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A Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural college farm, Bapatla during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 to study the residual effect of nutrient management approaches in finger millet on growth and yield of succeeding horsegram crop under finger millet - horsegram system. The experimental design was split plot with three replications. The main-plot factor comprised of three crop geometries with different age of seedlings (30x10 cm with 30 days old seedlings, 30x30 cm with 15 days old seedlings and 45x45 cm with 15 days old seedlings) and seven nutrient management practices (S0: absolute control, S1: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + application of dravajeevamrutham, S2: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + application of dravajeevamrutham along with wooden log treatment, S3: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 100% RDF, S4: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 100% RDF along with wooden log treatment, S5: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 125% RDF, S6: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 125% RDF along with wooden log treatment) in subplots were given to kharif finger millet. During succeeding rabi season on the same field horsegram was grown to study the residual impact. The application of FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 125% RDF along with or without wooden log treatment to finger millet reported the significant residual effect on growth, seed and haulm yields of succeeding horsegram crop.

Water is a vital resource to sustain civilizations and pecuniary development and most importantly agriculture. Agriculture is the main contributor to the Ethiopian economy. The field experiment was conducted at Werer Agricultural Research center to evaluate the effects of drip and furrow irrigation under different irrigation levels on maize water use efficiency. The experiment was laid out in an RCBD split-plot arrangement where drip and furrow irrigations were assigned as the main plot and irrigation levels (100, 85, 70, and 55% of ETc) were assigned in the subplot arrangement with three blocks. The highest seasonal water requirement of maize was 701.7 mm at 100% ETc under conventional furrow irrigation which is considered as control while the lowest was 321.6 mm at 55% ETc under alternative furrow irrigation. The interaction effects of irrigation systems and irrigation levels have shown a highly significant (p

A field experiment was carried out during 2020/ 2021 winter season in a private farm at Al-Maamorah district, El-Ghafara, Tripoli, Libya to evaluate four planting dates (1st and mid November and 1st and mid December) and four seeding rates (80, 100, 120 and 140 kg ha-1) on growth, grain yield, yield attributes and grain protein content of Sidi Almsry durum wheat variety. Randomized complete block design in split plot arrangement in three replications was used, where the four sowing dates were randomly allocated in the main plots and the four seeding rates were randomly distributed within each main plot. Obtained results indicated that planting the studied variety at mid November produced the tallest plants, highest LAI, number of tillers and spikes m-2, number of grains spike-1, grain yield, H.I. and heaviest 1000-grain weight. However, 140 kg seeds ha-1 produced the tallest plants, highest LAI, number of tillers and spikes m-2, lodging percentage and grain protein content. Meanwhile, planting Sidi Almsry variety at mid November with 100 kg seeds ha-1 produced maximum grain yield, H.I and 1000-grain weight, while 140 kg seeds ha-1 at mid November produced the tallest plants and highest LAI, number of tillers and spikes m-2. The highest grain protein content resulted from sowing at mid December with 140 kg seeds ha-1.

Weed interference is one of the factors that reduces carrot yield considerably. The aim of this study was to determine the periods of weed interference in carrots cultivated under two localized irrigation systems. The experiment used a completely randomized block design, with three replications, using the split plot scheme. The plots consisted of two irrigation systems (drip and micro sprinkler) and the subplots corresponded to the duration of coexistence of the crop with weeds, comprising periods of control (weed -free) or coexistence (with weeds) (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 120 days after emergence (DAE) of the crop). Considering a yield loss of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% in marketable carrots, the beginning and end of the critical period of weed control (CPWC) was determined by adjusting a sigmoid model to the relative production data. The presence of the weed community throughout the crop cycle resulted in yield losses of up to 98%. The CPWP varied for the irrigation systems used. Carrot cultivation with and without competition, under the micro sprinkler irrigation system showed a higher yield than with the drip system. Considering a yield loss of 5%, the CPWC was 23 DAE and 7 DAE in the drip irrigation and micro sprinkler irrigation systems, respectively. RESUMO A interferência de plantas daninhas representa um dos fatores de maior impacto na redução da produtividade na cultura da cenoura. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cenoura em dois sistemas de irrigação localizada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas dos dois sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento e microaspersão), e as subparcelas corresponderam à duração da convivência com as plantas daninhas, constituídos de períodos de controle (no limpo) ou convivência (no mato) das plantas daninhas com a cultura (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 120 dias após a emergência (DAE)). O início e o fim do período crítico de prevenção a interferência (PCPI), com base em uma perda de produtividade de 2,5, 5 e 10 % de cenoura comercializável, foi determinado pelo ajuste do modelo Sigmoide aos dados de produção relativa. A presença da comunidade de plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo da cultura pode acarretar perdas de até 98% na produtividade. O PCPI variou em 16 dias entre os sistemas de irrigação utilizados. O cultivo da cenoura com e sem competição, sob o sistema de irrigação por microaspersão apresentou maior produtividade em comparação ao cultivo no sistema de gotejamento. No sistema de irrigação por gotejamento o PCPI foi de 23 DAE e no sistema de irrigação por microaspersão foi de 7 DAE, considerando perdas de produtividade de 5 %.

An experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field at the Moddho Jutkhali village, Subornochar, Noakhali, a salinity affected area of Bangladesh to investigate the effect of variety and gypsum fertilizer on the yield of transplant aman rice under salinity condition during July to December, 2017. The experiment was laid out in a two factor split-plot design with three replications consisting of three aman rice varieties viz., Swarna (V1, an indian variety adapted to that locality), BRRI dhan52 (V2) and Binadhan-7 (V3) and three levels of gypsum fertilizer viz., 0, 75 and 150 kg gypsum ha-1. Yield components and yield of transplant aman rice were significantly influenced by variety, level of gypsum and their interactions. Among the varieties, Swarna produced the tallest plant height (126.7 cm), highest number of grains panicle-1 (76.30), weight of 1000 grains (25.80 g), grain yield (5.44 t ha-1), straw yield (7.07 t ha-1), and biological yield (12.51 t ha-1) while Binadhan-7 showed lowest values of these respective parameters but number of total tillers hill-1 (9.99) and number of effective tillers hill-1 (8.94) were maximum in Binadhan-7. Among three gypsum levels, most of the yield contributing characters showed highest values for 150 kg gypsum ha-1 that’s why grain yield was also highest (5.32 t ha-1) for this treatment. On the other hand lowest grain yield (4.92 t ha-1) was found when no gypsum was applied. In case of treatment interaction, highest number of grains panicle-1 (80.23) and highest grain yield (5.69 t ha-1) were produced when Swarna was cultivated with 75 kg gypsum ha-1 while lowest values of grain, straw and biological yields (4.36, 5.11 and 9.47 t ha-1, respectively) were found when Binadhan-7 was cultivated without applying any gypsum. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variety Swarna with 75 kg gypsum ha-1 can be practiced for the cultivation of transplant aman rice in the salinity affected area of Noakhali, Bangladesh to obtain the highest grain yield. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(3): 363-371, December 2020

Proper management of rice cultivation through the use of superior varieties and the application of a planting system adapted to site-specific conditions are very important in increasing rice yields. The purpose of this study was to determine and obtain the appropriate planting system to increase rice yield of superior varieties. The experiment adopted a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with two mainplot (planting systems) and three subplot (rice varieties) replicated four times. The mainplot was the planting system consisting of tile 20 cm × 20 cm and legowo 4:1 (20 cm–40 cm) × 10 cm, while the subplot was rice varieties consisting of Mira 1, Inpari 32, and Inpari 34. There was an interaction effect between the planting system and the rice varieties on grain yields. Legowo 4:1 planting system showed higher grain yield than the tile planting system on the three varieties tested for this experiment. The application of the legowo 4:1 planting system on Mira 1 obtained the highest grain yield of 5.65 t ha-1 or increased by 5.6% compared to the tile planting system. The Mira 1 was a superior rice variety that was suitable to be applied to the planting system of legowo 4:1 (20 cm–40 cm) × 10 cm to increase rice yield.

