Search

Two separate surveys of root diseases of cereals in the Western Australian (WA) cereal belt were conducted: the first conducted annually for wheat and barley during 1976–1982 and the second for wheat during 2005–2007. For the 1976–1982 survey, the cereal belt was divided into 15 zones based on the location and rainfall. Sampling was representative of the actual cropping area, with both wheat and barley sampling sites selected by zone as a percentage of total sites. Over 31 000 plants were assessed from a total of 996 fields. Average take-all incidence ranged from 3% in the northern low rainfall zone to 57% in the southern high rainfall zone. Other root diseases assessed included rhizoctonia root rot, fusarium crown rot and subcrown internode discolouration. During the 2005–2007 survey, around 20 000 plants from a total of 210 fields being intensively cropped with cereals were surveyed for take-all, rhizoctonia root rot, fusarium crown rot, common root rot, root lesion nematode and cereal cyst nematode. The 2005–2007 survey results indicated that root and crown diseases prevailed in paddocks frequently cropped with cereals and occurred at damaging levels across all WA cropping districts surveyed. The more recent root disease survey identified that the fungal diseases rhizoctonia root rot and fusarium crown rot and the root lesion nematode were the most serious impediments to intensive cereal production, particularly in the southern region of WA. Comparing the 2005–2007 results with the previous survey of 1976–1982, the relative importance of take-all appears to have declined over the past 30 years.

The use of two closely related species, Lathyrus cicera and L. sativus, as grain legumes for human and animal consumption, dates to the Neolithic period. Due to its tolerance to harsh environmental conditions L. sativus is still used widely for human food in Ethiopia and the Indian sub-continent, although cultivation has diminished in many other regions. The grain of both L. cicera and L. sativus contains a neurotoxin, 3-(-N-oxalyl)-L-2,3-diamino propionic acid (ODAP), which can cause a paralysis of the lower limbs (lathyrism). Due to the occurrence of lathyrism in humans recent plant breeding has produced cultivars with low ODAP concentrations. The susceptibility of animal species to lathyrism is poorly understood, although horses and young animals are more susceptible. Older published animal feeding studies are of limited use, since the presence and role of ODAP was unknown until the 1960s. More recent feeding studies indicate that low ODAP lines of L. cicera or L. sativus can be safely incorporated at inclusion rates up to 40, 30 and 70% of the diet of poultry, pigs and sheep, respectively, without growth reductions. The compositions of both L. cicera and L. sativus are similar to other commonly used feed grain legumes, respective protein contents are 25 and 27%. Antinutritional factors (ANFs), other than ODAP, are present in both L. cicera and L. sativus at concentrations similar to those found in other grain legumes; including trypsin inhibitors, chymotrypsin inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, lectins, tannins, phytate and oligosaccharides. The effect of ANFs in L. cicera and L. sativus on animal performance is not well understood and sometimes confounded with ODAP effects. Heating of grain will reduce levels of the proteinaceous ANFs and in some cases ODAP as well. Variation recorded in the germplasm of L. cicera and L. sativus has not been greatly utilised in plant breeding to lower levels of ANFs, with the exception of ODAP, leaving considerable potential for rapid improvement of cultivars. L. cicera and L. sativus are low production cost legumes

Summary In 1994, 407 L. sativus and 96 L. cicera lines were evaluated for phenology, seed yield and seed ODAP (a neurotoxin) concentration in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. A selected number of lines from this study were grown at three sites in south-western Australia in 1995 and 1996, to examine genotype-environment interactions on seed yield and ODAP concentration in the seed of the two Lathyrus spp. Principal components analysis showed that L. sativus lines grown in 1995 and 1996 could be divided into two geographical origins: Indian sub-continent and Mediterranean/European. Those lines of Mediterranean/European origin were consistently higher yielding (both in 1994 and 1995/96), with much larger seeds and later phenology. In L. cicera seed yield was closely associated with greater mean seed weight and to a lesser extent with early phenology. The genotype-environment study indicated that higher yielding lines of both species generally responded to favourable environments; in the case of L. sativus the Mediterranean/European lines and for L. cicera the larger seeded, earlier phenology lines. For both species, genotype was the most important determinant of ODAP concentration and environment had less influence. Genotype-environment interactions had no effect on seed ODAP concentrations. In terms of seed yield, both species showed substantial potential in the environments tested. Further improvements in adaptation, seed yield and reduction in ODAP are possible in both species. Abbreviations: ODAP: 3-(-N-oxalyl)-L-2,3-diamino propionic acid