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Los cultivos protegidos consisten en la utilización de las llamadas “casas de tapado” que permiten la producción de hortalizas todo el año, espe- cialmente en los meses más cálidos y de sol intenso. Esta forma de producción es importante por asegurar el suministro de hortalizas frescas de alta calidad al mercado de frontera, turismo y población. Hoy día el cultivo protegido en el mundo se reconoce como una tecnología agrícola de avanzada. Por ser el sistema de producción de cultivos protegidos relativamente nuevo y de características diferentes a la producción abierta, no existen definidos aperos, máquinas, ni tecnologías para enfrentar la ejecución de estas labores, pues la mecanización en Cuba está basada en el empleo de tractores de potencia media y alta, los que por sus características no pueden trabajar en estas instalaciones. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo determinar el cumplimiento de las exigencias técnicas y agrotécnicas, y los indicadores tecnológico-explotativos y económicos y de los tractores de baja potencia, realizando operaciones de subsolado, roturación, cruce, mullición y acanterado, Para este trabajo se seleccionó como área experimental una casa de cultivos protegidos modelo BK-2, que está generalizada en Cuba y como fuentes energéticas representativas se emplearon los tractores Carraro y MTZ-321. Esta casa protegida fue diseñada con el propósito de obtener rendimientos alrededor de 60 t/ha de hortalizas, y está basada en túneles 540 m2 ubicados en módulos que ocupan 1 ha, con el propósito de un mejor aprovechamiento del sistema de riego, la maquinaria y la energía eléctrica. Se confeccionó una metodología para realizar los experimentos basada en los Instructivos Técnicos para las investigaciones de los equipos utilizados. Los tractores con que se trabajaron eran no articulados y para ellos se calculó la franja de viraje necesaria en las casas de cultivos la cual fue de 3,84 m a 4,96 m. Como resultados se determinó que las productividades alcanzadas por los tractores MTZ-321 y Carraro son similares con cada uno de los aperos estudiados. No hay diferencias importantes entre los gastos totales de trabajo anuales, pero en cuanto a los gastos trasferidos, el MTZ-321 supera al Carraro en un 33% a 50%, lo cual se debe fundamentalmente al mayor consumo de combustible y es de destacar que todos cumplieron satisfactoriamente con las exigencias agrotécnicas.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar aspectos técnicos en sistemas de riego de las provincias centrales del país pertenecientes al Programa de Cultivos Protegidos del MINAG. A partir de la puesta en explotación de los primeros módulos comienzan a presentarse deficiencias en la uniformidad del riego. En las casas de posturas, en Camagüey se ensayó una solución alternativa utilizando el emisor bailarina con resultados preliminares aceptables, experiencia que se extendió posteriormente a otros módulos. Además se realizaron evaluaciones de uniformidad del riego en cuatro provincias, los resultados ratifican la calidad del riego por goteo con el emisor Twin Drip utilizado en cultivos protegidos, mientras en las casas de posturas con el emisor microjet de 2 x 1400 de 1 mm de producción nacional los resultados fueron ineficientes, y con el emisor "bailarina" fueron aceptables.

Se determinaron las exigencias técnicas, agrotécnicas y de explotación que debían cumplir los nuevos tractores a introducir en las instalaciones de cultivo protegido en nuestras condiciones, especialmente en lo que respecta a sus posibilidades de agregación con los implementos y máquinas a utilizar, características dimensionales de las casas de cultivo, eficiencia energética, análisis de mercado, etc. Se adquirieron y se probaron en condiciones de producción varios tipos y marcas de tractores acordes con esas exigencias y se seleccionaron dos fuentes energéticas motorizadas fundamentales: un motocultor y un tractor de baja potencia, que ya se encuentran en etapa de generalización.

En el presente trabajo se describen los estudios realizados para desarrollar la tecnología de Riego por Succión con la utilización de cápsulas porosas para el beneficio de cultivos hortícolas en casas de cultivo. Se detallan los materiales y métodos utilizados para la fabricación de las cápsulas, así como las evaluaciones que permiten identificar sus propiedades. Finalmente se muestran los primeros resultados de la investigación, los cuales permiten inferir que teniendo en cuenta las condiciones económicas, sociales y ambientales de la región central del país, es posible obtener cápsulas porosas a un costo razonable y con propiedades hidrodinámicas apropiadas para su utilización en condiciones controladas.

Con la introducción de las casas de cultivo en Cuba, la agricultura se enfrenta a un nuevo reto que incluye la adquisición de nuevos tractores, máquinas e implementos adecuados a este tipo de sistema agrícola. En el presente trabajo de investigación se determinaron las exigencias técnicas, agrotécnicas y de explotación que debían cumplir los nuevos tractores a introducir en las instalaciones de cultivo protegido en nuestras condiciones, especialmente en lo que respecta a sus posibilidades de agregación con los implementos y máquinas a utilizar, características dimensionales de las casas de cultivo, eficiencia energética, análisis de mercado, etc. Se adquirieron y se probaron en condiciones de producción varios tipos y marcas de tractores acordes con esas exigencias y se seleccionaron dos fuentes energéticas motorizadas fundamentales: un motocultor y un tractor de baja potencia, que ya se encuentran en etapa de generalización

Se desarrolló un equipo con desplazamiento manual para aspersión de productos fitosanitarios en casas de cultivo protegido. El líquido es suministrado por una asperjadora accionada por un tractor que permanece estacionaria fuera de la casa. La evaluación se efectuó en áreas del IIMA, en casas de cultivos protegidos cuyos marcos de siembra y demás condiciones de producción resultan similares a otros modelos de diversos tipos construidos en el país, por lo cual los resultados son de aplicación nacional. Se comprobó que el cubrimiento, distribución del producto, norma de entrega y demás índices de calidad de asperjado son similares o superiores a lo logrado con mochilas y motomochilas y con un aumento de la productividad de al menos el doble.