An experiment was conducted during December, 2017 to May, 2018 at the Agronomy field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka to evaluate the performance of white maize variety under different spacing and integrated fertilizer management. The experiment comprised two different factors; (1) two plant spacing viz. S1 (60 cm × 20 cm) and S2 (40 cm × 20 cm) and (2) four levels of integrated fertilizer application viz. T1: All chemical fertilizer (recommended dose), T2: maize straw compost +½ of recommended dose,T3: cowdung+½ of recommended dose and T4: vermicompost +½ of recommended dose. The experiment was set up in split plot design with three replications. Results revealed that both the individual and the interaction treatments had effect on different growth and yield parameters of white maize. In respect of the spacing effect, the wider spacing S1 showed higher plant height, number of leaves plant-1, cob length, cob circumference, number of grains cob-1, shelling percentage, 100 grains weight and harvest index where S2 showed higher grain yield. The integrated fertilizer had significant effect on different growth and yield parameters of white maize. In respect of the integrated fertilizer effect, the highest values in plant height, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area index and crop growth rate, cob length, cob circumference, number of grains cob-1, shelling percentage, 100 grains weight, grain yield, stover yield and biological yield were highest with T3 whereas, the lowest corresponding values were recorded from T2. Among the interaction treatments, higher seed yield was obtained with the interaction treatment S2T3 (10.01 t ha-1) while S1T2 showed significantly the lowest seed yield (5.27 t ha-1). The highest seed yield was mostly attributed to the number of grains per cob (328-433) and 100 seed weights (29.67-33.33 g).

Oilseeds crops have a strong bearing on national economy as they constitute about 5 percent of total imports and 50% of agricultural imports. Productivity enhancement of oilseeds, therefore, is of vital importance. Our national consumption of edible oils is around 1.95 million tones, of which about 70% is met through imports. Due to these reasons it is very necessary to enhance the area as well as productivity of oil seed crops. Therefore; a study was carried out to evaluate the productivity and quality of white mustard by exogenous application of selenium under arid climate of Thal at Agronomic Research Area, BZU, Bahadur Sub-Campus Hafizabad Layyah Pakistan, during the year 2016. This experiment was conducted using the RCBD with split plot arrangements. The results revealed that the plant height, stem diameter, 1000-seed weight, seed and biological yield were significantly improved by selenium at Thal region.

Background and Objective: There are several varieties of grass that have resistance to shade and the quality is not disturbed by the shade. Grass that is resistant to shade will have high production and quality even though it grows in shaded areas. This research investigated the effect of grass variety and shade under palm oil plantation on fresh and dry matter production, stems and leaves proportion and nutrition content of grass. Materials and Methods: Split plot with completely randomized design was used in this study. Main plot factor was land condition of land without shade (N0) and land shaded under palm oil plantation (N1) and subplot factor was variety of grass consisted of Pennisetum purpureum (A1), Setaria sphacelata (A2) and Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott (A3). Duncan multiple range test was performed to investigate the effect of the factors. Results: Results showed that there was interaction (p0.05) on crude protein content, but it affected (p 0.05) on crude protein content, although this factor affected (p

El tizón foliar causado por Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorfo Zymoseptoria tritici o Septoria tritici), es una enfermedad presente en áreas lluviosas de siembras de temporal de trigo en los Valles Altos del Centro de México. El efecto sobre el rendimiento de grano que causa la enfermedad es variable, dependiendo de la localidad y el nivel de resistencia de las variedades. Los objetivos de la investigación fueron determinar el porcentaje de pérdidas que causa el tizón foliar y la respuesta de variedades comerciales sembradas en ambientes de temporal. Se evaluaron cinco variedades de trigo harinero en dos tratamientos, con control y sin control de la enfermedad, en las localidades de Juchitepec, Estado de México y Nanacamilpa, Tlaxcala, durante los ciclos verano 2007 y 2008. El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones con arreglo de tratamientos de parcelas divididas. La disminución en el rendimiento que causo el tizón foliar fue del 41 y 40% en Salamanca S75 y Gálvez M87 respectivamente, 33% para Verano S91, Triunfo F2004 24% y 9% de pérdidas en Rebeca F2000. Con base al nivel de resistencia, se determinaron tres grupos de variedades: Rebeca F2000 resistente, Triunfo F2004 moderadamente resistente, Gálvez M87, Salamanca S75 y Verano S91 susceptibles. El mejor sitio de prueba fue Juchitepec, Estado de México. Los resultados indican que se debe de incorporar mayor resistencia a Zymoseptoria en futuras variedades incluyendo a Rebeca F2000 como fuente de resistencia, lo que permitirá disminuir pérdidas en rendimiento en ambientes donde la enfermedad es importante.

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Dept of Agril Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana, India during the Rabi season in the 2017-18. Experimental designed laid out with split plot, as main plot treatment: three growing environment i.e. D1-1st week of November, D2-3rd week of November and D3-1st week of December with sub plot treatment viz., V1: WH-1105, V2: HD-3086, V3; HD-2967 and V4: WH-1080. Humidity in the atmosphere is of great biological importance. Measurements relative humidity was made at 2.30 hourly intervals throughout the observation day with the help of Psychrometric. The relative humidity profiles were lapse inside the crop canopy throughout the day but profiles were near iso-humic at 0930 hours in all treatments during both the crop seasons. Decrease in relative humidity with height from the ground.

Two common bean genotypes were subjected to non-drought stress (NDS), moderate drought stress (MDS), and severe drought stress (SDS). This field experiment was carried out as split plot wit...

In order to reduce the damage caused by late-season drought stress of canola, a factorial split plot experiment was performed on the basis of the randomized complete blocks design with three replic...

