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Climate change exacerbates the effects of water scarcity on livelihoods. Governments can intervene by structuring incentives for agricultural adaptations so that farmers can choose the ones that create more benefits for the society as a whole. This requires consideration of a range of different benefits to different groups within the social cost-benefit analysis (CBA). We assess the social and private profitability of two alternative tree-based adaptation techniques that have received state support in the traditional barley cropping/rangeland systems in Central Tunisia: olive tree plantation, and intercropping with cactus. The results showed that society does not benefit from offering incentives for olive production. The production of irrigated olive trees without incentives is profitable for farmers and for society, while rainfed plantation is not profitable at all. However, it is possible for farmers to increase their incomes without increasing agricultural water use if they are encouraged to adopt intercropping with cactus to supplement livestock food and watering. The findings highlight scope for policies to balance between returns both for society, and for farmers, as revealed through the application of quantitative social CBA.

A Tunisian domestic market is emerging due to the opportunities created by the high value international markets for various essential oils (EO). However, many constraints have limited Tunisian exports, largely related to the weakness of the value chain and supply. The main objective of this study is to present the relationship between marketing mix strategies and the export marketing performance of exporting firms for different types of firms. Specifically, we pay attention to the importance of specific firm characteristics in determining the export marketing performance of essential oils firms. There is a growing interest in trading EO worldwide given their various uses. Tunisia is endowed with vast resources of aromatic plants, particularly rosemary and myrtle in forest areas. Apart from the traditional ways of using these plants, many are exported as EO to industrialized countries. In fact, EO export represented 1% of Tunisian exports in 2014. Based on the global market demand, this study addresses the constraints and opportunities for market expansion, which were supported through interviews with Tunisian EO exporters and processors. Recommendations have been elaborated to improve the EO industry in order to compete in the international market with new marketing strategies and opportunities. Keywords: