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Goal. To study the peculiarities of the formation of the yield of the vegetative mass of sainfoin depending on the elements of the technology of its cultivation. Methods. Field experiment, measuring, and calculation — to account for yields. Results. In the process of increasing the vegetative mass of plants of sainfoin varieties, its more intensive growth occurred during the formation of the first hay cutting. The intensity of the increase in aboveground mass during the formation of the second hay cutting was almost twice lower. The most productive variety was Ametyst Donetskyi for the use of intensification measures, including inoculation and use of fertilizers. Conclusions. In the soil-climatic conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe at cultivation on low-humus typical chornozems sainfoin of the variety Ametyst Donetskyi forms the maximum yield of vegetative mass at the level of 43.03 t/ha for 2 hay cuttings when applying complete mineral fertilizer in the dose of N45R60K90 and pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with Ryzotorphin.

The present work was aimed in order to evaluate the decomposition process of remaining straw from oat cultivars submitted to different handling during the cultivation of corn for silage intercropped with Urochloa brizantha cv. MG13 Braúna. We considered nine oat cultivars named as follows: "IAPAR 61 IBIPORÃ" oat hay (61F), "IAPAR 61 IBIPORÃ" pasture (61P), "IAPAR 61 IBIPORÃ" cover crop (61SM), "Embrapa 139 (Fog)" oat hay (139F),"Embrapa 139 (Fog)" pasture (139P)," Embrapa 139 (Fog)" cover crop (139SM), "Emerald IPR 126" oat hay (EF), "Emerald IPR 126" grazed (EP) and "Emerald IPR 126" cover crop (ESM) from which we evaluated the decomposition of the remaining straw using the method of litter bags. The evaluations were carried out at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 108 days after sowing corn for silage intercropped with Brizantha brachiaria cv. MG13 Braúna (Urochloa brizantha). Every oat cultivar had three repetitions arranged in a split-plot design. We took into account the quantity of straw, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, carbon / nitrogen ratio, phosphorus and potassium. The results we got clarify that oat decomposition rate varied with the meteorological factors and initial mass, so that the greater the initial mass is, the longer the straw permanency and mulch effectiveness on the soil. The time the residual oat straw took to be decomposed depended on meteorological factors both during the cover crop developmental stage and the decomposition period itself. The higher the initial mass, the greater the time and effectiveness of mulching.

Carex is the most species-rich genus in the family of Cyperaceae. Carex with Phragmites australis or Bolboschoenus maritimus dominates in the building the plant cover of wet habitats. Value of mossy Carex as forage is too low, even in the hay [1]. Forage plants, as bottle sedge (Carex physodes, Carex subphysodes) growing on sand and sandy soil and Carex pachystylis growing on loamy grey soil, are distinguished by its high content in protein and being valuable forage plants [1].

The effects of sowing time and companion crop on hay yield, weed rate and some hay quality parameters of smooth bromegrass were determined in 2014 and 2015. Smooth bromegrass was sown in spring and summer period with or without wheat as a companion crop. The study was established according to the experimental design of randomized complete blocks in irrigated conditions with three replications. Sowings mixed with companion crop in spring produced higher dry matter yield in the first year and in the second year. Mixed sowing with companion crop decreased the rate of weeds in the first year from 76.7% to 7.8%. Sowing time was not effective on hay quality, but the use of companion crop decreased the crude protein content and increased ADF and NDF ratios in the establishment year.

It has been reported that root characteristics and canopy structure in an agroforestry system directly change the availability of underground and aboveground resources and climatic conditions and seriously affect crop growth and yield (Dufour et al. in J Agron Crop Sci 199: 217–227, 2013; Bouttier et al. in Agroforest Syst 88: 693–706, 2016; Farooq et al. in Appl Ecol Env Res 17: 3553-3566, 2019). An experiment was conducted in northwest China to explore the distribution and characteristics of root systems for alfalfa grown in a poplar/alfalfa silvopastoral system. Field sampling was conducted every 15 days in a 3-yr-old alfalfa + 7-yr-old poplar silvopastoral system, a 3-yr-old sole-alfalfa system, and a 7-yr-old sole-poplar system. The results showed that intercropping reduced the RLD of alfalfa, while the FSRL of intercropped alfalfa was higher than that of sole-cropped alfalfa. In terms of the agronomic traits of alfalfa (plant height, leaf area index, leaf-stem ratio, growth rate), intercropping traits were significantly lower than sole-cropped alfalfa, and the total hay yield during intercropping was 55.27% lower than that of sole-cropped alfalfa. In terms of field microclimate, the dew point temperature and wind speed of sole-cropped alfalfa were 70.68% and 93.83% higher than that of intercropping, but the air humidity of sole-cropped alfalfa was 13.49% lower than that of intercropping, and there was no significant difference in air temperature. The crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), and relative feed value (RFV) of intercropping alfalfa were 17.78%, 12.33%, and 17.26% higher than sole-cropped alfalfa, respectively. Although the agronomic traits and yield of alfalfa decreased with intercropping, intercropping could improve the microclimate and the quality of alfalfa significantly. The land equivalent ratio (LER = 1.42) in the poplar/alfalfa silvopastoral system was > 1, indicated that the system in advantageous.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) dominates cropping systems in the Western United States and is first in terms of acreage planted in Arizona. The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gylenhall) and/or Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman), respectively, is the most destructive pest in terms of yield loss in low desert-grown alfalfa hay. The current economic threshold of 15–20 larvae per sweep, established in California in 1975, is currently not suitable or adopted by growers in the western U.S. low desert. Here, we conducted 4 yr of field trials to re-evaluate this economic threshold. Supporting observations of agricultural growers and professionals in the region, our results indicate that the economic threshold established in 1975 is too high. Specifically, one to three large larvae often cause a significant decrease in yield justifying weevil control based on current hay prices and costs of insecticide application. These results are discussed in the context of sustainable alfalfa production in the western U.S. low desert.