Background and Objective: The increase in growth after receiving brassinolide may vary between species. The main growth factors which may directly reflect to yield are functional leaf, shoot and root segment. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of exogenous application of BL on growth of leaves, shoots and roots segments of fig. Materials and Methods: The experiment was arranged as Split Plot Randomized Complete Block Design (SRCBD) with 4 replications. Two fig cultivars Improved BrownTurkey (IBT) and Masui Dauphine (MD) were considered as a main plot and four level (0, 50, 100 and 200 mL LG1) of BL concentration asa sub plot. Experiment was conducted in an open field at Ladang 15, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor,Malaysia, from May-December, 2017. Data was recorded weekly and monthly. Results: The results showed that growth of fig was affected by brassinolide levels and cultivars. Application of 50-200 mL LG1 BL increased growth of fig on leaves, shoots and roots segments in weekly and monthly observations. There was significant difference treatment of brassinolide and cultivar alone on growth of fig. Inaverage, concentration of brassinolide at 200 ML LG1 resulted highest growth performance of fig. The highest growth value of interaction between brassinolide and fig variety was on treatment of IBT+200 ML LG1. Between the varieties, IBT showed higher growth than MD.Significant negative correlation was noted only on between RL with RAD. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that growth of fig on leaves, shoots and roots segments was affected by brassinolide levels and cultivars.

Active-optical (AO) sensors have been used in several crops as a yield-prediction tool for N management, but not in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The need for in-season N and its rate can be determined through using a yield and AO relationship. By comparing predicted yield from an area of sufficient N to another area of the field, the yield difference multiplied by the N required for the additional yield results in the fertilizer N rate. This study was conducted to determine what parameters, including plant height and plant stand, would be most useful in relating AO sensor readings to sunflower yield. The experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 on a total of 20 locations in North Dakota. The experimental design was a split-plot randomized complete block, with six N rates as the main plot treatments and P rate (four in 2015 and two in 2016) as split plot treatment. Since P had no influence on yield, it was ignored in this study. The AO sensors were the GreenSeeker and Holland Crop Circle. The AO sensors were used when the sunflower was at the V6 and V12 growth stages. Manual height and an acoustic height sensor were used on most sites at the time of AO sensor readings. Sensor readings with and without consideration of crop height were subjected to regression analysis with crop yield. The AO sensor readings were related to confection sunflower yield, but not oilseed sunflower yield. Oilseed sunflower yield was most related to crop height.

The present study was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Agricultural Research Center, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Governorate, Egypt during 2017 and 2018 seasons to study the effect of intercropping maize {Zea mays, L.} cv. Tri hybrid cross Nefertiti - 3 as main crop with cow pea {Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp} cv. Carem-1 as secondary crop at nine treatments, three planting dates: T1 cow pea planted on the same day with maize, T2 cow pea planted after 15 days of maize planting and T3 cow pea planted after 30 days of maize planting as well as three cutting dates of cow pea taking one cut on different dates:D1 cutting after 45 days from sowing or D2 cutting after 60 days from sowing or D3 cutting after 75 days from sowing, beside of pure stands for maize and cow pea as a recommended. The performed experiment was designed as a randomized complete block using split plot arrangement with three replications.

The current work was carried out during 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons at the Experimental Farm of Agriculture Faculty, South Valley University, Qena Governorate, Egypt to study the direct and indirect effects of yield attributes on forage and seed yields of alfalfa. Six alfalfa genotypes from Egypt (Aswan population, Balady population, El-Dakhla population, Ismalia-1 cultivar, and nitrogen fixing population and Siwa population) beside one variety from USA (Genan) were used in this study. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design using split plot arrangement with three replications. Three sowing dates of 20th October (D1), 20th November (D2) and 20th December (D3) were allocated in the main plot while the seven alfalfa genotypes were arranged in the sub plots. Three cuts were taken from each sowing date at 80, 125 and 165 days after sowing at 80, 45- and 40-day intervals, respectively. After taking three cuts, the plants were left out until flowering and seed production which take place in the first week of April, May and June for studied sowing dates, respectively. The obtained results show that, the Ismalia-1 cultivar exceeded the other tested genotypes for seasonal fresh forage yield trait (6.16 kg m-2) under third planting date (20th December) while, El-Dakhla genotype superior with regard to seasonal dry forage yield (2.00 kg m-2) under the same planting date. Otherwise, Aswan population produced the maximum mean values of Seasonal protein forage yield (0.60 kg m-2) under second planting date (20th November). In addition, Genan cultivar which was introduced from USA gave the maximum seed yield plant (1.20 g) under the first planting date (20th October). Furthermore, the obtained results show that the fresh forage yield had the greatest influence on protein forage yield in each sowing date. Meantime, the results of path analysis show that, number of seeds/pod and number of pods/plant considered the most effective traits in seed yield/plant of alfalfa. Moreover, negative correlation between seed yield/plant and 1000-seed weight was observed. Therefore, selection for improving seed yield/plant may be carried directly through selection for number of seeds/pod and number of pods/plant.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the response some chickpea varieties to zinc fertilization. In other words to enrich the zinc (an essential element) content of chickpea grain by fertilization. Because of the lack of zinc not only leads to a reduction in product yield, but also a reduction in quality. Fertilizer application is one of the important agricultural approaches to increase the quality. We hypotheized that different chickpea varieties were fertilized with zinc and compared with control in a two-year study under rainfed field conditions, as well as farmer cultivation. A randomized complete block experimental design in split plot arrangements with three replications was used. Ten chickpea varieties as main plots and zinc treatments as split plots were selected. According to obtained results there were significant differences among its varieties. For instance, in 2012 the best result was obtained from zinc application of Uzunlu-99 variety with 51.00 mg kg-1 and in 2013 the best outcome was obtained from zinc application of 64.33 mg kg-1 ILC-195. And also our findings provided that zinc fertilizing a crops such a chickpea for better biofortification under zinc poor soils. When the average values were taken into consideration, our experiment concludes that the concentration of zinc in grain increased with zinc fertilizer application.

Different types of bean cultivars are cultivated by farmers worldwide, but some of these cultivars are capable of dual-purpose cultivation with the aim of simultaneously harvesting dry grains and green pods in one growing season. So, in order to assess the possibility of dual-purpose cultivation of beans, determine the yield of green pods, dry grain yield, product value and Marginal Gross Benefit, 9 lines were evaluated in a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 and 2017 in the seed and plant improvement institute, Karaj, Iran. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the lines for the studied traits. In dual-purpose cultivation of beans, line KS940144 had the highest yield (6983 kg ha-1) and value (2444 US$) of green pods. Line KS920159 had the highest yield (2068 kg ha-1) and value (2440 US$) of dry grains. In view point of the value of the product (green pods and dry grains), although the Dorsa cultivar showed the highest yield and value than dual-purpose cultivation of lines, but, because of climate change and high production risk for cultivating single-purpose cultivars, the dual-purpose cultivation of some of selected lines, for example KS940144 and KS10073 lines, could be have an appropriate income and sustainability for farmers.

Cotton is an imperious cash crop of Pakistan and change in climatic conditions are continuously limiting its production across the globe. Sowing time is an important agronomic consideration which should be optimized to ensure better cotton yield and quality. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the potential of cotton genotypes under varied planting times at cotton research institute, Multan during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was comprised of four cotton genotypes IUB-13, MNH-1016, MNH-1020 and MNH-1026 and eight different sowing times viz 1st March, 16th March, 1st April, 16th April, 1st May, 16th May, 1st June and 16th June. The experiment was performed in RCBD with split plot arrangement and was repeated thrice. Sowing times were placed in main plot and cultivars were placed in sub plots. Results revealed that seed cotton yield and fiber strength was more when cotton was planted early between 1st March to 16th April compared to late planted cotton (1st May to 16th June). Highest seed cotton yield was obtained when cotton was sown on 1st April during first year (3946 kg ha-1) and 16th March during second year (3307 kg ha-1). Minimum seed cotton yield (852, 299 kg ha-1) during both years was obtained when cotton was sown on 16th June. Among cotton genotypes highest seed cotton yield was recorded in MNH-1020 during first year (3021 kg ha-1) and MNH-1016 during second year (2150 kg ha-1). However, minimum seed cotton yield, ginning out turn (38.9, 36.6%) and fiber length (27.6, 26.8 cm) were recorded in IUB-13 during both years. MNH-1020 had highest ginning out turn (41.1, 39.3%), fiber strength (35.88, 40.44 g/tex) and fiber length (28.7, 29.2 cm) during both years. MNH-1020 was also least effected with cotton leaf curl virus when planted on 1st March during first year (25.0%) and 16th march sowing during second year (3.0%). In conclusion, cotton cultivar MNH-1020 can sown from 1st March to 16th April in order to get better cotton yield and quality.

In Egypt, we have a big gap between our production and consumption of edible oil accounted by more than 95%. In recent few years many attempts and efforts were pushed to increase our production, one of these attempts is intercropping of oil summer crops with maize to increase the production in addition to provide the soil with natural nitrogen. Therefore, two field experiments were carried out at Mallawi Agricultural Research Station, Minia, ARC, during 2018 and 2019 seasons, to study the effect of intercropping three oil crops on productivity, quality and profitability of maize and using different rates of N nano + mineral fertilizer .A complete Randomized Block Design in a split plot arrangement. Main plots were devoted for the following soybean, groundnut and sesame 50% of the recommended. The following rates of fertilizer , 100 % N mineral fertilizer, 100% N nano fertilizer,75% nano+25% mineral fertilizer, 50% nano + 50% mineral fertilizer and 25 % nano+ 75% mineral fertilizer added for maize and three oil crops from recommended does were allocated in the sub- plots. The intercropping groundnut with maize gave the highest values of grain yield (23.25 & 21.61) ardab/fad in the both seasons respectively. The intercropping groundnut with maize and using 75% N nano fertilizer +25% N mineral fertilizers recorded the highest values for land Equivalent Ratio (LER). The pattern of maize- 50% groundnut intercrop fertilized with 75% nano fertilizer N +25% mineral fertilizer N of the recommended for maize were more profitable for farmer.

This research was carried out on a sandy loam soil during two consecutive seasonsof 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, South ValleyUniversity at Qena, Egypt. The recommended N (mineral), FMC "Filter Mud Cake” and bio-fertilizer(Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum lipoferum) were applied alone and in various combinationsamong them on two bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) Giza-168 and Sids-12 to study theireffects on total chlorophyll content, spike length, 1000-grain weight, grain, straw and biologicalyields/fad., and protein percentage. The experiment was arranged in a split plot based on randomizedcomplete block design with four replications. The results showed that the application of Bio and FMCin combination with nitrogen fertilization T11 (50% mineral N +50% N as FMC +N Bio) and T12 (25%mineral N +75% N as FMC +N Bio) significantly increased all characters studied: i.e. Spike length,1000-grain weight, grain, straw and biological yields (ton/fad.) in both seasons.

Cauliflower is one of vegetable commodities mostly consumed. The study aimed to determine fertigation interval and application of soil ameliorants including the types, doses, and frequency that are appropriate for the growth and productivity of cauliflower plants in coastal sandy land. The research was carried out in the sandy beach area of Jetis, Banjarsari Village, Nusawungu District, Cilacap Regency from April 2017 to September 2017. The study was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) factorial split plot. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by DMRT at 5 %. The results showed that (1) the fertigation interval did not significantly affect the growth, yield and physiology variables of cauliflower plants; (2) the frequency of soil ameliorants application had significant effect on the variable growth and yield of cauliflower plants. The application of soil ameliorants every season gave the best results compared to application every two seasons; (3) the application of soil ameliorants of Vertisol soil and manure could increase growth and yield variables compared but did not affect the physiology of cauliflower plants.

Reduction of leaf area significantly affects maize productivity, due to its low plasticity. Thus, appropriate water application can minimize this problem, considering that under favorable water conditions the plant would express its maximum production potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of irrigation on the productive performance of sweet corn submitted to different defoliation levels at the beginning of crop cycle. The experimental design was a randomized block design, arranged in split plot scheme; plots consisting of four water depths [50, 75, 100 and 125% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc)] and the subplots consisted of three defoliation levels [0% (control); 35% (removal of four fully expanded leaves), 100% (total removal of leaves, shoot section)], with three replicates. The use of irrigation has a positive influence on recovery of damages caused by defoliation at the initial development stages of sweet corn, and the success of irrigation management, as a strategy to mitigate damages caused by defoliation, depends on the level of the lost leaf area and the amount of water used. RESUMO A redução da área foliar afeta drasticamente a produtividade do milho, em função da sua baixa plasticidade. Assim, aplicação adequada de água pode minimizar este problema, tendo em vista que, em condições hídricas favoráveis, a planta expressaria seu potencial máximo de produção. Avaliou-se a influência da irrigação no desempenho produtivo do milho doce submetido a diferentes níveis de desfolha no início do ciclo da cultura. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas quatro lâminas de irrigação [50, 75, 100 e 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc)] e nas subparcelas três níveis de desfolha [0% (testemunha); 35% (remoção de quatro folhas completamente expandidas); 100% (remoção total das folhas, secção da parte aérea)], com três repetições. O emprego de irrigação apresenta influência positiva na recuperação de danos ocasionados por desfolha em estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento do milho doce, sendo que, o sucesso no manejo da irrigação como estratégia para atenuar os prejuízos ocasionados pela desfolha, depende do nível da área foliar perdida e da lâmina de água empregada.

