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The quantification of forage availability in tropical grasses is generally done in a destructive and time-consuming manner, involving cutting, weighing, and waiting for drying. To expedite this process, non-destructive methods can be used, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-definition cameras, mobile device images, and the use of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). However, these methods have been underutilized in tropical pastures. A literature review was conducted to present the current state of remote tools’ use in predicting forage availability and quality in tropical pastures. Few publications address the use of non-destructive methods to estimate forage availability in major tropical grasses (Megathyrsus maximus; Urochloa spp.). Additionally, these studies do not consider the fertility requirements of each cultivar and the effect of management on the phenotypic plasticity of tillers. To obtain accurate estimates of forage availability and properly manage pastures, it is necessary to integrate remote methods with in situ collection of soil parameters. This way, it will be possible to train machine learning models to obtain precise and reliable estimates of forage availability for domestic ruminant production.

The partial substitution of maize by tropical legumes for the production of silage has aroused interest, for bringing benefits of increasing the crude protein content of corn-only silage, constituting an important alternative for the production of food in a more sustainable way. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition 30% tropical legumes on the fermentative characteristics and nutritive value of maize silage. The experimental design was entirely randomized with three replications. The treatments consisted of the following silages: Maize; Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande, Stylosanthes cv. Bela: Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarim), maize + 30% Campo Grande; maize + 30% Bela and maize + 30% Pigeon pea, totaling 21 experimental silos. The results show that exclusive legume silage without preservatives present fermentative losses that compromise the silage quality. Addition of 30% legumes to maize silage improves the nutritional quality of the silage without compromising its fermentation profile. Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande and Bela are the most recommended locations for maize silage. Thus, a mixed silage of maize and legumes is an alternative to improve the crude protein content of exclusive maize exclusive silage, greater sustainability, and reduced fermentative losses of legume silages.

At critical levels, animal trampling can physically degrade soil, leading to the loss of sustainability of agricultural production. Therefore, it is becomes necessary to model and quantify the soil compaction potential. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the occurrence of soil compaction promoted by animal trampling in crop-livestock integration system (ICL). The study was conducted in a field at Centro Tecnológico da Comigo in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goias state, Brazil, during the agricultural off-season. The experimental area was composed of 1.97 ha, which was equally divided into eight paddocks. Soil was sampled before the grazing phase and after each of four grazing cycles. The compressive behavior of the soil was evaluated by determining the pre-consolidation and critical pressures. The results showed that only the first cycle of grazing showed additional compaction in 14.59% of samples. No critical compaction was observed in the evaluated area. Animal trampling under the studied conditions is not responsible for the dissemination of structural soil degradation in crop-livestock integration systems and may contribute to physical improvement resulting from biological soil loosening.

Tropical legumes are used to prepare mixed silages to enrich the crude protein (CP) content. In This context, objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of fermentation and quality of maize silage with different levels of Pigeon pea. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised maize silages with six levels of added Pigeon pea (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), calculated based on natural matter. The maize hybrid and Pigeon pea varieties used were B 2800 PWU and Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarin, respectively. For the silage, the maize and Pigeon pea were harvested when they reached 335.7 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) and 281.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The results revealed that the added of up to 40% Pigeon pea in maize silages promote nutritive increment without compromising their fermentative profile of the silage. Exclusive Pigeon pea silage (100%) undergoes fermentative losses that compromise the silage quality. Therefore, mixed silages of maize with Pigeon pea, with appropriate levels of addition, are a viable alternative to increase the nutritive value of silages, mainly the CP content, contributing to reducing the cost of acquisition of protein salts.

Ensiling sorghum with tropical forages has been shown to be a promising alternative for ruminant feed production, as this approach improves the quality of the sorghum silage. In this context, the goal of this study was to evaluate the fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of sweet sorghum silage made with different levels of Paiaguas palisadegrass and Ipypora grass. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized 2 x 6 factorial design with four replications. Two forages (Paiaguas palisadegrass and Ipypora grass) were added to sorghum at six levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%), for a total of 48 experimental silos. After 50 days of fermentation, the silos were opened, and the fermentation profile and chemical composition of the silage were analysed. The results showed that the addition of Paiaguas palisadegrass and Ipypora grass to the sorghum silage increased the pH, buffering capacity and NH3-NT of the silage and reduced its dry matter content but did not affect its fermentation characteristics, which remained within an appropriate range. The addition of increasing levels of Paiaguas palisadegrass and Ipypora grass to the sorghum silage increased the crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the silage and decreased the fibre fraction (neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and lignin) and ether extract contents. Adding tropical forages to sorghum silage material at levels above 40% is recommended. Among forage crops, addition of Paiaguas palisadegrass to sorghum silage resulted in higher content of crude protein and IVDMD. Mixed silages can be an effective alternative to improve the quality of forage sorghum silage.