Bu araştırma, Şanlıurfa İli Harran Ovasında yer alan GAP Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Talat Demirören Araştırma İstasyonunda, organik tarım koşulları ekim nöbeti döngüsünde, bakteri aşılamanın bazı baklagil yeşil gübreleme bitkilerinin (yerli kırrmızı mercimek, taşkent yem bezelyesi ve selçuk-99 yaygın fiğ) verim ve verim unsurları üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amacıyla, tesadüf blokları bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak, 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Denemede ana konuları bakteri aşılı ve aşısız uygulamalar, alt konuları ise 3 farklı yeşil gübreleme bitki türleri oluşturmuştur. Elde edilen araştırma sonuçlarına göre; 2017 yılında, farklı yeşil gübre bitki türleri x bakteri aşılı/aşısız interaksiyonu uygulamalarının, bitki sapı ve bitki boyu uzunluklarına istatiksel olarak etkide bulunmadığı, yaş ot ve kuru ot verimlerine sırasıyla %5 ve %1 önem seviyelerinde etkide bulunduğu; 2018 yılında ise farklı yeşil gübre bitki türleri x bakteri aşılı/aşısız interaksiyonu uygulamalarının, bitki sapı uzunluğu ve kuru ot verimine istatiksel olarak etkide bulunmadığı, bitki boyu ve yaş ot verimine %5 önem seviyesinde etkide bulunduğu anlaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; Şanlıurfa ili Harran Ovası organik tarım koşullarında en uygun yeşil gübreleme bitkisinin bakteri aşılı yem bezelyesi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Dietaryinclusionof contain­tanninlegumes mayreduce enteric methane emissioninruminants. Toevaluate methane emissions fromsheep fed with a kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) diet partially substitutedwith lotus(Lotus uliginosus), twelve growing lambs, with 23 ± 2 kg average liveweight, were assigned randomly totwo treatments and with three measurement periods in a switchover design. Treatments consisted of 100 %kikuyuhay or 70 %kikuyu hay: 30 %lotus hay and with 6 lambs per treatment. Each of three periods lasted 20 d, where thefirst 15 d were for acclimatization and the last 5 d for measurements. Lambs were placed in metabolic cages and fedonce a day (8 AM) at 90 %of their voluntary feedintake, with free access to drinking water. Feedintake, fecalproductionandfeeddigestibility were determinedat eachperiod. Methane productionwas measuredfor eachtreatment group of 6 lambs using the poly­tunnel technique. Legume addition reduced total methane production(27.6vs.23.1 g animal­1; p < 0.01), methane production per dry matter intake (DMI) (18.8 vs. 12.2 g kg­1DMI; p

The results of proximate analysis of five tropical forage species and two forms of conserved forage over sampling period of 147 days of the dry season are presented. Three plots of Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) one plot of Cynodon nlemfuensis (giant star grass) and one plot of Centrosema pubescens (centro) were used as sample plots. Trends indicated in the results suggest a general decline in crude protein, ether extract, dry matter yields and ash, and a progressive increase in crude fibre, dry matter content and nitrogen free extract from the conset of the dry season in early November to the first rains in March in the next year; when trends were reversed. In the standing forage samples the mean values of the species were significantly different in all proximate constituents. These differences were generally higher between grass and centrosema than among grasses. There were also significant periodic effects between sampling dates for all chemical constituents except ash which showed no significant periodic effect at 5% level. These differences were concentrated mainly within the first few weeks of dry season. The mean crude protein values of grasses and grass silage during most of the dry season period fell substantially below the 6% level which is considered the minimum value for maintenance of Nigerian indigenous Fulani cattle. Dry season grass pasture and grass silage should therefore be supplemented for protein as from late November. Where legume pasture or hay is available and constitutes up to 20% of hte roughage ration, supplementation does not appear to be necessary for maintenance of cattle until late December, under Nsukka conditions.

An experiment to compare the effects on digestibility of alkali treated Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) straw was conducted with four Borno white male goats (22.25 ± 1.0kg body weight) in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Treatments were (A) untreated straw (control), (B) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated straw, (C) Kanwa-treated and (D) Kantu-treated straws. Straw was treated separately with solutions (8%) of NaOH, Kanwa and Kantu for 10 minutes prior to ensiling for 20 days. In treatment A, straw was soaked in water before ensiling. Alkali treatment increased the ash and crude protein, but decreased the crude fibre, nitrogen free extract and energy contents of the silage diets. The ether extract content of the diets was not affected by treatment. Dry matter intake (g/day/Wkg ) of alkali treated diets was significantly higher (P