The interference imposed by weeds can cause damages to cassava development. Thus, adopting control measures is fundamental. The use of pre-emergence herbicides is one of the control alternatives, since cassava presents a good tolerance to herbicides applied in this modality. However, herbicides may present differential selectivity due to the variety of cassava that is planted. The objective of this study was to evaluate both weed control effectiveness and selectivity of different herbicide combinations applied at pre-emergence of two cassava varieties. Two experiments were established in the field using a randomized complete block design, in a split plot scheme, with four replications. In the efficacy experiment, application of six combinations of herbicides, including clomazone + ametryn, clomazone + metribuzin, clomazone + flumioxazin, isoxaflutole + ametryn, isoxaflutole + metribuzin, isoxaflutole + flumioxazin were evaluated in the main plot. In addition, a non-treated control and a weeded control were evaluated. In the subplots, the Caravela and Pretinha varieties were planted. For the selectivity experiment, a non-treated control was not included. The combinations containing clomazone presented a longer residual period of weed control as well as a better control of benghal dayflower. Metribuzin exhibited lower efficacy than other herbicide combinations containing clomazone or isoxaflutole. The Pretinha variety showed greater tolerance to weed interference. Every herbicide combination that was applied in cassava pre-emergence presented selectivity for both Caravela and Pretinha varieties. A interferência de plantas daninhas prejudica o desenvolvimento da mandioca, sendo fundamental a adoção de medidas de controle. A utilização de herbicidas em pré-emergência é uma das alternativas de controle de plantas daninhas, visto que a mandioca apresenta boa tolerância a esta modalidade de aplicação. Mesmo herbicidas registrados podem apresentar seletividade diferencial em função da variedade de mandioca. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia no controle de plantas daninhas e a seletividade de associações herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência de variedades de mandioca. Dois experimentos foram instalados a campo no delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. No experimento de eficácia, foram avaliadas na parcela principal seis associações herbicidas compostas pela aplicação de clomazone + ametryn, clomazone + metribuzin, clomazone + flumioxazin, isoxaflutole + ametryn, isoxaflutole + metribuzin, isoxaflutole + flumioxazin, além de testemunha sem capina e outra capinada. Nas subparcelas foram plantadas as variedades Caravela e Pretinha. Para o experimento de seletividade não houve a inclusão da testemunha sem aplicação e sem capina. As associações herbicidas contendo clomazone apresentaram maior período residual de controle de plantas daninhas, além de maior eficácia sobre trapoeraba. Entre os herbicidas associados ao clomazone ou isoxaflutole, o metribuzin foi o que apresentou menor eficácia. A variedade Pretinha apresenta maior tolerância a interferência das plantas daninhas. Todas as associações herbicidas aplicadas em pré-emergência da mandioca apresentaram seletividade para as variedades Caravela e Pretinha.

Tepary bean is a crop that is slowly gaining momentum into the cropping system of Botswana. A study was conducted to determine the effect of planting date on yield and yield components of tepary bean and identify the optimum sowing of the crop. A rain-fed experiment was conducted for two seasons (2012 to 2014), using a randomized complete block design replicated three times in a split plot with three sowing dates in main plots and the nine genotypes in sub plots. Genotype × planting date interaction was not significant among the characters (100 seed weight, shoot dry weight, seed yield, crop loss, plant population, and plant height) which implied stability of the utilized genotypes. However, planting dates and year, and also the interaction between planting date and year were highly significant (P>0.001) for all the characters. Plant height had greater association with shoot dry weight (0.783), 100 seed weight (0.70) and seed yield (0.65), suggesting that it is a character which can be useful in selection for improving the tepary bean productivity. Sowing tepary bean in December and January were found to be good options for farmers in the southern part of Botswana. Key words: Genotype, planting date, tepary bean, yield, yield components.

Objective: The study was carried out, on the rice perimeter of Southern Benin, to evaluate the response of irrigated and lowland rice varieties to the complete and partial submergence using agro-morphological traits. Method: Thus, 15 rice varieties were submerged in the field during 60 days according to split plot experimental design with two factors and three replications. Agro-morphological parameters such as plant height, number of tillers, the distance of internodes and the number of internodes were measured respectively at 13 days and 45 days. After harvest, some traits such as length, width and thickness of grains, panicle length, number of primary and secondary branches, the average number of empty grains and full grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight were recorded. Results: Very highly significant (P ≤ 0.0001) differences were identified between agro morphological parameters according to the type of submergence while the factor type of immersion has significant influence on the number of internodes at 45 days after transplanting (P ≤ 0.01). The submergence was not significant effect on tillering and length of internodes. Conclusion: The plant height, the weight of thousand grains and the average number of empty grains per panicle constitute key aspects and have been essential for evaluating tolerance to submergence in Benin.

Weed competition has been identified as one of the major obstacles in crop production. The produc-tion of groundnut is limited by high weed infestation resulting in yield losses ranging from 50 - 80% in Nigeria. Hence, the need to evaluate integrated weed control in its production. Field trials were there-fore conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (7o 20’ N, 30 23’ E) to evaluate the influence of inter-row spacing and weed control methods on growth and yield of groundnut during the wet seasons in 2009 and 2010. The experiment was a Randomised Complete Design (RCBD) laid out in a split plot with three replications. The main plot treatment con-sisted of three inter-row spacings of 60 cm, 75 cm and 90 cm while the subplots included five weed control treatments of commercial formulation of metolachlor plus promethyne mixture (codal) at 1.0 kg a.i/ha, codal at 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS), codal at 2 kg a.i./ha, hoe weeding at 3, 6 and 9 WAS and a weedy check. Inter-row spacings of 60 cm and 75 cm reduced weed growth with consequent higher yields compared to the inter-row spacings of 90 cm in the early season of 2009. Application of codal at 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6 WAS combined with 60cm inter-row spacing gave effective weed control and higher groundnut pod yield than hoe-weeded control in both years of experimentation.

Soil salinity is a concern in the wake of climate change challenges due to rising sea levels and coastal salinity in Papua New Guinea. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in Split Plot de...

Determining of suitable planting pattern for new crop varieties is very important to obtain maximum seed yield. Study of Sofeh planting pattern was conducted at the Kabootar-Abaad Agriculture Research Station of Esfahan during 2010-2011. A randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement with four replications was used. Main plots were four row distances (25, 35, 45 and 55 cm) and sub plots were three plant densities (30, 40 and 50 plants m 2 ). Physiological ripening stage period was not significantly affected by row distance and plant density. Increasing in plant density caused increasing branches. Row distance and plant density had a significant effect on no. of heads per plant and no. of heads per m 2 . Because of competition among plants, as row distance and plant density increased, no. of heads per plant decreased. By increasing row distance no. of head per m 2 decreased, but by increasing plant density it increased and this had a similar trend to no. of plant per m 2 variations. No of seeds per head significantly affected by row distance, but not affected by plant density. As row distance increased no. of seeds per head increased and this can be related to decreasing of no. of heads per plant. Effects of row distance and plant density were not significant on main head diameter, 1000 seeds weight and oil percent. Generally by increasing density plant seed yield decreased, but seed yield increased. Competition among plants is the reason for decreasing plant seed yield and more no. of plant per m 2 is the reason for increasing of seed yield. The highest seed yield (2428 kg h -1 ) obtained from 25 cm row distance and 50 plants per m 2 .

Mutation is one of the ways to improve genetic variation in plant breeding so the target traits were more easily obtained. Grains of three varieties of maize (Bisma, Madura local, and Gumarang) were treated with gamma 60cobalt irradiation doses (0, 100, 200, and 300 Gy) before sowing then planted in a split plot randomized block design with three replication, to be evaluated for their morphology and agronomic traits. The Main plot was cultivars and sub plot was gamma radiation rates. There was no interaction between gamma rates and cultivars of maize, but increasing of gamma rates caused decreasing of some traits. Some traits such as plant height and leaves number were decreased significantly when gamma rate increased 100 to 300 Gy as well yield components such as grain weight and grain number per ear. Gamma 200 caused produce more ears than other rates. Bisma exhibited greater performance than Madura and Gumarang both of morphology and agronomic traits.