The use of silage has been an efficient alternative to feed supply during the shortage of roughage in dry periods, providing quality feed that is widely used in ruminant feeding. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentative characteristics and nutritive value of corn silage with Tamani guinea grass (Panicum maximum BRS cv. Tamani) through chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and protein fractionation. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments consisted of five silages: corn; corn with 10% Tamani guinea grass; corn with 20% Tamani guinea grass; corn with 30% Tamani guinea grass; and corn with 40% Tamani guinea grass, totalling 20 experimental silos. The addition of tamani grass to silages was determined based on fresh matter. For ensiling, corn was harvested with 320 g kg-1 DM (dry matter) and Tamani guinea grass in a 30-day development cycle with 286 g kg-1 DM. After 50 days of silage, the silos were opened to analyse the fermentative characteristics, chemical composition and protein fractionation of the silage. The results showed that the addition of Tamani guinea grass in corn silage increased the pH and buffering capacity and reduced the dry matter and lactic acid concentration but did not compromise the fermentative characteristics of silages. The addition of 40% Tamani guinea grass in corn silage provided increased levels of crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility, protein A, B1 and C, and decreased the fractions B3 and C, which makes Tamani guinea grass an alternative to improve the quality of exclusive corn silage, resulting in better quality silage.

Intercropping of annual crops with tropical forages is an effective cultivation method to maximize grain production and pasture formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of sunflower and the productive and nutritional characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars grown with intercropping during two different sowing seasons in the interim harvest of the Center-West region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goiás (GO), using a randomized block design with a 3x2+4 factorial scheme and three replicates per treatment. The following factors were tested: three Brachiaria brizantha cultivars (Marandu palisadegrass, Piata palisadegrass and Xaraes palisadegrass) grown with intercropping in the inter-row with the sunflower cultivar Charrua in two different sowing seasons (February and March); four additional treatments of sunflower; and the three tested Brachiaria brizantha cultivars grown in monoculture. Intercropping of sunflower with the Xaraes palisadegrass cultivar negatively affected the agronomic characteristics of sunflower, and intercropping with Marandu palisadegrass and Piata palisadegrass cultivars is recommended. Preference should be given to the Xaraes palisadegrass cultivar for forage production and to the Piata palisadegrass cultivar for the production of forage with higher nutritional value. Sowing in March led to the best sunflower agronomic characteristics, without affecting the productive and nutritional characteristics of the forages. Intercropping of sunflower with Brachiaria brizantha cultivars is therefore a promising cultivation method for the production of achenes and forage during the inter-harvest in the Center-West region of Brazil.

The degradation of pastures in Brazil is a problem of agronomic and environmental importance because it impairs the productive capacity of the soil and the hydrological cycle. In this context, the integration of agriculture and livestock emerges as a promising practice in recovering degraded soils through aggregation, increasing organic carbon in the soil and breaking compacted layers via the growth of grass roots. This study aimed to evaluate suitable indicators of physical quality in regard to mitigating structural changes of a Latosol cultivated with different species of the genus Brachiaria. We evaluated the grasses Brachiaria brizantha (Xaraés, Piatã, Marandu), Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis and adopted fallow and conventional tillage as controls. Soil samples were used to evaluate the parameters total organic carbon, soil aggregation via wet sieving and the least limiting water range (LLWR). Total organic carbon and aggregate stability were not suitable indicators for quantifying soil structural changes, remaining high in the evaluated conservation systems, with a difference observed only in the control with conventional tillage. The LLWR varied among all systems and layers evaluated. Xaraés palisadegrass, followed by the Piatã and Marandu cultivars, stood out in terms of biological soil loosening ability, being similar to the recovery caused by soil tillage. Furthermore, B. decumbens showed intermediate performance, while B. ruziziensis showed activity similar to that in the fallow treatment, indicating limited potential for soil physical recovery.

Intercropping of annual crops with tropical forages is an effective cultivation method to maximize grain production and pasture formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of sunflower and the productive and nutritional characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars grown with intercropping during two different sowing seasons in the interim harvest of the Center-West region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goiás (GO), using a randomized block design with a 3x2+4 factorial scheme and three replicates per treatment. The following factors were tested: three Brachiaria brizantha cultivars (Marandu palisadegrass, Piata palisadegrass and Xaraes palisadegrass) grown with intercropping in the inter-row with the sunflower cultivar Charrua in two different sowing seasons (February and March); four additional treatments of sunflower; and the three tested Brachiaria brizantha cultivars grown in monoculture. Intercropping of sunflower with the Xaraes palisadegrass cultivar negatively affected the agronomic characteristics of sunflower, and intercropping with Marandu palisadegrass and Piata palisadegrass cultivars is recommended. Preference should be given to the Xaraes palisadegrass cultivar for forage production and to the Piata palisadegrass cultivar for the production of forage with higher nutritional value. Sowing in March led to the best sunflower agronomic characteristics, without affecting the productive and nutritional characteristics of the forages. Intercropping of sunflower with Brachiaria brizantha cultivars is therefore a promising cultivation method for the production of achenes and forage during the inter-harvest in the Center-West region of Brazil.

Soil compaction associated with pastures degradation can decrease animal productivity, forage longevity and compromise environmental sustainability. To confront this serious issue, the loosening potential of forages should be recognized. We evaluated the least limiting water range as indicator of biological loosening potential in relation to cultivation of grasses the genus Brachiaria in crop-livestock integration. We also evaluated the water availability to soybean crop that succeeded these grasses. Our studies were performed in two stages. In the first stage, we divided 32 plots into four randomized blocks in which we cultivated corn combined with following treatments: 1 - Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandu; 2 - Xaraes; 3 - Piata; 4 - MG4; 5 - B. decumbens; 6 - B. ruziziensis; 7 - Invasive plants; and 8 - uncovered soil. We evaluated soil, to quantify the biological soil loosening, and also forages. In the second stage, we cultivated soybean and added: 9 - conventional tillage as a control treatment, increasing number of plots to 36. Our results suggest that it is possible to cultivate Brachiaria brizantha or Brachiaria decumbens as management strategy to aid edaphic recovery. Xaraes and Piata grasses provide greater soil loosening while increasing water availability to successive soybean crop.