Daniellia oliveri was examined as a potential fodder for small ruminant, using nine castrated and ruminally fistulated West African Dwarf sheep (29 kg BW) to determine rumen ammonia and nutrient digestibility. Dried leaves of Daniella oliveri were offered at two levels (25% and 50% of DMI) as supplement to a basal hay diet. A digestibility trial of 8 days was conducted after 10 days of adaptation period. Rumen liquor was sampled one hour before, and one, three and five hours after the morning feeding for three consecutive days. Diet D50% showed a higher (P0.05) ruminal ammonia concentration than the controls. There were significant increases (P

A total or 20 animals comprising 10 rams and 10 bucks were involved in a digestibility study to assess the nutritive value of a combination of yam peel, cocoa-seed testa and Leucaena leaf in an all-concentrate diet for the sheep and goat. Parameters for assessment were dry matter intakes, dry matter and nutrient digestibilities, total digestible nutrients and nutritive ratio. The dry matter intakes in the all-concentrate diet by the sheep and goat ( > 4% of body weight) were higher (p

In a stationary, factorial experiment established in 1994 on radioactively contaminated natural floodplain fodder lands, the effect of cultural practices in combination with agrochemical measures was studied in order to produce organic feed (hay) which complies with the applicable standards of VP 13.5.13/06-01 in terms of specific activity of cesium in them - 137. The translocation sizes of 137Сs in the soil-plant system were determined by a complex of agrotechnical and agrochemical measures. The highest effectiveness of protective counter-measures in the framework of the research was obtained with amelioration of the flood meadow. Transition of cesium-137 from the soil into the feed, and from the feed into the livestock products (milk, meat) was calculated. Application of full mineral fertilizer with a N:K ratio of 1:1.5 both against surface and root treatment reduces the 137Cs transition into livestock production, that accordingly reduces the risk of a high internal irradiation dose to people consuming these products to the levels conforming radiation safety standards.

It is known that amaranths, which are preferred for different purposes (as vegetable, grain, ornamental and fodder crop), have high tolerance to extreme climate and soil conditions. However, in Turkey, there is no study to evaluate the hay yield performances of amaranth species used for feed in irrigated and dry conditions. With the present study, the performances of varieties (Sterk, Helios and Ultra) belonging to different amaranth species in terms of hay yield characteristics (plant height, stem thickness, number of leaf per plant, fresh and dry herbage yields, dry herbage rate, leaf, stem and panicle ratios) in irrigated and dry conditions were tried to be determined. For this purpose, in 2017 and 2018, a study with 3 replications was established according to split plot experimental design on completely randomized blocks. As a result of the study, plant height, stem thickness, leaf number, leaf ratio, fresh herbage and hay yields were found to be higher in irrigated conditions, but dry herbage rate, stem and panicle ratios in dry conditions. In terms of varieties, the highest fresh and dry herbage yields were determined in Sterk variety, following the Helios variety. In addition, it was revealed that Sterk and Helios varieties had a considerable amount of fresh and dry herbage yields in dry conditions. As a result, it has been concluded that it would be appropriate to grow the Sterk variety under irrigated conditions for high forage yields.

Aims Nutrient resorption is a key plant nutrient conservation strategy, and its response to environmental and management changes is linked to nutrient cycling and production of ecosystems. Defoliation is a major pathway of mowing affecting plant nutrient resorption and production in grasslands, while the effect of defoliation timing has not been unexplored. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of defoliation timing on plant nutrient resorption and production in a steppe ecosystem. Methods We conducted a field experiment in a semi-arid steppe of Inner Mongolia including four treatments: early defoliation, peak defoliation, late defoliation and non-defoliation. We measured plant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption at species and community levels, and quantified plant N and P fluxes in resorption, litter return and hay output. Plant production in the mowing system was assessed by hay production and quality. Important Findings Peak and late defoliation, but not early defoliation, reduced plant community N and P resorption proficiency; and late defoliation reduced N resorption efficiency but not P resorption efficiency. Peak and late defoliation, but not early defoliation, reduced plant nutrient resorption flux and litter nutrient return flux. Defoliation timing did not alter root nutrient accumulation as nutrient uptake from soil likely compensated the deficit of nutrient resorption. Peak defoliation had the highest hay production and quality, while early defoliation had the lowest. Our results provide new insights into the nutrient cycling in mowing grassland, and imply that the mowing timing can be used as a tool to mediate the balance between conservation and production of steppes, and the early mowing before plant peak biomass period is recommended for conservation of the steppes while keeping sustainable pastoral production.

Analysis and justification of necessity, as well as efficiency of sprinkling of hay-grazing trauma in conditions of Belarus and Russia were performed. Analysis of meteo conditions of the experimental site for 2016–2018 allowed to establish uneven distribution of meteorological elements both in years and intraegetationally. The calculation of the hydrothermal coefficient (GTK) showed that the period of research covered different years of heat availability. The presented results of the effective sprinkling of hay-grazing trauma in the north-eastern zone of Belarus were confirmed in the works of both belarusian and russian scientists.

In the context of increasing grassland abandonment we observed wild herbivore impact on the vegetation in order to understand their influence. To quantify semi-natural grassland usage by wild herbivores, we determined grazing intake in semi-natural hay-meadows surrounded by forest vegetation. Grazing exclusion cages were placed at three locations in the Valea Mare village area situated in Bistriţa-Năsăud County, Romania, from 1 April 2014 – 5 October 2014. Sampling took place at two times during this period, first shortly before the hay meadows were mowed and second at the end of the vegetation growing season. Herbage air dry matter yield was measured using two types of observation plots (cage protected plots and unprotected plots). Plant composition on the studied hay-meadows was analyzed using PC-ORD (in order to explain the preference of herbivores for each location. Although herbage production did not vary significantly between locations, the herbage intake of total dry matter production did vary between locations. Wild animals grazed through the entire growing season and based upon the floristic composition analyses we explained differences in herbage intake based on plant species preference. The management of these meadows maintains an offer of good quality forage throughout summer, and the forest surrounding grasslands provides cover when needed. In order to inhibit woody vegetation and to conserve species-rich open landscape further observation need to be made about the optimal deer species densities.