Field experiments were conducted in two seasons at the farm of Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania (6.85°S; 37.64°E and 568 m.a.s.l.) during the short rain (November 2014 to January 2015) and the long rain (March to June 2015). The experiment was a split plot in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replicates. Weed management practices (herbicides, hoe weeding (3x) and weedy) were the main plot treatments; four rice genotypes (NERICA-1, NERICA-4, NERICA-7 and Mwangaza) were the subplots. Significant differences (P

The great challenge of breeding programs focused on tolerance to water stress is the precise, in large scale, and automated phenotyping. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess whether the controlled conditions of SITIS Automated Phenotyping Platform and the protocol used are suitable for discriminating cultivars of common bean and soybean for tolerance to this stress. Two experiments were carried out in randomized block design, in a split plot scheme, with four replications. The main plots had five water regimes, applied after flowering: daily replacement of 100 (control), 80, 60, 40, and 20% of water evapotranspired in control. The subplots consisted of two common bean cultivars (BRS Pontal and BRS Pérola) in the 1st experiment, and two soybean cultivars (MG/BR 46 Conquista and BR-16) in the 2nd one. In each species, the first cultivar is more tolerant to water stress, and the second one is more susceptible. It is possible to use the SITIS Platform and the proposed protocol to evaluate common bean and soybean cultivars for tolerance to water stress. The common bean cultivars evaluated were more sensitive to this stress than soybeans. The best water status of cultivars BRS Pontal and MG/BR 46 Conquista under water stress confirmed their greater tolerance. O grande desafio dos programas de melhoramento com foco na tolerância à deficiência hídrica é a fenotipagem precisa, em larga escala e automatizada. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar se as condições controladas da Plataforma Automatizada de Fenotipagem SITIS e o protocolo utilizado são adequados para discriminar cultivares de feijão e soja quanto à tolerância a esse estresse. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram conduzidos cinco regimes hídricos, aplicados após a floração: reposição diária de 100 (controle), 80, 60, 40 e 20% da água evapotranspirada no controle. As subparcelas consistiram de duas cultivares de feijão (BRS Pontal e BRS Pérola), no 1º experimento, e duas de soja (MG/BR 46 Conquista e BR-16), no 2º. Em cada espécie, a primeira cultivar é mais tolerante à deficiência hídrica e a segunda é mais suscetível. É possível usar a Plataforma SITIS e o protocolo proposto para avaliar cultivares de feijão e soja quanto à tolerância à deficiência hídrica. As cultivares de feijão foram mais sensíveis a esse estresse do que as de soja. O melhor status hídrico das cultivares BRS Pontal e MG/BR 46 Conquista sob deficiência hídrica confirmou sua maior tolerância a esse estresse.

Breeding drought tolerance in groundnuts cultivars would reduce yield losses due to drought stress in rain-fed growing areas. The mode of gene action governing the inheritance of drought tolerance and secondary traits was investigated by mating 30 lines according to North Carolina design II scheme. The parents and resulting 75 F2 progenies were grown in a split plot arrangement using an alpha lattice design, with two replications under drought and non-stressed environments for two seasons. The trials were conducted over two seasons, in 2017 A and 2017 B at the National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute, located 27 km west of Soroti town in eastern Uganda. The results showed highly significant differences between families and parents for drought tolerance and agronomic traits. Traits including BIO, DTI(PY), DTI (BIO) and HI had the highest correlations with PY. HI was positively associated with no. of pods per plant under drought stressed and non-stressed environments. Under drought stressed environment, GCA was more important than SCA for traits such as SCMR2, and HI. However, SCA was more important than GCA for traits such as SCMR2, PY, BIO, DTI(PY), and DTI (BIO). The study identified parents with best GCA and combinations with best SCA effects for both agronomic and drought tolerance traits. The new population is shown to be a valuable genetic resource for variety selection and improvement of groundnut for adaptation to the drought prone areas of Uganda.

This study aims to compare the agronomic performance and the productivity of the corn hybrid AG 1051 and the Incaper Capixaba 203 variety in function of different nitrogen (N) doses in coverage. The experiment was held at the Federal Institute of Espirito Santo - Campus Santa Teresa. The design was of randomized blocks and the treatments were arranged in a split plot scheme, with four repetitions. The plots were represented by two corn genotypes and the subplots consisted of five N doses coverage: 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1 N. After flowering, the plant height, stem diameter, the height of ear insert and the number of leaves per plant were evaluated. After harvest, the number of grains per spike, the 1000 grain and grain productivity were evaluated. All N dosages influenced all the features evaluated for both genotypes, which showed an increase with the increasing dose of the nutrient. The differences between the genetic materials to all the analyzed variables, except in grain productivity were found. The N dose estimated provides greater productivity for average grain (8785.98 kg ha-1) for both genotypes 207.17 kg ha-1 of N. Key words: Genetic material, levels of nitrogen, productivity, urea, Zea mays.

The implementation of the Municipal Ordinance No6425 in Junin, Buenos Aires, Argentina (34°28'5S; 60°52'W) will impose a restriction to continue the current production practices by defining a “buffer area”. In this context it would be interesting to evaluate non-traditional crops for this zone and the implementation of sustainable practices. The aim of this work was to study the productive feasibility of two globe artichoke hybrids and their response to Azospirillum brasilense inoculation. The trial essay was carried out in the Experimental Field of Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA). Two commercial seed propagated hybrids were used: 'Opal' and 'Madrigal'. Transplant was performed on June 27, 2014. Both hybrids were drenched with a formulation of Azospirillum brasilense strain AZ39 (50 cm3 plant-1, 1×10(7) cfu mL-1) provided by the PGPR working group from Universidad Nacional de Lujan. Non-inoculated plants were used as control. The experimental design was a split plot with 12 replications, with hybrids in the main plot and inoculation treatments in the subplot. Yield, average capitulum weight and number of capitula were recorded and analyses of variance were conducted. Yield was significantly influenced by the hybrid (2.90 kg plant-1 for 'Opal', 4.40 kg plant-1 for 'Madrigal'), as well as by inoculation treatment (3.4 kg plant-1 for control, 3.9 kg plant-1 for treated plants), without significant effect of interaction. Capitula per plant were significantly modified by the hybrid, with a mean of 21 for 'Opal' and 35 for 'Madrigal', while the average capitulum weight was influenced by the interaction of both treatments, with no significant differences attributable to the inoculation in 'Opal' (average weight of 137 g) and a significant increase on capitulum weight in inoculated plants of 'Madrigal' (136 vs. 120 g).