Agricultural production systems that include the production of mulch for no-tillage farming and structural improvement of the soil can be considered key measures for agricultural activity in the Cerrado region without causing environmental degradation. In this respect, our work aimed to evaluate the chemical and physical-hydric properties of a dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol) in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil, under different soil management systems in the between-crop season of soybean cultivation five years after first planting. The following conditions were evaluated: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu as a cover crop during the between-crop season; Second crop of maize intercropped with Brachiaria ruziziensis; Second crop of grain alone in a no-tillage system; Fallow soil after the soybean harvest; and Forest (natural vegetation) located in an adjacent area. Soil samples up to a depth of 40 cm were taken and used in the assessment of chemical properties and soil structure diagnostics. The results demonstrated that the conversion of native vegetation areas into agricultural fields altered the chemical and physical-hydric properties of the soil at all the depths evaluated, especially up to 10 cm, due to the activity of root systems in the soil structure. Cultivation of B. brizantha as a cover crop during the summer between-crop season increased soil water availability, which is important for agricultural activities in the region under study.

In the south-central region of Brazil, there is a trend toward reducing the sugarcane inter-harvest period and increasing traffic of heavy harvesting machinery on soil with high water content, which may intensify the compaction process. In this study, we assessed the structural changes of a distroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) by monitoring soil water content as a function of the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) and quantified its effects on the crop yield and industrial quality of the first ratoon crop of sugarcane cultivars with different maturation cycles. Three cultivars (RB 83-5054, RB 84-5210 and RB 86-7515) were subjected to four levels of soil compaction brought about by a differing number of passes of a farm tractor (T0 = soil not trafficked, T2 = 2 passes, T10 = 10 passes, and T20 = 20 passes of the tractor in the same place) in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement with three replications. The deleterious effects on the soil structure from the farm machinery traffic were limited to the surface layer (0-10 cm) of the inter-row area of the ratoon crop. The LLWR dropped to nearly zero after 20 tractor passes between the cane rows. We detected differences among the cultivars studied; cultivar RB 86-7515 stood out for its industrial processing quality, regardless of the level of soil compaction. Monitoring of soil moisture in the crop showed exposure to water stress conditions, although soil compaction did not affect the production variables of the sugarcane cultivars. We thus conclude that the absence of traffic on the plant row maintained suitable soil conditions for plant development and may have offset the harmful effects of soil compaction shown by the high values for bulk density between the rows of the sugarcane cultivars.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the fermentative and bromatological characteristics of Piata palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata) ensiled with levels of meals from biodiesel industry. The experiment was performed at the Federal Institute of Goias State, Campus Rio Verde. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four replications, in 4 x 4 factorial arrangement, being four meals (cotton, sunflower, soybean, and canola) and four levels of inclusion (0, 5, 10 and 15%). The results showed the oleaginous meals from biodiesel industry are indicated as additives for ensiling Piata palisadegrass, by improving the qualitative, nutritional and fermentative characteristics of the Piata palisadegrass silage. It is recommended the addition of 15% of the meals, since this level provides the best quality of silage. The soybean meal is the most effective to improve the silage quality, in comparison with the other additives.

This study was developed to evaluate silage quality of Piata palisadegrass with palm kernel cake (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The experiment was carried out at the Federal Institute of Goiás State, Campus Rio Verde, in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five repetitions. The treatments consisted of Piata palisadegrass ensiled with palm kernel in the levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% on a natural basis of the Piata palisadegrass. The material was minced, mixed, packed into experimental silos and opened after 60 days of fermentation. The palm kernel cake is an agro-industrial by-product that can enrich the silage, increasing its nutritional value.The addition of palm kernel cake improved the fermentative and bromatological parameters of the silage, increasing the dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and total digestible nutrients, with a reduction in the fiber fraction, values of pH, ammonia nitrogen, and titratable acidity. The use of palm kernel cake in Piata palisadegrass silage increase the fractions A, B1, B2 and in vitro dry matter digestibility, and decrease the fractions B3 and C. For achieving the best quality silage it is recommended the addition of 15% palm kernel cake.

