 or 60 Mg ha-1 year-1 of bovine manure combined with 150-300-600 kg ha-1 year-1 of N-P2O5-K2O and 300-300 kg ha-1 year-1 of P2O5-K2O, respectively; organic fertilization with 90 Mg ha-1 year-1 of manure; and mineral fertilization with 300-300-600 kg ha-1 year-1 of N-P2O5-K2O ensure green mass and dry mass yields greater than 200 and 15 Mg ha-1 cycle-1, respectively, and water use efficiency greater than 20 kg ha-1 mm-1 in ‘Gigante’ cactus pear. It is concluded that yields of this magnitude are ensured with application of about 300-300-300 kg ha-1 year-1 of N-P2O5-K2O using organic, organomineral or mineral sources. RESUMO A palma forrageira é adaptada às condições semiáridas. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar em três ciclos de produção, a eficiência do uso da água e as produtividades de massa verde e matéria seca, da cultivar Gigante sob diferentes doses e fontes de adubação, espaçamento e arranjos de plantas. Setenta e dois tratamentos, envolvendo dois arranjos nas parcelas, três espaçamentos nas subparcelas e 12 tipos de adubação nas sub-subparcelas foram dispostos em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas, em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. O teor de matéria seca decresce e a eficiência do uso da água e as produtividades de massa verde e matéria seca aumentam do primeiro para o terceiro ciclo. É viável o uso de configurações de plantio em fileiras triplas ou quádruplas que possibilitam aumentar o índice de mecanização na cultura. As adubações organominerais com 30 ou 60 Mg ha-1 ano-1 de esterco bovino combinadas com 150-300-600 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N-P2O5-K2O e 300-300 kg ha-1 ano-1 de P2O5-K2O, respectivamente, adubação orgânica com 90 Mg ha-1 ano-1 de esterco bovino e adubação mineral com 300-300-600 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N-P2O5-K2O proporcionam produtividades de massa verde e de matéria seca maiores que 200 e 15 Mg ha-1 ciclo-1, respectivamente, e eficiência de uso da água maior que 20 kg ha-1 mm-1 em palma forrageira ‘Gigante’. Conclui-se que produtividades dessa ordem são asseguradas com aplicação de cerca de 300-300-300 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N-P2O5-K2O com fontes orgânica, organomineral ou mineral.

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient export, nutritional balance and macronutrient recovery rate in ‘Gigante cactus pear under different fertilization doses, spacings and configurations during three production cycles. The 72 treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three repetitions, two configurations in the plots (triple and quadruple row), three spacings in the subplots (3.00 x 1.00 x 0.25 m; 3.00 x 1.00 x 0.16 m and 3.00 x 1.00 x 0.125 m); and 12 types of fertilization in the sub-subplots (with organic, organomineral and mineral sources). Exports of nutrients are higher under fertilizers with higher nutrient supplies, regardless of source. The order of export was K > Ca > N > Mg > S > P for mineral fertilization, organic fertilization with 30 Mg ha-1 year-1 and organomineral fertilization with 30 and 60 Mg ha-1 year-1 plus NPK and PK, and it changed to K > Ca > N > Mg > P > S under organic fertilization with 60 and 90 Mg ha-1 year-1 and organomineral fertilization with 90 Mg ha-1 year-1 plus K. The nutrient balance after three production cycles was positive for N, P and S, negative for Ca and Mg in all fertilizations, and positive for K under mineral fertilization with 600 kg ha-1 of K2O and organomineral fertilization with 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha-1 year-1 plus 600 kg ha-1 of K2O. The highest recovery rates of K and the lowest recovery rates of N occur under organic fertilization. RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar durante três ciclos de produção a exportação de nutrientes, o balanço nutricional e a taxa de recuperação de macronutrientes pela palma forrageira‘Gigante sob doses e fontes de adubação, e arranjos de disposição de plantas na área. Os 72 tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas em delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições, sendo duas configurações nas parcelas (fileira tripla e quadrupla); três espaçamentos nas subparcelas (3,00 x 1,00 x 0,25 m; 3,00 x 1,00 x 0,16 m e 3,00 x 1,00 x 0,125 m); e 12 tipos de adubação nas sub-subparcelas (com fontes orgânica, organomineral e mineral). Os maiores aportes de nutrientes proporcionam maiores exportações, independentemente da fonte. A ordem de exportação de nutrientes foi K > Ca > N > Mg > S > P para as adubações mineral, orgânica com 30 Mg ha-1 ano-1 e organomineral com 30 e 60 Mg ha-1 ano-1 adicionada de N-P-K e P-K, enquanto nas adubações orgânicas com 60 e 90 Mg ha-1 ano-1 e organomineral com 90 Mg ha-1 ano-1 mais 600 kg ha-1 de K2O, a ordem de exportação altera para K > Ca > N > Mg > P > S. O balanço de nutrientes apos três ciclos foi positivo para N, P e S, como também para K nas adubações mineral com 600 kg ha-1 de K2O e organomineral com 30, 60 e 90 Mg ha-1 ano-1 de esterco bovino adicionado de 600 kg ha-1 de K2O. Porém, negativo para Ca e Mg em todas as adubações. As maiores taxas de recuperação de K e as menores de N ocorrem nas adubações orgânicas.