Fish pond effluent (PW) was evaluated with poultry manure (PM), pig manure (PG) and the inorganic fertilizer (NPK15:15:15) for effectiveness as an organic fertilizer. Experimental plots were laid out as a split plot in RCBD with four main treatments consisting of PW, PM, PG and NPK, and five sub-treatments consisting of nitrogen (N) rates of 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kgha -1 . The results showed that soil pH increased slightly beyond pre-treatment level at the first rates of manures and NPK but did not increase further as rates increased. Plots treated with PW were significantly (P NPK > PW > PG, and fruit yield in the order PM > NPK = PG > PW. The growth of pineapple increased with incremental rates of manures from about 3tha -1 in the control to about 9 tha -1 at the manure rates that supplied N at 300 - 450 kg Nha -1 (P< 0.05), before dropping at 600 kg Nha -1 .

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características nutricionais, os cortes histológicos e a digestibilidade in vitro de plantas de milho colhidas no estágio de 90 dias após o plantio. Os tratamentos compreenderam cinco tipos de milho: um híbrido AG1051 e quatro cultivares de polinização aberta, e duas estratégias de colheita: milho planta inteira e plantas de milho sem espigas. As variedades de milho utilizadas foram: Alagoano, Branquinha, São Luiz e Viçosence. Os tratamentos foram ajustados em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três repetições em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com as variedades como parcelas principais e as estratégias de colheita como subparcelas. Dentre as variedades selecionadas, as que obtiveram os maiores valores para a PB no milho sem espiga foram as cultivares Alagoano e Viçosence. Para o NDT no milho sem espiga, as variedades que obtiveram os melhores valores (P

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and gross yield of sugar and ethanol of first-year sugarcane with water-saving irrigation via hose-drawn traveller using a line of sprinklers. The experimental design was randomized blocks, analyzed in a split plot scheme with four replications. The factors evaluated in the plots consisted of five levels water-saving irrigation applied after planting (0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mm). The subplots were represented by four evaluation periods (90, 170, 250 and 330 days after planting - DAP). The sugar yield and gross alcohol yield were evaluated punctually at the end of the cycle to 330 DAP. In the central lines of the subplots, the morphological characteristics relative to plant height, culm diameter, internodes length, number of sugarcane plants, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf length and leaf width, were evaluated. The gross yields of sugar and alcohol were calculated using the raw sugar value determined by technological analysis of the broth from a sample with 12 culms per experimental unit. Water-saving irrigation provides a positive effect on leaf length, leaf area, plant height and number of sugarcane plants. Water-saving irrigation of 75 mm definitely promotes an increase of 30% in gross sugar and alcohol yield. Key words: Saccharum officinarum L., hose-drawn traveller, alcohol yield, water deficit.

A small-plot experiment was conducted in south-west Ireland to investigate (i) the effects of pre-closing regrowth interval and closing date on dry-matter (DM) yield and sward structural and composition characteristics, during the autumn–winter and spring opening periods, and (ii) subsequent carryover effects. The study used a randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of treatments (4 closing dates × 2 opening dates) with a split plot (two pre-closing regrowth intervals). The long pre-closing (LPC) interval began on 9 August, and the short pre-closing interval (SPC) started on 15 September. The autumn closing dates were as follows: 1 October (CD1), 15 October (CD2), 1 November (CD3) and 14 November (CD4). Plots were defoliated again on 1 February (EOD) or 1 March (LOD). On the LPC treatment, herbage yield increased from CD1 (2463 kg DM ha−1) to CD3 (3185 kg DM ha−1). On the SPC treatment, herbage yield was similar for CD3 and CD4, indicating a ceiling in herbage accumulation. For each 1-d delay in closing date between CD1 and CD4, the opening herbage yield was reduced by 10 kg DM ha−1. Herbage quality decreased as the closing date was delayed; DMD and CP decreased by 0·06 and 12 g kg DM−1, respectively, between CD1 and CD4. The EOD resulted in increased leaf and decreased dead proportions over the LOD treatments. A balance between autumn CD and spring OD needs to be achieved to ensure a sufficient supply of high-quality grass in spring.

In Brazil, the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important nutrient source for the human population due to their protein and energy characteristics. Objective was to evaluate the growth characteristics and production of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. BRS Estilo) submitted to different NPK formulations and water replacement levels. The experimental design was a randomized block, split plot, where the plots were composed of four levels of

The beans in addition to being one of the staple foods of the population, is also a source of protein for the underprivileged classes of the population. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and fertilization with nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in the production of dry matter of leaf, stem and of shoot of bean. The experimental design adopted was the randomized blocks, analyzed in a split plot scheme 4 x 7 totaling 28 treatments with

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of nitrogen and flower pruning on morphological characteristics, seed yield and silymarin content of Milk thistle. The experiment was conducted as split plot, in which the main factor was nitrogen at three levels of 0 (N0), 50 (N50) and 100 (N100) kg/ha, and the sub factor was pruning at three levels; without pruning (P0), pruning of one flower (P1) and two flowers (P2). Results indicated that the interaction between nitrogen and flower pruning had significant effect on plant height, as maximum and minimum plant height were obtained from N100P2 and N50P1 treatments, respectively. The highest and the lowest seed yield were found in the N50P2 and N0P0 treatments, respectively. Number of seeds per capitula was decreased by increasing the flower pruning. Capitula diameter was also increased by increasing N levels. The interaction of nitrogen levels and flower pruning had significant effect on content of silymarin, silybin, silicristin, and silydianin. The ...

In Faranah Province (Guinea), the ratio of supply and demand of corn is approximately 1:2. The production is low and the deficit is covered by maize importation. This study was initiated in order to improve corn production by evaluating the effects of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers on the yield and economic profitability of corn. The experiment was conducted on a farm in Kamedankoude in a split plot with three replicates. Treatments included two varieties of maize (Perta and Kilissi113) and five doses of chemical fertilizers (D0=unfertilized control, D1=300 kg NPKS+200 kg urea • hm−2; D2=400 kg NPKS+800 kg urea • hm−2; D3= 200 kg NPKS+400 kg urea • hm−2 and D4=500 kg NPKS+600 kg urea • hm−2). The results showed that all the agronomic parameters increased with increasing dose of fertilizers, except for the number of ears per plant. The two varieties of corn tested produced similar yields. However, the profitability of mineral fertilizers decreased with increased doses and with value/cost ratio of 3. We recommended a mineral fertilizer dose of 300 kg NPKS + 200 kg urea. The high prices of mineral fertilizers were often barriers to intensive maize cultivation, especially for low-income farmers. This study was a contribution to rational fertilization and adapted the socio-economic conditions of the region, with the background knowledge that most farmers in the regions earned low incomes.