A reconstituição da fertilidade do solo é um dos caminhos para se recuperar a capacidade produtiva da pastagem em degradação. A adubação nitrogenada é fundamental para o aumento da produção de forragem, principalmente, quando se trata da recuperação de pastagens. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características estruturais e o acúmulo de massa seca (MS) de lâminas foliares e colmos mais bainhas do capim-marandu de pastagem em estágio moderado de degradação, sob doses e fontes de nitrogênio (N), por três anos. O experimento foi conduzido de julho de 2003 a março de 2006, na Fazenda Modelo da Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG), em uma área de 882 m², com parcelas de 20 m² e área útil de 6 m². O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Os tratamentos nas parcelas foram caracterizados pelo fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas fontes de N (sulfato de amônio e uréia) e quatro doses de N (0; 100; 200 e 300 kg ha-1 ano-1). Na subparcela, os tratamentos foram representados pelos anos (2004; 2005 e 2006), referentes ao tempo de recuperação da pastagem. A adubação nitrogenada foi parcelada em três aplicações, após cada corte de avaliação da forrageira. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a adubação nitrogenada influenciou as características estruturais e o acúmulo de massa seca do capim-marandu, e, consequentemente, a sua recuperação. A dose de 300 kg ha-1 ano-1 de sulfato de amônio proporcionou maiores valores de altura de plantas, densidade de perfilhos e massa seca das lâminas foliares.To replenish soil fertility is one of the ways of recovering the productive capacity of degraded pasture. Nitrogen fertilisation is fundamental to increasing forage production, especially when it comes to the recovery of pasture. With this in mind, the objective of this work was to evaluate the structural characteristics and dry matter (DM) accumulation of the leaf blades and sheathed stems of marandu-grass pasture at a moderate stage of degradation, for different dosages and sources of nitrogen, during a three-year period. The experiment was carried out from July, 2003 to March, 2006 at the Model Farm of the Goiás State University (UEG), over an area of 882 m² with plots of 20 m² and usable area of 6 m². The experimental design was of randomized blocks with three replications. The treatments in the plots were characterized by a 2 x 4 factorial, being two nitrogen sources (ammonium sulphate and urea) and four nitrogen dosages (0; 100; 200 and 300 kg ha-1 yr-1). For each sub-plot, treatments were represented by the years (2004, 2005 and 2006), as relating to the time of the recovery of the pasture. Nitrogen fertilization was divided into three applications, following each harvesting of the grass for forage evaluation. The results showed that nitrogen fertilisation influenced the structural characteristics and dry matter accumulation of marandu grass, and hence its recovery. The dosage of 300 kg ha-1 yr-1 of ammonium sulphate resulted in greater values for plant height, tiller density and leaf-blade dry matter.

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido sob condições de campo, visando avaliar a eficiência no uso e no aproveitamento do nitrogênio pelo capim-marandu por meio de diversos índices. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Modelo da Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG) num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, no período de julho de 2003 a março de 2006. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Os tratamentos nas parcelas foram caracterizados por um fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas fontes de N (sulfato de amônio e uréia) e quatro doses de N (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg/ha). Na subparcela, os tratamentos foram representados pelos anos (2004, 2005 e 2006), referentes ao tempo de recuperação da pastagem. A adubação nitrogenada foi parcelada em três aplicações após cada corte de avaliação da forrageira. Foram realizados três cortes da forrageira por ano, avaliando-se a massa seca e os teores de N nos tecidos. Com esses resultados, avaliaram-se os índices de Eficiência de Utilização do N (EUN), Recuperação do N Aplicado (RNA), Eficiência Agronômica do N Aplicado (EA) e Eficiência Fisiológica (EF) ou Eficiência Biológica. Os resultados mostraram que a EUN aumentou, enquanto que a RNA, EA e a EF diminuíram com o aumento das doses de N aplicadas. Em todos os casos, os índices foram influenciados pelos anos de recuperação da forrageira estudados, mas não pelas fontes de N.This study was accomplished under field conditions, to evaluate the use and efficiency of nitrogen uptake, through various indexes, in pasture of Brachiaria brizantha. The experiment was conduced at the Model Farm of the Goiás State University in a distrophic Dark Red Latosol, from 2003 July to 2006 March. The experimental design was randon blocks, with three replicates. The treatments were placed in parcels characterized by a 2x4 factorial, with two sources of N (ammonium sulfate and urea) and four doses of N (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha/year). In sub - parcel, the treatments were represented per years (2004, 2005 and 2006) refering to time of pasture recovery. The use of nitrogen was divided in three times, after each cut evaluation of the forage pasture. Three cuts were made per year, evaluating dry mass and N accumulation in the tissue. Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency, Recovery from the N Applied, Agronomic Efficiency from the N Applied, Physiological or Biological Efficiency indexes were evaluated. The results showed that EUN increased, while RNA, EA and EF reduced with the increase in the N doses applied. In all cases, the indexes were influenced by the years of recovery the herbage, and not by the sources of N.

O nitrogênio (N) é considerado um dos nutrientes responsável pelo crescimento vegetativo das plantas, mantendo as pastagens produtivas e com bom valor nutritivo. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada na produção de massa seca, valor nutritivo e nutrição nitrogenada de cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich) Stapf. O delineamento utilizado foi blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 (três cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha: Marandu, Xaraés e MG-4; e quatro doses de N: 0, 50, 100 e 150 mg.dm-3, tendo como fonte a uréia), com três repetições. Avaliaram-se três cortes nas forrageiras, com intervalos de 30 dias. A adubação nitrogenada proporciona aumentos lineares nas produções de massa seca, teores de PB, nitrato, amônio e clorofila (unidade SPAD); e redução nos teores de FDN e FDA nos cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha. O cultivar Xaraés apresenta maior produção de massa seca, teor de PB, clorofila (unidade SPAD) e menores teores de FDN e FDA que os cultivares Marandu e MG-4.Nitrogen (N) is considered one of the major nutrients responsible for vegetative pasture growth, by influencing forage productivity and nutritive value. With this in mind, dry mass production and quality of Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich) Stapf cultivars were studied and evaluated in order to discover nitrogen (N) fertilization effect on pasture grown under Brazilian savanna conditions. The experimental design used was randomized block in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme (three Brachiaria brizantha cultivars: Marandu, Xaraés, and MG-4 and applying four doses of N: 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg.dm-3, using urea as N source with three replications. Three forage cuttings were done in 30 day intervals. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in a linear increase of dry mass production, crude protein content, nitrate, ammonium, and chlorophyll (SPAD unit) content and a decrease of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content in Brachiaria brizantha cultivars. Xaraés cultivar presented greater dry mass production, crude protein content, chlorophyll (SPAD unit) content, and lower NDF and ADF content than Marandu and MG-4 cultivars.