Soil organic matter (SOM) and the chemical attributes of the soil are important indicators of soil quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of strategies for controlling spontaneous plants on SOM quality and soil fertility in an area of forest under restoration. Three methods for controlling spontaneous plants were established: i) mechanical (MCH), ii) chemical (CHM), and iii) chemical-cultural (CC), and evaluated using a randomized block design. After 13 months, soil samples were collected (0-10 cm) to determine basal respiration over 21 days, total organic carbon (TOC), labile carbon (LC), chemical fractions of the SOM [humine (H), humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA)], and soil fertility. On days 1, 3, and 7, higher values were seen for basal soil respiration, however, no differences were found between the control strategies. There was a small change in SOM quality and soil fertility. MCH showed higher values (up to 11%) for LC, due to the intense silvicultural management. After 13 months of application, each of the strategies for controlling spontaneous vegetation proved to be favorable in relation to SOM quality and soil fertility, especially for LC, due to its relationship with the accumulation or loss of SOM, and immediate response to changes in land use or management.

Concerns regarding environmental contamination by heavy metals extends worldwide with some studies showing promising alternatives for soil recovery using plants. This research aimed to evaluate the ability of rutin flavonoid to reduce the toxicity of mercury dichloride (HgCl2) in microbiological and vegetable models, by antioxidant tests (DPPH) and chelating assays with Ferro (Fe II) and Ferro (Fe III). The reduction in toxicity was then assessed using microbial models. The cytoprotective potential was evaluated in Lactuca sativa (lettuce) using the products in suballelopathic concentrations of HgCl2. Rutin flavonoid did not reduce the toxicity of HgCl2 in microbiological models, but it improved the development of roots and stems in lettuce seedlings, probably due to the coordination of mercury with the rutin molecule, reducing the toxicity of the metal. The interaction of rutin with mercury chloride was evidenced by vibrational spectroscopy. Although HgCl2 causes cytotoxicity in several plant species, its complex with rutin can mitigate these effects. This is the first report on the cytoprotective activity of rutin flavonoid in a prokaryotic and eukaryotic model against the toxic action of HgCl2.

BRS 372 and BRS 416 are cotton cultivars with high lint yield and genetic resistance to the main cotton diseases in Brazil, particularly to Ramularia Leaf Spot. They have stable yields, good fiber quality and can contribute to a sustainable cotton disease management in tropical environments.

Cultivar BRS 433FL B2RF is a high-quality fiber upland cotton with high lint yield potential and resistance to several diseases. The introgressed trans-genic events Bollgard II® and Roundup Ready Flex® confer enhanced resistance to lepidopteran pests and tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate, respectively. Fiber length exceeds 32.5 mm and fiber strength 33 gf tex-1. Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-03T09:02:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cultivar-BRS-433FL.pdf: 327178 bytes, checksum: ffd2f388d62c98a6c847c4a0a900b0ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Water is one of the most compromising factors in the germination and initial growth of seedlings, where its restriction causes a reduction in the water potential of cells in addition to causing oxidative stress. Ascorbic acid (AsA) is known to protect organelles and cells against the accumulation of ROS. The aim of this work was to study the effects of ascorbic acid on the conditioning of cowpea seeds subjected to water stress. The seeds of the BRS Marataoã and Setentão genotypes were conditioned at a concentration of 0.0 (control), 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mM AsA, and sown on paper rolls (Germitest®) moistened with mannitol solution at a potential of 0.0 (control), -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa, and stored in a germination chamber (BOD) at 25 ºC. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised design, in a 2×5×5 factorial scheme, with four replications of 50 seeds per treatment. The variables under analysis were percentage germination, first germination count, germination speed index, shoot and root length, total seedling dry weight and electrolyte leakage in the leaves and roots. Conditioning the seeds with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 0.50 mM for the BRS Marataoã genotype and 0.75 mM for the Setentão genotype, enabled the development of more vigorous seedlings and a reduction in the damage caused to the membranes by oxidative stress, both in the absence of a water deficit and at the osmotic potentials under test, including at the lowest potential. RESUMO A água é um dos fatores que mais compromete a germinação e o crescimento inicial das plântulas, com sua restrição provocando reduções no potencial hídrico da célula, além de causar o estresse oxidativo. O ácido ascórbico (AsA) é conhecido por proteger organelas e células contra as EROs evitando seu acúmulo. Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos do ácido ascórbico no condicionamento de sementes de feijão-caupi submetidos ao estresse hídrico. As sementes dos genótipos BRS Marataoã e Setentão foram condicionadas nas concentrações 0,0 (controle); 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00 mM de AsA e semeadas em rolos de papel (Germitest®), umedecidos com soluções de manitol nos potenciais de 0,0 (controle); -0,3; -0,6; -0,9 e -1,2 MPa e acondicionados em câmara de germinação (B.O.D.) na temperatura de 25 ºC. Conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de fatorial 2×5×5, com quatro repetições de 50 sementes por tratamento. As variáveis analisadas foram porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz, massa seca total da plântula e extravasamento de eletrólitos das folhas e da raiz. O condicionamento das sementes com ácido ascórbico nas concentrações de 0,50 mM para o genótipo BRS Marataoã e 0,75 mM para o Setentão, possibilitou o desenvolvimento de plântulas mais vigorosas e a redução dos danos às membranas ocasionado pelo estresse oxidativo tanto na ausência do déficit hídrico quanto nos potenciais osmóticos testados, inclusive no mais baixo.