Introduction Hay transfer from a speciose donor meadow to a species-poor receiver grassland is an established method to restore species-rich grassland plant communities. However, it has rarely been investigated to which extent invertebrates can be transferred with hay during such operations, which was the aim of this study. Methods Sampling was conducted in eight sites of the Swiss lowlands with one donor meadow and two receiver sites each. On the receiver sites, three to four white bed sheets of one square meter each were deployed on the ground to receive a standard quantity of fresh hay just transferred from the donor meadow. All living invertebrates were collected from these sheets with an aspirator and subsequently identified to order level. Results On average (± SD), 9.2 ± 11.3 living invertebrates per square meter were transferred with the hay. Beetles were the most abundant species group, representing 46.9% of all transferred invertebrates, followed by true bugs (8.9%) and spiders (7.0%). More individuals were transferred when the donor meadow was mown with a hand motor bar mower than with a rotary disc mower. Similarly, more invertebrates were transferred when the hay was transported loosely with a forage wagon than compacted as bales. Discussion While this study demonstrates that living invertebrates can be transferred with the hay, their subsequent survival and establishment remains to be explored. Implications for insect conservation We recommend using a hand motor bar mower and a forage wagon for increasing the survival probability of invertebrates in hay transfer.

A 2-year field study was carried out to determine the hay yield, quality, and competition of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) mixtures at various ratios (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60; 30:70, 20:80, 10:90, 0:100) in the coastal region of the Black Sea (Ordu, Turkey). The plots were harvested during the filling period of the lower beans in Hungarian vetch. The field experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with 4 replications for each year. Hay yield, crude protein ratio and yield, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and interspecies competition of the mixtures were determined. It was determined that sole Hungarian vetch planting and Hungarian vetch-Italian ryegrass mixtures had higher hay yield and quality scores compared to sole Italian ryegrass planting. The highest hay and crude protein yield (respectively; 4026 and 732.6 kg ha-1) was obtained from 90% Hungarian vetch + 10% Italian ryegrass mixture and it revealed lower ADF and NDF ratios than any other mixtures. There was no statistical difference between the land equivalent ratio (LER) values of the mixtures; however, Italian ryegrass was found to be more aggressive in the mixtures. These results suggest that, in temperate and rainy regions, 90% Hungarian vetch + 10% Italian ryegrass mixture for winter sowing could be cultured.

Cattle feeding in South Korea has been heavily dependent on domestically produced rice straw and imported grain. Around 42% of domestically produced rice straw is utilized for forage, and the remainder is recycled to restore soil fertility. Approximately 35% of round baleages were made with rice straw. However, higher quality hay is desired over rice straw. Due to increasing stockpiles of rice, there has been an economic burden on the government to store the surplus; therefore production of annual forage crops in rice fields has been further promoted in recent years. Hay import from the USA currently constitutes more than 80% of total imported hays. The main imported hays are alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pretense), and tall fescue (Festica arundinacea). The estimated forage required for cattle feeding was approximately 5.4 million MT in 2016. Domestically produced forage sates only 43% of that value, while low quality rice straw and imported hay covered the rest of demand by 33% and 20%, respectively. As utilization of domestically produced forage is more desirable for forage-based cattle production, long-term strategies have been necessary to promote domestic production of high quality baleage. One such strategy has been utilizing the fertile soil and abundance of fallow rice fields of western region of S. Korea to produce forage crops. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is the most successfully produced winter annual in the region and is approximately 56% of the total winter annual forage production. Forage sorghums (Sorghum bicolor), sorghum × sudangrass hybrids, and hybrid corn (Zea mays) produce a substantial amount of warm-season forage during summer. Produced forage has been largely stored through baleage due to heavy dew and frequent rains and has been evaluated according to S. Korea’s newly implemented baleage commodity evaluation system. The system weighs 50% of its total grading points on moisture content because of its importance in deliverable DM content and desirable baleage fermentation; this has proved to be an effective method. Although further improvement is required for the future of forage production in South Korea, the current government-led forage production in rice fields has been able to alleviate some of the country’s shortage for quality hay.