A adubação nitrogenada influencia positivamente no aspecto nutricional das gramíneas forrageiras, a ponto de resultar na recuperação adequada de pastagem. Objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar a nutrição do capim-marandu, submetido a doses e fontes de N, pela determinação indireta de clorofila e pela concentração de N total, bem como a relação entre eles e os teores de N inorgânico (N-NH4+ e N-NO3-) nas folhas das plantas por um período de três anos. O experimento foi realizado de julho de 2003 a março de 2006, na Fazenda Modelo da UEG, numa área de 882 m², com pastagem estabelecida há mais de dez anos, com baixa produção de forragem. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com três repetições. Foi utilizado o esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas fontes de N (sulfato de amônio e uréia) e quatro doses de N (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 ano-1). Em cada um dos anos, foram realizados três cortes para avaliação da planta forrageira. Os teores de clorofila aumentaram com as doses de N e anos de avaliação da pastagem. A maior concentração de N foi encontrada na maior dose de N aplicada na forma de sulfato de amônio. Verificou-se uma relação direta entre os teores de clorofila e as concentrações de N nas folhas recém-expandidas de capim-marandu. O N inorgânico (N-NH4+ e N-NO3-) representou pequena fração do N total das folhas de capim-marandu.Nitrogen fertilization positively influences nutritional aspects in grass and can result in largely recovered pastures. The research objective was to study the nutrition of marandu grass treated with nitrogen doses and sources, by methods of indirect determination of chlorophyll (SPAD) and total nitrogen concentration and the relation between them and inorganic nitrogen contents (N-NH4+ and N-NO3-) in plant leaves. The experiment was carried out from July of 2003 to March of 2006 on a model farm of the Universidade Estadual de Goiás, in an area of 882 m². The pasture had been used for more than ten years and the herbage yield was low and considered moderately degraded. A split-plot with three replications was used. The experiment had a complete randomized block, 2 x 4 factorial design, with two nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate and urea) and four nitrogen doses (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1 yr-1 ). In each year, marandu grass was cut and evaluated three times. Chlorophyll contents increased owing to the nitrogen doses and over the years. Nitrogen concentration was highest after the application of highest nitrogen doses in form of ammonium sulfate. The chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen concentration in newly expanded leaves of marandu grass were directly related. Mineral nitrogen concentration (N-NH4+ and N-NO3-) represented little total nitrogen fraction of forage lives. Chlorophyll meter can be used for evaluation of nutritional state of marandu grass to know nitrogen absorption. The inorganic nitrogen concentration (N-NH4+ and N-NO3-) represented a small fraction of total nitrogen in the forage leaves.

A deficiência de N é uma das principais causas de degradação de pastagens cultivadas, principalmente do gênero Brachiaria. A reconstituição da fertilidade do solo é um dos caminhos para recuperar a capacidade produtiva de pastagem em degradação. Dentre os nutrientes, destaca-se o N, que é o grande responsável pela recuperação dessas áreas. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de doses e fontes de N em pastagem de capim-marandu em estádio moderado de degradação, por um período de três anos, sobre atributos químicos do solo, como pH, teores de Al trocável, matéria orgânica do solo, N total e N inorgânico (N-NO3-, N-NH4+). O experimento foi realizado de julho de 2003 a março de 2006, na Fazenda Modelo da UEG, numa área de 882 m². A pastagem já se encontrava estabelecida há mais de 10 anos, com baixa produção de forragem. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com três repetições. Foi utilizado o esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas fontes de N (sulfato de amônio e uréia) e quatro doses de N elemento (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 ano-1 ). Após três anos de aplicação contínua com as maiores doses de N, o pH do solo diminuiu de 5,6 para 4,6 e o teor de Al3+ aumentou de 0,05 para 0,41 cmol c dm-3; o sulfato de amônio causou maior acidificação do solo em relação à uréia. A aplicação de doses elevadas de N aumentou os teores de Al3+, MO, N total, N-NO3- e N-NH4+ no solo, e os teores de N-NH4+ foram mais elevados que os de N-NO3-.Nitrogen deficiency is one of the important causes of degradation of cultivated pasture, mainly in the case of Brachiaria pastures. Soil recovery is a way to restore the productive capacity of pastures in degradation. Among nutrients, nitrogen is considered essential and largely responsible for pasture area recovery. The research objective was to evaluate the effects of application of nitrogen doses and sources on marandu grass pasture over a period of three years, based on soil chemical characteristics such as pH, exchangeable aluminum, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen (N-NO3-, N-NH4+). The experiment was carried out from July 2003 to March 2006 on a model farm of the Universidade Estadual de Goiás, in an area of 882 m². Pasture had been grown for more than ten years and was considered in moderate degradation phase, in view of the low herbage yields. A split-plot combination with three replications was used. The experiment had a complete randomized block, 2 x 4 factorial design, with two N sources (ammonium sulfate and urea) and four N doses (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1 yr-1 ). After three years of continuous nitrogen application at highest doses to marandu grass, the soil pH decreased from 5.6 to 4.6 and Al3+ content increase from 0.05 to 0.41 cmol c dm-3. The ammonium sulfate source increased soil acidity more than urea. Application of high nitrogen rates increased Al and organic matter contents, soil total nitrogen, N-NO3- and N-NH4+. The N-NH4+ contents were higher than N-NO3- in all nitrogen doses and years evaluated.