Sustainable production systems, such as the no-tillage system (NTS), have a tendency to increase organic carbon in the soil. However, in Brazilian cotton production, the conventional tillage system (CTS) is predominant, and long-term studies on cotton crop under the NTS are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of soil management and crop rotation systems on the cotton fiber yield as well as on the carbon and nitrogen accumulation in the soil. This study was conducted in the Brazilian savanna over 9 years and consisted of the following four treatments with different soil management systems: the NTS and CTS with the succession or rotation of crops (cotton, soybean, maize, and Urochloa ruziziensis). The NTS increased the carbon content by 55% in the top 5 cm after 9 years and increased the carbon stock by approximately 20% at a depth of up to 40 cm. Crop rotation with soybean, maize, and cotton was insufficient to increase the carbon stock in the soil under the CTS. In addition to increasing the fiber yield, the cotton crop in a NTS rotated with soybean + U. ruziziensis and with maize + U. ruziziensis increases the carbon stock and nitrogen content in soil. Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-19T18:10:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SoilCarbonAccumulationCottonAlexandreFerreira.pdf: 414561 bytes, checksum: 719a903aa62a8bf7d31ce99abc59a72e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Salinity adversely affects plant growth and metabolism by triggering increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ascorbic acid (AsA) is known to protect organelles and cells against ROS by preventing accumulation. The objective of this study was to study the effects of AsA on cowpea beans under saline stress. Cowpea seeds of the cultivars (BRS Marataoã and Setentão) were conditioned at concentrations of 0.0 (control); 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1.00 mM AsA and seeded on paper towels, moistened at saline levels of 0.0 (control); 1.5; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0 and 7.5 dS.m-1, packed in a bench germinator at 25 °C. The statistical design adopted was a completely randomized 2 × 5 × 6 factorial design (cultivar x ascorbic acid x saline levels) with four replicates of 50 seeds per treatment. The analyzed variables were percentage of germination, first germination count, germination speed index, shoot and root length, total seedling dry weight, and leaf and root electrolyte leakage. Ascorbic acid at concentrations of 0.50 mM for BRS Marataoã and 0.75 mM for the Setentão, enabled the development of more vigorous seedlings and the reduction of membrane damage caused by oxidative stress both in the absence of salt and at the saline levels tested, including the highest one. Resumo: A salinidade afeta negativamente o crescimento e o metabolismo vegetal, por desencadear o aumento da produção das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). O ácido ascórbico (AsA) é conhecido por proteger organelas e células contra as EROs evitando seu acúmulo. Assim, objetivou-se estudar os efeitos do AsA em sementes de feijão-caupi submetidas ao estresse salino. As sementes de feijão-caupi das cultivares (BRS Marataoã e Setentão) foram condicionadas nas concentrações 0,0 (controle); 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00 mM de AsA e semeadas em rolos de papel, umedecidos nos níveis salinos de 0,0 (controle); 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0 e 7,5 dS.m-1, acondicionados em germinador de bancada a 25 ºC. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 × 5 × 6 (cultivar x concentrações de ácido ascórbico x níveis de salinidade) com quatro repetições de 50 sementes por tratamento. As variáveis analisadas foram porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz, massa seca total da plântula e extravasamento de eletrólitos das folhas e da raiz. O ácido ascórbico nas concentrações de 0,50 mM para o BRS Marataoã e 0,75 mM para o Setentão, possibilitou o desenvolvimento de plântulas mais vigorosas e a redução dos danos às membranas ocasionado pelo estresse oxidativo tanto na ausência de sal quanto para os níveis salinos testados, inclusive no mais elevado.