Goal. To determine peculiarities of formation of phytocenoses, productivity, chemical composition, nutritive value, and energy content of grass forages depending on the options for surface improvement of slope meadows of the mountain forest belt of the Carpathians at different modes of use. Methods. General scientific methods (hypotheses, induction and deduction, analogy, generalization) — to select the work program, and special (field, laboratory, mathematical-statistical, calculation) — to conduct researches and their generalization. Results. Surface improvement of cereals and grasses (with 28% share of low-value in feed terms Nardus stricta) low-productive (1.39 t/ha of dry weight) slope grasslands of mountain forest belt of the Carpathians improves their species composition and chemical composition of feed increases the productivity of the land. Share of sowed cereals or legumes increases to 34 – 46%. Under the hay regime the highest efficiency as to the output from 1 ha of dry mass was fixed for reseeding mixtures of grasses on the background of N60P30K60 (4.33 t), for the multi-mow regime — reseeding of white clover on the background of P30K60 (3,71 t), that was, respectively, by 14 and 106% more than in the variants without reseeding, and by 146 and 167% more than in the variants without improvement. Among measures of surface improvement influencing forage quality by chemical composition, increasing the content of crude protein, was the introduction of N60P30K60 or 15 t/ha of manure at multi-mow use, and reseeding of white clover — on the background P30K60. Regardless of the measures of surface improvement the highest content of crude protein, the best energy content, and nutritional value of grass fodder were fixed for multi-mow (simulated pasture) mode of use than for hay-mowing. Conclusions. Surface improvement of meadows of the mountain forest belt of the Carpathians with natural grass by operating factors of the improvement of species composition and quality of grass fodder, as well as an increase of their productivity, is the annual entering of N60P30K60 or 15 t/ha of manure, or N60P30K60 + reseeding of grass mixture (Lolium pratense and Phleum pratense) for hay use, or P30K60 + reseeding of white clover for multi-mow use. The best positive effect ensures the application of mineral fertilizers in combination with the reseeding of perennial grasses.

Natural hayfields in floodplain meadows are seen as a source of high quality forage for animal husbandry. Due to annual silt and plant seed load, these agrocenoses are able to support themselves and self-repair. However, intensive use depletes them. Thus, the average hay yield decreses from 3.5-4.0 to 1.2-1.5 t/ha. The return of some elements of mineral nutrition, as well as the use of various microfertilizers and growth stimulators should bring the yield of floodplain meadows back to the level of natural biological situation. Sysola and Vycheda vareties with application of mineral fertilizers (R45К45+N30 and R45К45), two types of microfertilizers (boron and molybdenum), three growth stimulators (Verva, Epin-extra, Gumat) and two specimens on the basis of pectin polysaccharides with stimulating effect (PAo and HSw) were developed at the Institute of Biotechnologies in Agriculture of Komi FIC NTs UD RAS (Komi Republic, Syktyvkar) and tested in floodplain meadows of the river. The authors explored various combinations of these options. The experiment was conducted at three pilot sites in 2008-2010; 2013-2015 and 2016-2018. As a result of the research, it was found out that floodplain meadows intensively used as hayfields are most in need of replenishment with phosphorus and potassium. Application of various microelements and growth stimulators in the pure form increased yields by 30-40 % with a comparable energy coefficient and lower energy intensity of feed. The most effective method was the variant with application of Verva specimen together with the full dose of mineral fertilizers. This method increased the yield by 2 times, provided the maximum yield of forage units - 1.5-2.3 thousand / ha. At the same time, the energy intensity of forage was 20% lower than in the control variant.

Bu araştırma Tokat-Kazova ekolojik koşullarında farklı sıra arası ve tohumluk miktarlarının yoncada ot verimine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla 2014-2016 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada Bilensoy-80 yonca çeşidinde, dört farklı sıra aralığında (15, 30, 45 ve 60 cm) altı farklı tohumluk miktarı (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 ve 3.0 kg/da) incelenmiştir. Deneme tesadüf bloklarından bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde dört tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüş, sıra aralığı ana parsellere, tohumluk miktarları ise alt parsellere yerleştirilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen iki yıllık ortalama sonuçlara göre, en yüksek yeşil ot verimi (9 456.1 kg/da), 15 cm sıra arası ve 2.5 kg/da tohumluk miktarı uygulamasından elde edilirken, en yüksek ana sap çapı (3.20 mm) 15 cm sıra arası ve 0.5 kg/da tohumluk miktarı uygulamasından, en yüksek bitki boyu ise (80.4 cm) 30 cm sıra arası ve 0.5 kg/da tohumluk miktarı uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Tokat- Kazova ekolojik koşullarında yoncadan yüksek ot verimi alabilmek için 15 cm sıra arası mesafesi ve 2.5 kg/da tohumluk miktarı ile yetiştirilmesinin uygun olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.

The blister beetle Meloe rugosus Marsham, ( Coleoptera : Meloidae ) was recorded for the first time as a serious insect pest attacking winter crops , particularly faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) and wheat ( Triticium aestivum ) in Farafra Oasis, western desert of Egypt. Beans, peas, alfalfa, Egyptian berseem, onion and the wild weed, Meliolotus indica L. were also recorded as host plants of this species. Adult beetles are phytophagous feeding plant foliage and flowers and under the stress of high population, plants may suffer death. Beetles occurred from early as November until late May. Through field observations in mid-January, the mating stage begins, where the male and female meet through the female sex pheromone. It was noted that the male searches for the female in the early morning, and when one of them meets the other, the mating stage initiate and the eggs are laid in the soil. During swarming and feeding, beetles secrete cantharidin fluid, a potent blister agent and long-term health threat to nearly all livestock feeding on plants hay. Field observations on insect behavior, eggs, crop damage, and activity and host plants were briefly explained.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage legume in arid areas, but limited water resources and low fertilizer utilization have restricted its agricultural development. Meanwhile, studies on the effects of integrated water and phosphorus on production performance and water‐use efficiency and phosphorus‐use efficiency of alfalfa, especially on hay yield, phosphorus accumulation, and total phosphorus uptake are rarely reported under drip irrigation. The treatments were a factorial combination of three irrigation rates (5,250, 6,000, and 6,750 m3/ha per year) and four P rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg/ha per year) and consisted of 12 treatments for water and P management, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Total hay yield and water‐use efficiency and phosphorus‐use efficiency of alfalfa in P2 treatment were significantly greater than those in the P1 and P3 treatments (p W3P2 > W1P2. Therefore, an irrigation rate of 6,000 m3/ha and a phosphorus application rate of 100 kg/ha per year should be considered as the best management for both high yield and water‐use efficiency and phosphorus‐use efficiency of alfalfa., Irrigation amounts were 6,000 m3/ha and phosphorus application was 100 kg/ha, which was the optimal water–phosphorus combination model for alfalfa to produce high quality and high yield under drip irrigation.