O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, com objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses de N e K na produção de massa seca e extração de macronutrientes pela fitomassa do capim xaraés. O delineamento utilizado foi bloco ao acaso, com esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro doses de Nitrogênio: 0; 25, 50 e 100mg dm-3, e quatro doses de Potássio: 0; 25, 50 e 100mg dm-3, com três repetições. Foram realizados três cortes de avaliação da forrageira. Todos os macronutrientes sofreram variações significativas em função das doses de Nitrogênio e Potássio aplicadas. O efeito mais pronunciado sobre a extração dos macronutrientes foi proporcionado pelas doses de Potássio. A ordem decrescente de extração para o capim-xaraés, considerando extração máxima de cada nutriente, foi: N = K > Ca > Mg > P > S. Contudo, sugerem-se estudos dessas variáveis, em condições de campo, de modo a se obter mais informações sobre esse cultivar para que as estratégias de manejo da cultura sejam mais eficientes.The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Embrapa Arroz e Feijão station, with the objective of evaluating the extraction of macronutrients by the phytomass of Brachiaria brizantha cv. 'Xaraés'. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 4 x 4 (four rates of nitrogen aplication: 0; 25, 50 e 100mg dm-3, and four rates of potassium aplication: 0; 25, 50 e 100mg dm-3), with three repetitions. Three cuttings were performed with 30-day intervals, where the forage plant was cut at a height of 5cm from soil. All the nutrients underwent significant variations as related with the doses of N e K applied. In general, the most marked effect on the extraction of macronutrients was provided by the K rates. The decreasing order of macronutrient extration for capim-Xaraés, considering maximum extration of each nutrient, was: N = K > Ca > P > S. However, one suggests studies of these nutrients, in field conditions, in order to get more information on this forage plant so that the handling strategies one becomes more efficient.

O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, com o objetivo de avaliar o intervalo de corte na produção de massa seca, altura de planta e composição químico-bromatológica da Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos constituíram de quatro intervalos de corte (15, 20, 30 e 60 dias), com cinco repetições, totalizando 20 parcelas. Foram aplicados 100 mg dm-3 de nitrogênio, utilizando como fonte o sulfato de amônio, em todas as parcelas. A adubação nitrogenada foi parcelada, de acordo com os cortes de avaliações. Foram realizados quatro cortes para o intervalo de 15 dias, três cortes para o de 20 dias, dois cortes para o de 30 dias e um corte para o de 60 dias. A forrageira foi cortada a uma altura de 5 cm do solo. O aumento no intervalo de corte na Brachiaria brizantha cv. M-5 determina acréscimos na produção de massa seca e teores de FDN e FDA. Contudo, o inverso pode ser observado no teor de PB e concentrações de P, Cu e Fe.The experiment was carried out in a green house, at Embrapa Arroz e Feijão. It aimed to evaluate the offect of cutting period on dry mass production and bromatologic- chemical composition of Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five replications. The treatments were constituted by four cutting intervals (15, 20, 30 and 60 days). After cuttings at a distant from soil, of ammonium sulfate (100 mg dm-3) was applied to all treatments. Four cuttings were carried out at 15 - day intervals, three at 20 day-intervals, two at 30 - day intervals and one at a 60 day-interval. Increases in cutting intervals caused dry mass production, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber rase. However, the opposite was observed for bromatologic composition and phosphorus, copper and iron concentrations.

O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, com objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses de P e K na altura, produção de massa seca e nutrição da crotalária em ARGISSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO-Eutrófico, sob vegetação do cerrado.O delineamento utilizado foi blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com 3 repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram de quatro doses de P (0, 25, 50 e 75 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e quatro de K (0, 25, 50 e 75 kg ha-1 de K2O). Aos 60 dias após a germinação, antes do período de floração, foi realizado o corte da leguminosa. Foram realizadas análises químicas da parte área para determinação das concentrações de macro e micronutrientes. A aplicação de 75 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e K2O, promoveu melhores resultados na altura de planta e produção de massa seca da crotalária. As maiores concentrações de P e Ca foram observadas com as doses de 75 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e a maior concentração de K foi obtida com a aplicação de 75 kg ha-1 de K2O.The experiment was carried under greenhouse conditions with the objective of evaluating P and K effects on plant height, dry matter production and nutrition of crotalaria in an eutrophic Red - Yellow Argisol (alfisol), under cerrado vegetation. The experimental design was a randomized blocks in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with three replications. The treatments involved four phosphorus levels (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg/ha of P2O5) and four potassium levels (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg/ha of K2O). At sixty days, after sowing and before flowering period, plants were harvested. Shoot's macro and micronutrient concentrations were determined by chemical analysis. Application of 75 kg ha-1 P2O5 and K2O promoted the best reults in plant height and dry matter production of crotalaria. Highest P and Ca concentrations were observed by applying 75 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and the highest K concentration was verified when 75 kg ha-1 of K2O were applied.