The definition of nitrogen doses for baru species becomes necessary because each forest species responds differently to nitrogen fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate baru seedlings' response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilization and liming. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a randomized blocks design, arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, being the factors consisted of five doses of nitrogen in covering (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 mg dm−3) and substrate with and without limestone and PK, with four replications. At 60 days after transplanting, the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaflets, leaf area, shoot dry mass, chlorophyll content, N content in the leaves, root length, root volume, root dry mass, height/stem diameter ratio, shoot dry mass/root dry mass ratio, and Dickson quality index were evaluated. The substrate with liming influences positively the root dry mass. Nitrogen and PK fertilization promote increase in the relative chlorophyll...

The physical and / or allelopathic effects caused by cover crops residue can be used to suppress the emergence and / or reduce weed growth. Based on the effects of mulch on soil surface, the object...

The objective was to evaluate the effect of different spacings and mineral fertilizations on cactus pear growth and production in a randomized block design, with three replicates, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme: three spacings, 1.00 x 0.50 m, 2.00 x 0.25 m and 3.00 x 1.00 x 0.25 m, and four fertilizations, 000-000-000, 000-150-000, 200-150-000 and 200-150-100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. Plant growth was evaluated between 90 and 390 days and production and growth were evaluated at 620 days after planting. There were significant interactions between spacing and fertilization for plant height, number of cladodes and cladode area index from 90 to 390 days and for production of fresh and dry matter at 620 days after planting. Spacing influenced cladode area index, while fertilization influenced plant height, number of cladodes and cladode area index at 620 days after planting. Plant height showed cubic effect for the days after planting. Number of cladodes and cladode area index were dependent on spacing, fertilization and plant age, and fitted to cubic models. The best results of growth and production of fresh and dry matter are associated with NPK and NP fertilizations and the spacing of 1.00 x 0.50 m. RESUMO Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito de espaçamentos e adubação mineral sobre crescimento e produção da palma forrageira, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, esquema fatorial 3 x 4 correspondente a três espaçamentos, 1,00 x 0,50 m; 2,00 x 0,25 m e 3,00 x 1,00 x 0,25 m e quatro adubações, 000-000-000; 000-150-000; 200-150-000 e 200-150-100 kg ha-1 de N-P2O5-K2O. Avaliaram-se crescimento entre 90 e 390 dias após o plantio; produção e crescimento aos 620 dias. Ocorreram interações entre espaçamento e adubação para altura da planta, número de cladódios e índice de área de cladódios dos 90 aos 390 dias e para a produção de massa verde e matéria seca aos 620 dias após plantio. O espaçamento influenciou o índice de área de cladódio. Adubação influenciou: altura da planta, número de cladódios e índice de área de cladódio aos 620 dias após plantio. Altura da planta apresentou efeito cúbico para dias após plantio. O número de cladódios e o índice de área de cladódios foram dependentes do espaçamento, adubação e idade das plantas ajustando-se aos modelos cúbicos. O maior crescimento e a produção de massa verde e matéria seca são associados às adubações com NPK e NP no espaçamento 1,00 x 0,50 m.

Because of climatic changes, the cultivation of temperate climate plants such as peach in subtropical climates has become a challenge. In these areas, temperatures exceeding 25°C often occur during the pre-flowering and flowering phases. The high temperature causes damages by acting during the early stages of pollen-pistil interaction processes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stigmatic receptivity of peach flowers at 18°C and 30°C. The pollen adherence was evaluated as well as the germination and presence of pollen tubes in the transmitting tissue of the style. The genotypes responded differently to temperature. ?Granada,? ?Diamante?,and ?Sensação? had a stigmatic receptivity that was less affected when flowers were exposed to the higher temperature. Most genotypes showed a reduction in the number of pistils with pollen tubes growing in the style, particularly when pollination was delayed. Made available in DSpace on 2020-02-04T18:25:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArtigoSilvia2020.pdf: 1148148 bytes, checksum: 6e0128a71a011cac23de93c902801cd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