Reductions in soybean yields are mainly linked to the occurrence of dry spells, which are becoming more frequent due to climate change. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate soybean cultivars irrigated with different water depths under center pivot. The experiment was conducted during the 2014/15 growing season, under center-pivot irrigation in Chapadão do Sul, MS, Brazil. The design was a randomized block in split plot with four replicates, where plots consisted of 4 water depths (0, 50, 75 and 100% of crop evapotranspiration - ETc) and the subplots of 6 soybean cultivars (NA 5909 RR, DM 5958 IPRO, Anta 82 RR, M 7110 IPRO, Desafio RR, M 7739 IPRO). The cultivar Desafio RR was the one that best responded to irrigation, increasing yield to 6174 kg ha-1 against 3798 kg ha-1 under rainfed condition. The highest yield under rainfed condition was obtained by the cultivar NA 5909 RR, reaching 4806 kg ha-1. This shows that some cultivars can respond positively to irrigation, resulting in increased yield, depending on the genetic characteristics of each one. RESUMO As reduções de produção de soja no Brasil estão ligadas principalmente à ocorrência de veranicos, os quais estão cada vez mais frequentes devido às mudanças climáticas. Sendo assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar diferentes lâminas de irrigação em cultivares de soja irrigadas em pivô central. O trabalho foi realizado no ano agrícola 2014/15, no município de Chapadão do Sul, MS. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições, onde as parcelas constaram de 4 lâminas de irrigação (0, 50, 75 e 100% da Evapotranspiração da Cultura - ETc), e as subparcelas de 6 cultivares de soja (NA 5909 RR, DM 5958 IPRO, Anta 82 RR, M 7110 IPRO, Desafio RR, M 7739 IPRO). A cultivar Desafio RR foi a que mais respondeu à irrigação, alcançando produtividade de 6174 kg ha-1 com a reposição de 50% da ETc, contra 3798 kg ha-1 na condição de sequeiro. A maior produtividade no sequeiro foi com a cultivar Na 5909 RR, chegando a 4806 kg ha-1, indicando que a resposta da cultura à irrigação está relacionada principalmente às características genéticas de cada cultivar.

RESUMO: O crescimento excessivo da parte aérea do feijoeiro pode aumentar o acamamento das plantas e promover fechamento muito rápido da cultura, limitando a produtividade de grãos. O uso de reguladores de crescimento, como o ácido 2,3,5-triiodobenzoico (TIBA), pode reduzir o crescimento das plantas, porém, não existem informações sobre o uso dessa tecnologia na cultura do feijão. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de doses de TIBA (0, 8, 16, 32, 64 e 128g do i.a. ha-1) sobre o crescimento e a produtividade de grãos de duas cultivares de feijão ('IAC Alvorada' e 'IAC Jabola'). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. A aplicação de TIBA reduziu o comprimento da maior haste de ambas as cultivares, até a dose média estimada de 100g ha-1 de TIBA. A altura de inserção da primeira vagem foi reduzida apenas na cultivar IAC Alvorada até a dose de 88g ha-1 de TIBA. A aplicação de TIBA reduziu em 10% o número de grãos por vagem. A utilização de TIBA não afetou a produtividade de grãos, sendo uma alternativa para diminuir o porte das plantas de feijão. ABSTRACT: The excessive aboveground growth of common bean can increase plant lodging and promote very rapid canopy closing, limiting grain yield. The use of growth regulators, such as 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), can reduce plant growth, however, there is no information on the use of this technology in the common bean crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of TIBA rates (0, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128g a.i. ha-1) on growth and grain yield of two common bean cultivars ('IAC Alvorada' and 'IAC Jabola'). The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in a split plot scheme, with four replications. The application of TIBA reduced the stem length of both cultivars, to the average estimated rate of 100 g ha-1 TIBA. Height of insertion of the first pod was reduced only in IAC Alvorada up to rate of 88 g ha-1 TIBA. Application of TIBA reduced by 10% the number of grains per pod. The use of TIBA did not affect grain yield, being an alternative to reduce the size of the common bean plants.

Increasing plant capability to adapt on coastal land is very important aspect in the development alternative carbohydrate source food. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of ZA fertilizer and organic mulch on lesser yam’s adaptability based on its growth and yield. The experiment was conducted with a randomized completely block design arranged in a split plot with 3 replications. As the Main Plot were organic mulch levels, and as the Sub Plot were ZA fertilizer doses. The results showed that there was no interaction effect between ZA fertilizer and organic mulch on either growth or yield of lesser yam. Application of ZA fertilizer up to 200 kg ha improve lesser yam’s adaptability based on their vegetative growth. Organic mulch of rice paddy straw up to the rate of 20 ton ha-1 did not increase growth and yield of lesser yam in coastal sandy land.

This experiment was conducted using a split plot layout in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of agriculture faculty, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch during 2013 growing season. The main factor was seed priming with various Nano-sliver particle concentration including 4 levels of 0 (distilled water: control), 20, 40 and 60 ppm, the sub factor was safflower cultivars with 3 levels included: Sina, Faraman and IL111. Results showed that the effects of nanosilver on traits including: fertile and unfertile head number, numbers of seed in head, seed and oil yield were different significantly. The most seed yield was obtained in 40 ppm nanosilver (2180.63 kg/ha), that it produced 33.04 % more yield in compare with control. Also the most oil yield was obtained in 20 ppm nanosilver as 522.87 kg/ha, that it produced 30.8 % more yield as control (399.72 kg/ha). Furthermore the greatest amounts of seed yield were recorded by IL111 cultivar, as it obtained ...

In the cropping year 2013-2014, a split plot experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in a field in Pol-e Dokhtar in Lorestan Province to study the effects of planter type and seeding rates used in direct and customary planting practices. Results showed there were significant differences between planters with respect to percentage of broken seeds at the 1% level. Comparison of the means indicated the highest percentage of broken seeds (5.1%) belonged to the Barzagar-e Hamadani planter and the lowest to the Gaspardo and Sfoggia direct planters. Type of planter also influenced precision in longitudinal distance at the 5% level. Moreover, comparison of the means revealed that the best uniformity in appropriate longitudinal distance between seeds in planted rows was that of the Gaspardo and Sfoggia direct planters and the worst that of the Barzegar-e Hamadani planter and that the effects of various planters were significant at the 5% level. The Gaspardo and Sfoggia direct planters, with 88.26 and 86.49%, respectively, had the maximum uniformity in depth of planting, and the Barzegar-e Hamadani with 79.03% the minimum. ANOVA suggested the various planters were not significantly different in wheat yield, while the effects of seeding rate treatments on wheat seed yield were significant at the 5% level. Nevertheless, comparison of the means showed that the Gaspardo direct planter raised seed yield by 1.32 and 11.13% compared to the Sfoggia direct planter and the Barzegar-e Hamadani planter, respectively, and that it enjoyed relative superiority over them. Moreover, comparison of the means related to seeding rates indicated the 200 kg/ha rate increased seed yield by 11.05 and 24.36%, respectively, compared to the 160 and 240 kg/ha rates. Results of this research suggested direct planting with the Gaspardo planter at the seeding rate of 200 kg/ha achieved maximum seed yield. Therefore, this combination was recommended for the region.

Looseleaf and Romaine lettuce were grown in a vegetable experimental station in the University of the Philippines Los Banos to determine the effect of the different colored plastic mulch on the leaf morphological characteristics of the two lettuce varieties. A split plot following the Randomized Completely Block Design was used. Results of the study showed that red plastic mulch exhibited better response in terms of the different leaf morphology of the leaf lettuce. Lettuce leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf fresh and dry weight were higher when grown with red plastic mulch compared with the other colored plastic mulch. The result of the study showed that the color of the mulch had significant effect on the leaf morphological characteristics of the leaf lettuce.