The results of research on the formation of productivity of alfalfa varieties for hay in non-irrigated agrophytocenoses under conditions of global warming in the steppe of southern Ukraine are presented. It was found that some varieties zoned in Ukraine are more adapted to the arid conditions of the southern steppe and therefore more productive (5.5-11.7% in hay harvest) compared to control plants (Nadezhda variety – hay yield on average for four years of alfalfa life amounted to 2.84 t / ha). Keywords: alfalfa, variety, weather conditions, hay, productivity.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR spectroscopy) has been used in analytics for more than 50 years. The aim of this review is to present statistical indicators of the developed calibration models for predicting forage chemical composition by NIR spectroscopy, which have been published over the last 15 years. This paper presents statistics for predicting of forage dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash, and pH value of forage at different pre-scan processing level (fresh, dried / ground forage) and different forage types such as grass monocultures, legumes, grass-clover mixtures (GCM), semi-natural pasture, straw, maize, hay, silage and haylage. Due to wider applicability of NIR calibration model for prediction of chemical composition of forage, the development of calibration includes forage originating from various agricultural production technologies, cultivation climates, varieties and vegetation seasons, etc. In order to develop more reliable calibration models for prediction of forage chemical composition, calibrations are developed for individual plant species, cultivars, harvest during the vegetation season, as well as for individual microclimates of cultivation. NIR spectroscopy has high potential for predicting the content of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, ash and pH value in forage.

Purpose. To investigate optimization of the spatial distribution of the component in binary legume-cereal grass mixtures by selecting a complementary composition of the phytocenosis, method of planting perennial grasses to create hay grass stands with Onobrychis arenaria in the right-bank Forest-Steppe. Adequate selection of legume and cereal species in a double-component sowing significantly reduces negative interactions at different stages of ontogenesis, reduces interspecific competition for environmental resources, balances the structure of phytocenosis, increases its productivity and prolongs the productive longevity of sown hayfields. Methods. System analysis, field, seeded haymaking, laboratory, comparative. Results. In the field experiment of the Department of Field Fodder Crops, Hayfields and Pastures, the influence of the spatial distribution of Onobrychis arenaria under various methods of sowing with Bromus inermis, Bromus riparius, Festuca arundinacea and Phleum pratense on the yield of dry matter, feed units, metabolic energy, and supply of fodder protein with digestible grass protein of the grass mass (phytomass) of double-component sainfoin-cereal grass mixtures of hay use is studied. It is established that, compared with the conventional mixed method of sowing sainfoin with different types of cereal components, on average for three years of using grass stands, the highest yield of dry matter, feed units, and metabolic energy was obtained under cross and cross-row sowing methods. Conclusions. The influence of the spatial distribution of Onobrychis arenaria and cereal grasses on the formation of grass stands and the productivity of grass mass is substantiated. The prospects of cross and cross-row methods of sowing binary sainfoin-cereal grass mixtures are outlined. This placement of legume and cereal components contributed to a decrease in interspecific competition for environmental resources, balancing the structure of the phytocenosis, increasing its productivity and the quality of grass mass and prolonging the productive longevity of the seeded hayfield in conditions of the right-bank Forest-Steppe.

Indian mustard plants are the main vegetable crops consumed by urban communities. The need for this vegetable increases along with the increase in culinary tourism in each region and the government's appeal on sustainable food home. One effort made to meet the needs of vegetable mustard in urban areas can be cultivated using polybags. The main problem of vegetable cultivation on polybags is the availability of soil media. To overcome the limitations of soil media it is attempted to substitute it with organic litter enriched with MOL (local microorganisms). The purpose of research is to find the right combination of planting media for mustard plants. The results showed that the composition of K7 = soil: compost: litter of hay: litter of maize (2: 1: 1: 1) best on plant length, number of leaves, length of root leaves and number of roots while the wet weight of mustard plant (g) K7 = soil: compost: litter of maize: litter of corn (2: 1: 1: 1) and K8 = soil: compost: litter of maize: litter of maize: cocopeat (2: 1: 1: 1: 1) or soil: compost + urea. Increased weights of wet mustard by 63% compared to soil media and 20% compared to soil composition: compost + urea. Organic straw in the form of straw: litter of corn stalk: cocopeat enriched with MOL are able to become ready-made planting media on the cultivation of indian mustard plants in polybags.