There is an increasing demand for bioprospection focusing on microalgae isolated from the northeastern region of Brazil with potential importance for food industries. To attend that need, we evaluated the characteristics of 12 regional species of microalgae grown under controlled cultivation conditions (temperature = 24 ± 1 ºC, illumination 150 µmol photons m-2 s-1, photoperiod of 12 h) in terms of their nutritional quality and lipid profiles. Significant differences in growth characteristics and chemical compositions were observed among the species investigated. High carbohydrate contents (> 25 g 100 g-1) were recorded in various strains of Chlorococcum and the marine microalga Amphidinium carterae; high protein contents (> 35 g 100 g-1) were observed in Scenedesmus acuminatus and Pediastrum tetras; and high lipid contents (> 25 g 100 g-1) in A. carterae and some strains of Chlorococcum sp. (cf. hypnosporum). Chlamydomonas sp. demonstrated the greatest production of carotenoids (64.92 mg g-1), chlorophyll-a (234.74 mg g-1), and chlorophyll-b (59.34 mg g-1). The lipid profiles of Chlorella cf. minutissima, four strains of Chlorococcum sp. (cf. hypnosporum), P. tetras, Planktothrix isothrix, and S. acuminatus indicated the presence of palmitic, oleic (ω-9), linoleic (ω-6) and α-linolenic (ω-3) acids, with more than 50% omegas in the total composition of their fatty acids. In terms of chemical nutrients, the microalgae cited were found to be potential sources of omegas, carotenoids, and chlorophylls that could be used in food industries.

This work aimed to subsidize experimental planning for the evaluation of phenotypic characters in banana. The experiment consisted of a uniformity trial with Tropical cultivar spaced of 3 m x 2 m, in a useful area with nine rows of 40 plants. Vegetative and yield aspects were evaluated in two production cycles. Plants and basic units (UB) were combined to form various plot sizes, from which the variation coefficient and the soil heterogeneity index were estimated. To define the experimental design, the Hatheway method was used. Variability, resulting from the soil anisotropy and other factors such as desuckering cultural practice increases between mother plant and daughter plant cycles, with effects on experimental design. The variation coefficient and number of replicates are the factors that most influenced the experimental design. For the same precision level required, the combination that maximizes efficient in the use of experimental area can be adopted, that is, smaller plot size and higher number of replicates or larger plot size and fewer replicates. Estimates of plot size and number of replicates are subsides for the design of experiments for the evaluation of phenotypic descriptors in banana.

Cotton stalk regrowth must be controlled after harvest to ensure the phytosanitary quality and sustainability of cotton farming systems. Mechanical destruction generally does not conform to the no-tillage system, and the control of cotton stalk regrowth by herbicides is little studied in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of herbicides to control glyphosate-resistant transgenic cotton stalk regrowth. The study was conducted in three environments of the Brazilian Cerrado region, two in Santa Helena de Goiás (SHGO), during 2013 and 2014, and one in Luís Eduardo Magalhães (LEM-BA) in 2014. In each of the three environments, the experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block with four replications. Each experiment consisted of different combinations of herbicides and one untreated control. Cotton stalk regrowth was influenced by the three environments. Two sequential 2,4-D amine applications, each with 1,000 g ha-1 of acid equivalent, resulted in better cotton stalk destruction, albeit with 4.9, 16.9 and 36.9% of cotton stalk regrowth in SHGO 2013 and 2014, and LEM-BA 2014, respectively. A single application of 2,4-D amine and a 2,4-D amine spraying followed by the application of carfentrazone-ethyl, paraquat, saflufenacil, paraquat + diuron or glufosinate-ammonium are not effective to control glyphosate-resistant transgenic cotton stalk regrowth. The best destruction of cotton stalk regrowth occurs with two sequential applications of 2,4-D amine. RESUMO A eliminação dos restos culturais do algodoeiro após a colheita é fundamental para a qualidade fitossanitária e sustentabilidade da cotonicultura. A destruição mecânica geralmente não condiz com os princípios do sistema plantio direto, e o controle por meio de herbicidas é pouco estudado no Brasil. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a eficiência da destruição química dos restos culturais do algodoeiro geneticamente modificado para resistência ao glifosato. O estudo foi conduzido em três ambientes do cerrado, sendo dois em Santa Helena de Goiás (SHGO), nos anos de 2013 e 2014, e um em Luís Eduardo Magalhães (LEM-BA), em 2014. Em cada um dos três ambientes foi instalado um experimento no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Cada experimento constou de diferentes associações de herbicidas e uma testemunha sem controle. A porcentagem de rebrota variou entre os três ambientes. Duas aplicações sequenciais de 2,4-D amina, cada uma com 1.000 g ha-1 do equivalente ácido, resultaram em melhor controle dos restos culturais do algodoeiro, porém com 4,9, 16,9 e 36,9% de plantas rebrotadas em SHGO 2013 e 2014, e LEM-BA 2014, respectivamente. Uma única aplicação de 2,4-D amina e uma aplicação de 2,4-D amina seguida de uma aplicação dos herbicidas carfentrazona, paraquat, saflufenacil, paraquat + diuron ou glufosinato de amônio não controlam eficientemente os restos culturais do algodoeiro transgênico resistente ao glifosato. O melhor controle químico dos restos culturais ocorre com duas aplicações sequenciais de 2,4-D amina.