O experimento foi realizado em um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro, na Fazenda Modelo da Universidade Federal de Goiás, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses da formulação N: K com o uso do S na produção de massa seca do capim-Tanzânia. Também foram avaliadas a eficiência de conversão em massa seca e a recuperação relativa do N e do S. A formulação N:K foi aplicada em cobertura, nas doses de 150, 300 e 450 kg/ha, com adição de enxofre de 20, 40 e 60 kg/ha. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, com três repetições. O período de avaliação da forrageira foi seis meses e as amostras foram coletadas à altura de 30 cm acima do solo. Melhores ECN e ECS são observadas quando se aplica menores doses de N:K e S, mesmo não havendo diferenças significativas nas concentrações destes nutrientes no tecido da planta sob a ação de doses crescentes dos mesmos. Ao contrário, as maiores RRN e RRS foram observadas quando se aplicou 450 kg/ha da formulação N:K na presença de 60 kg/ha de S.The experiment was carried out in a Dark Red Latosol at Fazenda Modelo, Federal University of Goiás, in order to evaluate the effect of N:K rates with the use of S in the production of dry mass of Tanzania grass. Also, the efficiency of N and S conversion and recovery in dry mass were evaluated. Rates of 150, 300 and 450 kg/ha of N:K aditioning 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha of S were applied as broadcast covering. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks in a 3x3 factorial with three replications. The forage evaluation period was six months and the samples were collected at 30 cm-plant height. The highest productions of dry mass of Tanzania grass were obtained with applications of greater N:K and S rates. The highest efficiencies of nitrogen and sulfur conversions were verified with applications of the lowest N:K and S rates, with no significant differences in concentration of these nutrients in the plant tissues as their rate of application increased. Higher S contensts in leaf tissue and relative recovery of N and S were observed by applying 450 kg/ha N:K and 60 kg/ha of S.

Currently, mixed systems for growing annual crops with forage plants of the Brachiaria genus represent an excellent alternative for the cultivation of maize by using the area for agricultural and livestock farming, which provides higher income to the grower and sustainability to the agricultural systems of the Cerrado. However, little is known about the best means for sowing such intercropped plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of maize (Zea mays) as well as the productive and nutritional characteristics of Paiaguas palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguas) as the second crop in integrated production systems. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of the following forage systems: monocropped of maize, monocropped of Paiaguas palisadegrass, maize intercropped with Paiaguas palisadegrass in rows, maize intercropped with Paiaguas palisadegrass between rows, and maize with oversown Paiaguas palisadegrass. The results showed that intercropping of maize with Paiaguas palisadegrass does not interfere with the agronomic characteristics or grain yield of maize, regardless of the system that was adopted. Regarding the production of forage, low production of dry matter was found for Paiaguas palisadegrass oversown in maize, though the nutritional value was better. Intercropping maze and Paiaguas palisadegrass is relevant to integrated production systems, as it allows for of a third harvest in the same crop year, which maintains sustainability especially because a smaller arable area is used compared to conventional systems.

The agricultural potential of Latosols of the Brazilian Cerrado region is high, but when intensively cultivated under inappropriate management systems, the porosity can be seriously reduced, leading to rapid soil degradation. Consequently, accelerated erosion and sedimentation of springs and creeks have been observed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate structural changes of Latosols in Rio Verde, Goiás, based on the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR), and relationships between LLWR and other physical properties. Soil samples were collected from the B horizons of five oxidic Latosols representing the textural variability of the Latosols of the Cerrado biome. LLWR and other soil physical properties were determined at various soil compaction degrees induced by uniaxial compression. Soil compaction caused effects varying from enhanced plant growth due to higher water retention, to severe restriction of edaphic functions. Also, inverse relationships were observed between clay content and bulk density values (Bd) under different structural conditions. Bd values corresponding to critical soil macroporosity (BdcMAC) were more restrictive to a sustainable use of the studied Latosols than the critical Bd corresponding to LLWR (BdcLLWR). The high tolerable compression potential of these oxidic Latosols was related to the high aeration porosity associated to the granular structure.