WOS: 000505981800017, This study was carried out at Experimental fields of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Bornovailzmir/Turkey, during the years of 2012-2014. Three different harvest dates (Early Spring, Mid Spring and Late Spring) and mixture rates (100+0%, 80+20%, 60+40% 40+60%, 20+80% and 0+100% respectively) of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were tested. the experiment was arranged in a split block design with three replications. As the average of 2 years results, highest yield were recorded in sole Persian clover sown as catch crop and harvested in late spring under Mediterrenean climatic conditions. the data also indicated that pure Persian cover sowing provided the highest green matter, dry matter and crude protein yields, being 36.04 t ha(-1), 5.61 t ha(-1) and 89 kg ha(-1), respectively. Legume ratio, NDF and ADF concentrations increased by advancing harvest dates.

Dünyada artış gösteren su sıkıntısı ve çevre kirliliği insanları üretim yaparken alternatif seçeneklere doğru yönlendirmektedir. Bu alternatiflerin özellikle çevreci ve sürdürülebilir olması hem bizi hem de doğayı daha sağlıklı kılacaktır. Bu kapsamda su kullanım etkinliği en yüksek düzeyde olan bitkilerden biri olan sorgum ve katı biyogaz fermentasyon atığı gübresi çalışmanın ana materyallerini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada sorgum bitkisinin (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Rox çeşidi kullanılırken sorgum-sudanotu melezinde (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense Mtapf) Gözde-80 çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma 2018 yaz üretim sezonunda Aydın ekolojik koşullarında yürütülmüş ve 5 farklı katı biyogaz dozu (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 kg da-1) uygulaması dışında herhangi bir kimyasal gübreleme uygulanmamıştır. Araştırma 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüş olup Nisan ayı içinde ekimi Ağustos ayında da biçim işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde kuru ot verimi, bitki boyu, yaprak sayısı, gibi verim ve verim öğelerinin yanında ham protein oranı, ADF, NDF ve ADL gibi kalite parametreleri de incelenmiştir. Bu ölçümlerin ardından ham protein verimi ve nispi yem değeri hesaplamaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde her iki bitkinin de gübre dozlarına tepkileri farklı olurken gübre uygulamalarının olumlu etkileri olduğu ancak belirli bir doz önerisinde bulunulamayacağı görülmektedir.

This paper aimed to monitory the dry matter biomass production and carbon stocks of above-and below-ground biomass in five types of grasslands in Slovakia: i) lowland oversowed pasture ii) lowland hay meadows, iii) mesophilous pasture, iv) mountain hay meadows, v) abandoned grassland. Averaged over two cropping seasons the total above-and below-ground biomass differed significantly across the monitored grasslands. It ranged respectively from 2.18 to 7.86 t/ha and from 9.64 to 22.67 t/ha dry matter depending on the pedoclimatic condition and the botanical composition of each grassland type. Consequently, this resulted also in the carbon stocks in above-and below-ground biomass. Generally, the mean carbon stocks were 1.56 t/ha for above-ground biomass (24%) and 4.83 t/ha for below-ground biomass (76%). The botanical composition for all the grassland types was also described. The highest number of plant species (55) was observed in lowland hay meadow located in Slovak Karst, the lowest one (23) for the oversowed grassland located in Eastern Slovak Upland. This monitoring paper showed that semi-natural grassland habitats and improved grasslands as well are an important carbon sink, and they can play a key role in global climate change mitigation.

Grasses are considered as one of the most important sources in low-cost feed for for animals, but also a substrate for the production of renewable energy. We studied the quality of the freshly harvested biomass and hay of Romanian cultivars of tall fescue Festuca arundinacea: 'Adela', 'Brio', 'Măgurele 5', created at the Research and Development Institute for Grasslands, Braşov, Romania and cultivated in the experimental plot of the National Botanical Garden (Institute) “Alexandru Ciubotaru”, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. The samples for assessment were taken in the 2nd year of growth, when the plants were cut for the 1st time. The amount of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), cellulose (Cel), hemicellulose (HC), digestible dry matter (DDM), organic matter digestibility (OMD), relative feed value (RFV), the metabolizable energy (ME), the net energy for lactation (NEl), biomethane production potential (BMP) were analyzed. It has been determined that the green mass productivity of the tall fescue cultivars achieved 30.83-36.96 t/ha, the dry matter contained 114-136 g/kg CP, 74-89 g/kg CA, 582-593 g/kg NDF, 392-396 g/kg ADF, 34-41 g/kg ADL, 322- 329 g/kg Cel, 226-229 g/kg HC, 60.3-63.8% DDM and 57.2-62.2% OMD, 9.12-9.62 MJ/kg ME and 5.69-5.86 MJ/kg NEl; the hay dry matter contained 99-117 g/kg CP, 80-86 g/kg CA, 582-593 g/kg NDF, 356-366 g/kg ADF, 34-37 g/kg ADL, 351-356 g/kg Cel, 236-260 g/kg HC, 55.8-57.2% DDM and 51.4-53.3% OMD, 9.51-9.59 MJ/kg ME and 5.53-5.59 MJ/kg NEl, this fact indicates a optimal quality of the roughage feed for ruminants. The substrate for the anaerobic digestion, consisting of fresh mass of tall fescue, had a biomethane production potential of 349-354 L/kg of organic matter. The studied cultivars of tall fescue could be used in the Republic of Moldova for the restoration of degraded permanent grasslands, as a component of the mix of grasses for the creation of temporary grasslands and can be planted between rows in vineyards and orchards. Besides, the obtained biomass can be used as feed for animals or as substrate at biomethane production plants.

Цель исследования – изучение зависимости долголетней кормовой и семенной продуктив-ности многолетних трав от сортовых осо-бенностей на мерзлотных почвах Привилюй-ской зоны. Задачи исследования: определить долголетнюю кормовую и семенную продук-тивность сортов костреца безостого, овся-ницы красной, ломкоколосника ситникового; изучить зимостойкость сортов костреца безостого, овсяницы красной, ломкоколосника ситникового. Объекты исследования – сорта трех видов многолетних трав: костреца без-остого (Камалинский 14, Аммачаан, Хаптагай-ский), овсяницы красной (Мюрюнская, Энсиэли) и ломкоколосника ситникового (Боотур, Иэт-тээн, Манчаары). Посев опытов был проведен 15 июня 2009 г. Агрохимические показатели почвы пахотного слоя участка: рН – 7,8–7,9; содержание N – 1,04–3,46; РО – 13,1–13,7; КО – 13,8–31,0 мг/100 г; содержание гумуса – 2,6–3,4 %. Предшественник – чистый пар. Учеты и наблюдения по решению задач иссле-дования проводились в соответствии с обще-принятыми методиками. Опыты закладыва-лись в четырехкратной повторности при рен-домизированном размещении вариантов с площадью делянок 25 м². В опытах на корм сорта высевались сплошным рядовым спосо-бом с нормой высева семян: костреца безос-того – 20,0 кг/га; у овсяницы красной – 14,0; ломкоколосника ситникового – 16,0 кг/га. В опытах на семена ширина междурядий со-ставляла 45 см, норма высева семян у костре-ца безостого – 10,0 кг/га; у овсяницы красной – 7,0; ломкоколосника ситникового – 8,0 кг/га. Выявлено, что сорта изученных видов много-летних трав отлично перезимовывают в су-ровых условиях мерзлотных почв Нюрбинского района Якутии и сохраняют высокопродуктивные травостои. Сорт Хаптагайский костреца безостого дает высокие урожаи до 6 лет (2,22 т/га сена и 2,67 ц/га семян), сорт Мюрюнская овсяницы красной – в течение 5 лет (1,78 т/га сена и 1,24 ц/га семян), сорт ломкоколосника ситникового Боотур – в течение всех 8 лет наблюдений (1,46 т/га сена и 1,01 ц/га семян).

The importance of mineral elements, both in animal and plant nutrition, has been well recognized, but, in the case of sedges, the mineral composition is relatively poorly known. Studies usually relate to the content of the elements in sedge communities, or sward or hay communities with sedge participation, and rarely of Carex representatives. The objective of our study was to determine the concentrations of C, N, Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Si, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr and Ni in the biomass of 11 Carex species commonly occurring on natural sites of Central European lowland. Interspecific differentiations have been observed in concentrations of the major and trace elements among studied sedge species. The elemental composition of examined Carex species is diversified but generally similar to the composition of grasses. The study shows that sedges can increase fodder value and, therefore, they should be considered in meadow management as a valuable component of economically important meadow communities. Moreover, the data reported herein can be used for modelling the phytoaccumulation of various elements in the biomass of sedges. This will help in creating different patches suitable for obtaining adequate fodder. Our results can supplement current knowledge concerning the fodder value of meadows with sedge participation.

Fodder is a general term applied to agricultural products offered to domesticated animals as feeding material. Fodder can be fresh cut or preserved in the form of hay, silage, and so on. Most often, fodder is of plant origin, but some animal feed manufacturers also add animal-origin sources to the feed. Common plants cultivated as fodder include alfalfa, barley, brassica, clover, maize, oats, sorghum, and various grasses. Depending on environmental conditions and availability, fodder can be fed fresh or in preserved form. The preserved forms include hay and silage. These fodders play a pivotal role in animal sustainability and productivity. If not appropriately harvested and preserved safely, the fodder itself can be hazardous for its consumer. Hence, in this chapter, possible threats from fodder are described.

Silvopasture, the combination of trees, forage, and livestock, is a management practice that is gaining interest throughout the southeastern U.S. This research analyzed a hay-based alley cropping field trial that is transitioning into a silvopasture system. We planted four different tree spacings—2.4 × 2.4 m, 2.4 × 3.0 m, 3.0 × 3.0 m, and 1.8 × 3.0 m (8 × 8 ft, 8 × 10 ft, 10 × 10 ft, and 6 × 10 ft)—of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and used secondary data for the possible planting of two different grass species—big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Tree inventories, forage samples, biometric modeling, and economic analysis of forage and timber monocultures and mixed systems were analyzed with discounted cash flow and capital budgeting analyses. Tree growth on the pasture site was exceptionally fast, generating high projected returns for timber monocultures, which exceeded returns for monoculture grass crops. Projected timber stand returns had the greatest Net Present Values (NPV) at the 4% discount rate, ranging between USD 3196 and USD 3552 per ha (USD 1294 and USD 1438 per ac) for a 2.4 × 3.0 m or 2.4 × 2.4 m tree spacing yield. Representative grass yields were obtained from secondary sources and had lower productivity, with switchgrass having the highest returns at USD 2581 per ha (USD 1045 per ac). Optimal NPVs for mixed silvopasture stands ranged between about USD 1500 per ha and USD 3500 per ha (USD 600/ac and USD 1400/ac), depending on the tree spacing within bands, the alley spacing, and the degree of competition between trees and grasses.