Transgenic cotton cultivars BRS 430 B2RF and BRS 432 B2RF, medium and late season respectively, were developed by EMBRAPA in partnership with Bahia Foundation, aiming to create a high-yielding germplasm. The Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab target lepidopteran pests and the CP4-EPSPS gene confers tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:27:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-06832018000100512.pdf: 1956162 bytes, checksum: 86e951dd1d4afdd7d068bf4af5045bfd (MD5) The identification of erosion-susceptible areas is fundamental for the adoption of soil conservation practices. Thus, the best way to estimate the spatial pattern of soil erosion must be identified, in which the process uncertainties are also taken into consideration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal uncertainty of soil loss under two scenarios of sugarcane harvest management: green cane (GC) and burnt cane (BC). The study was carried out on a 200-ha area, in Tabapua, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. A regular 626-point sampling grid was established in the area, with equidistant intervals of 50 m and a final plant density of about 3.3 samples per ha. The probability that the soil loss would exceed the tolerable limit of 6.67 t ha(-1) yr(-1) was estimated for each management scenario and after the five harvests. The temporal uncertainty was determined by integrating the estimated annual probabilities, representing the harvests. Areas with soil loss risks above the threshold were identified based on probability maps, generated from the individual and combined dichotomous variables. Soil losses from the BC were highest, during all five harvests. With the exception of the 5th harvest and the entire cultivation cycle under GC, all soil loss estimates were spatially dependent. From the 4th harvest under GC, the probability of the soil loss exceeding the threshold was above 80 % in zero percent of the area, whereas, for BC, the probability exceeded 80 % in 40 % of the area. The production cycle allowed the delimitation of priority areas for the adoption of conservation practices in each management. In the BC, areas with steeper slopes were more likely to exceed the threshold with lower uncertainties. Univ Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil Univ Marilia, Marilia, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Ciencias Exatas, Programa Posgrad Agron Ciencia Solo, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Rural Amazonia, Capanema, Para, Brazil Univ Fed Maranhao, Ctr Ciencias Agr & Ambientais, Curso Zootecnia, Chapadinha, Maranhao, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Solos & Adubos, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Ciencias Exatas, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Ciencias Exatas, Programa Posgrad Agron Ciencia Solo, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Solos & Adubos, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Ciencias Exatas, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

RESUMO O estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a contribuição do uso de plantas de cobertura em sistema de plantio direto e convencional nas culturas de soja, milho e arroz no Cerrado piauiense. O experimento foi realizado nos anos agrícolas 2010/2011 e 2011/12, de outubro 2010 a abril de 2012, na Serra do Quilombo, Fazenda Celeiro, município de Bom Jesus, PI. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas, com os sistemas de manejo do solo: preparo convencional e plantio direto avaliados nas parcelas, e nas subparcelas, cinco sistemas de produção com culturas anuais (soja, milho e arroz) e plantas de cobertura. O sistema de plantio direto, por meio da produção de fitomassa oriunda da sobressemeadura de Urochloa ruziziensis e Pennisetum glaucum na soja, Urochloa ruziziensis semeada em consórcio simultâneo com o milho, resultou em reduções significativas na emergência e acúmulo de fitomassa seca das plantas daninhas predominantes na área (Spermacoce latifolia, Chamesyce hirta, Amaranthus viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis e Cenchrus echinatus). ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the use of cover crops, under direct planting and a conventional system, on crops of soybeans, maize and rice in the Cerrado area of the State of Piauí, Brazil (PI). The experiment was carried out during the agricultural years of 2010/2011 and 2011/12, from October 2010 to April 2012, in the Serra do Quilombo, on the Celeiro Farm in Bom Jesus, PI. The design was of randomised blocks in split lots. Soil management systems of conventional tillage and direct planting were evaluated in the lots, and five systems of annual-crop production (soybeans, maize and rice) and cover plants in the sub-lots. Due to the production of phytomass from the overseeding of Urochloa ruziziensis and Pennisetum glaucum in the soybean, and by Urochloa ruziziensis being sown intercropped with the maize, the system of direct planting resulted in significant reductions in the emergence and dry matter accumulation of weeds prevalent in the area (Spermacoce latifolia, Chamesyce hirta, Amaranthus viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis and Cenchrus echinatus).