Currently in Brazil, as in other parts of the world, the concern is great with the increase of degraded agricultural soil, which is mostly related to the occurrence of soil compaction. Although soil texture is recognized as a very important component in the soil compressive behaviors, there are few studies that quantify its influence on the structural changes of Latosols in the Brazilian Cerrado region. This study aimed to evaluate structural changes and the compressive behavior of Latosols in Rio Verde, Goiás, through the modeling of additional soil compaction. The study was carried out using five Latosols with very different textures, under different soil compaction levels. Water retention and soil compression curves, and bearing capacity models were determined from undisturbed samples collected on the B horizons. Results indicated that clayey and very clayey Latosols were more susceptible to compression than medium-textured soils. Soil compression curves at density values associate with edaphic functions were used to determine the beneficial pressure (σ b) , i.e., pressure with optimal water retention, and critical pressure (σcrMAC), i.e., pressure with macroporosity below critical levels. These pressure values were higher than the preconsolidation pressure (σp), and therefore characterized as additional compaction. Based on the compressive behavior of these Latosols, it can be concluded that the combined preconsolidation pressure, beneficial pressure and critical pressure allow a better understanding of compression processes of Latosols.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência do sombreamento sobre o desempenho de cultivares de sorgo granífero. O ensaio foi realizado em casa-de-vegetação, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualisado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, correspondendo aos quatro híbridos de sorgo granífero (DKB 599, AG 1040, BRS 308 e AG1040) submetidos a pleno sol e sombreado, com três repetições. Determinou-se a altura de planta, área foliar, matéria seca das folhas, caule, raízes e panícula, além do comprimento do pendão e da panícula. Os resultados obtidos permitiram constatar que o ambientesombreado proporcionou maior altura de plantas de sorgo, porém menores valores de área foliar. A redução na luminosidade proporcionou ainda maior acúmulo de massa seca de folhas e caule de todas as cultivares avaliadas. Somente a cultivar BRS 308 apresentouestabilidade produtiva indiferente do ambiente cultivado.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of shading on the performance of cultivars of grain sorghum. The test was conducted in a greenhouse using randomized design in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to the four hybrids of grain sorghum (DKB 599, AG 1040,AG 308, BRS 1040) submitted to a condition with and without shade, all treatments with three replications. We evaluated plant height, leaf area, dry matter of leaves, stems, roots, panicles, and the length of the tassel and panicle. The results show that the shadedenvironment led to greater height of plant sorghum, but lower values of leaf area. The reduction in brightness provided even greater accumulation of dry mass of leaves and stems of all evaluated cultivar. The BRS 308 showed stable production regardless of growthenvironment.

No cenário da pecuária brasileira, as pastagens são cultivadas em solos de baixa fertilidade, com teores muito baixos de cálcio, magnésio e enxofre. A calagem e a gessagem são os meios mais comuns para aumentar o nível de cálcio nesses solos. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de fontes de cálcio no desenvolvimento de gramíneas solteiras e consorciadas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, em um Latossolo Vermelho de textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso com esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 2, sendo três tratamentos referentes ao cálcio (testemunha, calcário e gesso), duas gramíneas (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria humidicola) e duas gramíneas consorciadas com leguminosa (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu + Calopogônio e Brachiaria humidicola + Calopogônio), com 4 repetições. Aos 60 dias após a germinação foi realizado o corte das forrageiras a uma altura de 5 cm distante do solo, para avaliação da produção de massa seca, comprimento da raiz e concentração de cálcio e enxofre no tecido foliar. As melhores alturas de plantas e desenvolvimento do sistema radicular foram verificadas na Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu solteira e consorciada com Calopogônio. A aplicação de cálcio na fonte de gesso resultou em maior produção de massa seca na Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, solteira e consorciada. A calagem promoveu maiores concentrações de cálcio e a gessagem maiores concentrações de enxofre no tecido foliar em todos os sistemas, sendo maiores nos consorciados.Considering the cattle-raising in Brazil, the pastures are cultivated in very low soil fertility conditions, with very low calcium, magnesium and sulfur concentrations. The liming and the gypsum usage are the most common ways to increase the calcium level in these soils. In this context, this research aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium sources on the development of monocultured and intercropped grasses. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Embrapa Rice and Beans, on Red Latosol of clay texture. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks with a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme, being three treatments related to calcium (control, lime, and gypsum), two forage species (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Brachiaria humidicola), and two forage species intercropped with a leguminous plant (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu + Calopogonio and Brachiaria humidicola + Calopogonio), with four replications. At 60 days after germination a cutting was done at 5 cm height from the ground, for evaluation of the dry mass production, root length, and content of calcium and sulfur in the leaf tissue. The best plant height and root development was verified in the monocultured Brachiaria brizantha and also when intercropped with Calopogonio. Calcium application through the gypsum source resulted in higher production of dry mass in the monocultured Brachiaria brizantha as well as when intercropped with Calopogonio. Liming promoted higher calcium concentrations in the foliar tissue in all systems while gypsum promoted higher sulfur concentration, both being higher in the intercropped systems.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência do sombreamento sobre o desempenho de cultivares de sorgo granífero. O ensaio foi realizado em casa-de-vegetação, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualisado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, correspondendo aos quatro híbridos de sorgo granífero (DKB 599, AG 1040, BRS 308 e AG 1040) submetidos a pleno sol e sombreado, com três repetições. Determinou-se a altura de planta, área foliar, matéria seca das folhas, caule, raízes e panícula, além do comprimento do pendão e da panícula. Os resultados obtidos permitiram constatar que o ambiente sombreado proporcionou maior altura de plantas de sorgo, porém menores valores de área foliar. A redução na luminosidade proporcionou ainda maior acúmulo de massa seca de folhas e caule de todas as cultivares avaliadas. Somente a cultivar BRS 308 apresentou estabilidade produtiva indiferente do ambiente cultivado.