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-27T02:12:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:28:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-06832015000401181.pdf: 1293648 bytes, checksum: 3c130ec3c20f617f9174bff9d0424567 (MD5) The assessment of spatial uncertainty in the prediction of nutrient losses by erosion associated with landscape models is an important tool for soil conservation planning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial and local uncertainty in predicting depletion rates of soil nutrients (P, K, Ca, and Mg) by soil erosion from green and burnt sugarcane harvesting scenarios, using sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS). A regular grid with equidistant intervals of 50 m (626 points) was established in the 200-ha study area, in Tabapua, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The rate of soil depletion (SD) was calculated from the relation between the nutrient concentration in the sediments and the chemical properties in the original soil for all grid points. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical and geostatistical analysis. The mean SD rate for all nutrients was higher in the slash-and-burn than the green cane harvest scenario (Student's t-test, pMg>K>P. The SD rate was highest in areas with greater slope. Lower uncertainties were associated to the areas with higher SD and steeper slopes. Spatial uncertainties were highest for areas of transition between concave and convex landforms. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Programa Posgrad Agron Ciencias Solo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Maranhao, Ctr Ciencias Agr & Ambientais, Chapadinha, Maranhao, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Programa Posgrad Prod Vegetal, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Solos & Adubos, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Ciencias Exatas, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Programa Posgrad Agron Ciencias Solo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Programa Posgrad Prod Vegetal, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Solos & Adubos, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Ciencias Exatas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

RESUMODentre os diversos fatores que influenciam as perdas de água por evaporação e arraste (PEA) destaca-se o vento. Sendo assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: i) determinar os valores de PEA decorrentes de onze avaliações de um sistema de irrigação do tipo pivô central; ii) gerar um modelo para estimativa de PEA a partir de variáveis explicativas; iii) avaliar modelos de predição disponíveis na literatura para estimar PEA a partir de ensaios de campo. Os ensaios foram realizados ao longo de um vão de 48 m, situado entre a quarta e quinta torre de um pivô central de 432,57 m de raio, equipado com sprays de placa oscilante modelo I-Wob. As PEA foram simuladas em função de cinco modelos empíricos propostos na literatura sendo ainda ajustado um modelo específico para a condição estudada. As avaliações de campo em diferentes condições meteorológicas demonstraram que os valores das PEA obtidos com modelos existentes na literatura apresentaram índices de adequabilidade insatisfatórios para as condições estudadas porém o modelo de PEA ajustado apresentou menores erros quando comparado aos modelos existentes, podendo ser utilizado para condições operacionais e climáticas semelhantes às observadas neste estudo. ABSTRACTAmong several factors that exert influence on evaporation and wind drift losses (EWL), the wind has attracted researcher’s attention in scientific studies. In this context, the objectives of this study were: i) to determine EWL that occurred in eleven field tests with a center pivot system; ii) to develop a model to estimate EWL in function of predictor variables; iii) to evaluate prediction models available in literature for estimation of EWL from data acquired in the field trials. The tests were carried out along a 48-m span located between the fourth and fifth tower of a center pivot of 432.57 m in length, equipped with a model of rotating spray plate sprinklers known as I-Wob. Evaporation and wind drift losses were simulated using five empirical models. Additionally, a specific model was developed for the operational and meteorological conditions observed in this study. It was found that the empirical models presented unsatisfactory performance indices when they were tested for the operational and meteorological conditions observed in this study. The errors obtained from the adjusted model were lower than those observed when using the existing models. Thus, this model can be used for conditions similar to those experienced in this study.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar marcadores polimorficos de sequencias simples repetidas (SSR) para identificacao varietal de algodao e avaliacao da distância genetica entre as variedades. Inicialmente, 92 marcadores SSR foram genotipados em 20 cultivares de algodao do Brasil. Desse total, 38 locos foram polimorficos, dos quais dois deles foram amplificados por um unico par de iniciadores; o numero medio de alelos por loco foi 2,2. Os conteudos de informacao polimorfica (PIC) e de poder de discriminacao (DP) foram, em media, 0,374 e 0,433, respectivamente. A distância genetica media foi de 0,397 (minima de 0,092 e maxima de 0,641). Um painel de 96 variedades originarias de diversas regioes do mundo foi avaliado por 21 locos polimorficos derivados a partir de 17 pares de iniciadores selecionados. Entre essas variedades, a distância genetica media foi de 0,387 (minima de 0 e maxima de 0,786). Os dendrogramas elaborados a partir de media aritmetica nao ponderada (UPGMA) nao refletiram as regioes do Brasil (20 genotipos) ou do mundo (96 genotipos), onde as variedades ou linhagens foram selecionadas. O procedimento de reamostragem bootstrap mostra que a identificacao dos genotipos e viavel com 19 locos. Os marcadores polimorficos avaliados sao uteis na identificacao varietal de um painel amplo de variedades de algodao e podem ser aplicados em estudos de diversidade da especie.

Aproximadamente 20% dos ovos de avestruz são inférteis, podendo ser consumidos na alimentação humana. No entanto, seu elevado volume e perecebilidade indicam a necessidade de um processamento tecnológico adequado. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se determinar a composição química de ovos de avestruz in natura, bem como os parâmetros físicos, químicos e microscópicos dos ovoprodutos de avestruz, após desidratação. Determinou-se a composição química de ovos in natura de avestruz e de galinha. As claras, gemas e ovos integrais de avestruz foram fermentados e desidratados em mini spray-dryer. Após a desidratação, determinou-se o rendimento, composição e diâmetro de partículas dos ovoprodutos coletados em ciclone e na câmara do spray-dryer. A gema e a clara de ovos in natura de avestruz apresentaram maior teor proteico (respectivamente 15,21% e 11,54%) e lipídico (respectivamente 38,48% e 0,34%), em comparação aos ovos de galinha. As amostras coletadas do ciclone apresentaram menor percentual de umidade e melhor uniformidade no diâmetro de partículas. Os ovoprodutos de avestruz apresentaram rendimento, uniformidade e valor nutricional satisfatórios, demonstrando que a secagem por spray-dryer é mais uma alternativa para a conservação e aproveitamento desse alimento na alimentação humana.

Forage cactus pear is considered a xerophilic plant, so it is adapted to harsh semiarid conditions and is a forage resource of significant importance for animal production in regions that are subject to food shortage and long dry periods. We aimed to evaluate the morphometric and physiologic characteristics and water-use efficiency of ‘Gigante’ forage cactus pear under different settings of irrigation depth and irrigation intervals with saline water. The treatments included seven conditions of water application: rainfed, 5 liters of water per linear meter every 15 days; 7% reference evapotranspiration (ETo) with a 15-day irrigation interval; 15% ETo with a 7-day irrigation interval; 33% ETo with a 3-day irrigation interval; 50% ETo with a 2-day irrigation interval; and 100% ETo with daily irrigation. Likewise, the use of saline water (3.6 dS m-1) as irrigation water on forage cactus pear did not stress the crop even in the presence of salts. The treatment with saline water and 33% ETo with a 3-day irrigation interval increased the plant height, number of cladodes, cladode area index, green mass and dry matter yields of forage cactus pear.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-01T13:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-11-01Bitstream added on 2014-10-01T14:03:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-43662013001100001.pdf: 1762079 bytes, checksum: de34280225cf77bd38d14aed79560055 (MD5) Uma das necessidades da agricultura de precisão é avaliar a qualidade dos mapas dos atributos dos solos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desempenho dos métodos geoestatísticos: krigagem ordinária e simulação sequencial gaussiana na predição espacial do diâmetro médio do cristal da goethita com 121 pontos amostrados em uma malha de 1 ha com espaçamentos regulares de 10 em 10 m. Após a análise textural e da concentração dos óxidos de ferro, calcularam-se os valores do diâmetro médio do cristal da goethita os quais foram analisados pela estatística descritiva e geoestatística; em seguida, foram utilizadas a krigagem ordinária e a simulação sequencial gaussiana. Com os resultados avaliou-se qual foi o método mais fiel para reproduzir as estatísticas, a função de densidade de probabilidade acumulada condicional e a estatística epsilon εy da amostra. As estimativas E-Type foram semelhantes à krigagem ordinária devido à minimização da variância. No entanto, a krigagem deixa de apresentar, em locais específicos, o grau de cristalinidade da goethita enquanto o mapa E-Type indicou que a simulação sequencial gaussiana deve ser utilizada ao invés de mapas de krigagem. Os mapas E-type devem ser preferíveis por apresentar melhor desempenho na modelagem. In precision agriculture it is necessary to assess the quality of the maps of soil attributes. This paper aimed to evaluate the performance of geostatistical methods: ordinary kriging and sequential Gaussian simulation on spatial prediction of mean diameter of the goethite crystal in a regular grid with 121 points collected in a grid of 1 ha with regular spacing of 10 to 10 m. After the particle size and concentration analysis of iron oxides the values of the mean diameter of the goethite crystal were calculated. These were analysed by descriptive statistics and geostatistics, ordinary kriging and sequential Gaussian simulation was used for production of maps. With the results which evaluated the method is more faithful to make statistics, the cumulative probability density function conditional epsilon statistics εy. E-Type estimates were similar to ordinary kriging, due to the minimization of the variance. However, the ordinary kriging did not perform well in specific locations for crystallinity of goethite, while the E-Type map by sequential Gaussian simulation should be used instead of kriging maps. The E-type maps should be prefered as they present better performance in modeling. UNESP FCAV UNESP FCAV