Protected crops consist of the use of the so called "tropical greenhouses" that allow the production of vegetables during the whole year, mainly in the hottest months. This productive system is important, because is aimed to guarantee the supply of fresh vegetables of great quality for export, tourism and population. Today, protected crops are recognized in the world as an advanced agricultural technology. It's a relative new system, and being its characteristics are different from the production in open areas, there are no suitable implements, machines and technologies in Cuba to perform cropping activities due to the widely use of tractors of medium and high power. The objective of this paper is to determine the fulfillment of technical and agro technical requirements, including economical-managing and technological indicators of low power tractors to develop different labors such as deep tillage, ploughing, clods crushing, crossing, and soil bed forming. The experimental area chosen for this research was a covered cropping installation model BK-2 widely used in Cuba, and as an energetic source were used the Carraro and MTZ-321 tractors. The house was designed to get yields of approximately 60 ton/ha of vegetables and consists of tunnel's modules of 540 m² placed in 1 ha with the objective of making a better management of the irrigation system, machinery and electric power. A methodology was prepared for the experiment, based in the Technical normative for this kind of research. The tractors used were the non-articulated ones and for they was calculated a strip for turn off of 3,84 to 4,96 m, needed in the covered cropping houses. As results was determined that the productivity obtained by both tractors are similar with the implements used. There are no important differences between the annual labor expenses, but as regard as the transferred expenses the MTZ-321 exceed the Carraro in 33% to 50%, due to higher fuel consumption. All of them fulfilled the agrotechnical exigencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el primer registro de Spodoptera exigua, un especie de polilla, en Cuba. Los autores comentan sobre su interacción con cultivos protegidos y describen su introducción en esta región del mundo en 1875. También se considera su historia en la región, especialmente en Cuba, y su impacto en los cultivos.

The technical, agrotechnical and exploitative exigencies to be accomplished by the new tractors for Cuban greenhouses were determined, specially regarding its possibilities of aggregation with the implements and machines of possible use, dimensional parameters of the installations, energetic eficiency, market analysis, etc. Some types of tractors were acquired and tested in ield conditions in accordance with such exigencies and, being selected two types of energetic sources: a motocultor and a low power tractor, both already in a stage of generalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los componentes de producción de albahaca producida con tres tipos de solución nutritiva orgánica en invernadero, con el fin de establecer un esquema de producción en una región árida de México como la Comarca Lagunera. Tres soluciones nutritivas orgánicas fueron evaluadas: lixiviado de vermicomposta (LV), solución de composta (SC) y solución de vermicomposta (SV). Una solución química (SQ) fue utilizada como control; así como dos tipos de sustratos uno arena (A) y una mezcla de perlita-arena (PA) en relación porcentual 80:20, respectivamente. El diseño experimental fue un factorial 2 × 4 en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables respuesta fueron: contenido relativo de clorofila (SPAD), altura de planta (AP), número de hojas (NH), área foliar (AF), rendimiento (R), materia seca (MS) y compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT). Los resultados indican, una diferencia significativa entre AP, AF y CFT. Las diferentes soluciones nutritivas orgánicas tuvieron efecto sobre AP, NH, AF, R y CFT; de tal manera que la SQ produjo plantas con mayor altura (73 cm), NH (89 hojas, promedio) y AF (1259 cm2, promedio) seguida por la SC y SV. El LV presentó el mayor R (79 g). La producción de CFT fue favorecida por SV (6.4 mg AG equiv/g BS), en cambio la SQ tuvo la menor cantidad (4.6 mg AG equiv / g BS) aunque este tratamiento mostró el mayor contenido de MS (12 g). Por último, las interacciones mostraron diferencia altamente significativa sobre AP, NH, AF y CFT. Se concluye que la albahaca orgánica en invernadero es un cultivo con potencial productivo en la Comarca Lagunera bajo condiciones de invernadero.

Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a relação da evapotranspiração máxima (ETm) da cultura de pimentão por unidade de índice de área foliar (ETmf) com a radiação solar global incidente (Rg e) e saldo de radiação (Rn e), externos à estufa, e com a temperatura (t am), umidade relativa (URm) e déficit de saturação (D) do ar no interior da estufa. A ETm foi determinada por lisimetria. Apenas a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar foram registradas e as demais variáveis foram estimadas. O Rn e apresentou o maior efeito isolado, seguido pelo D e pela URm. A temperatura do ar às 15 horas e a temperatura máxima diária foram as variáveis pontuais de maior associação com a ETmf. A Rg e melhorou sua relação quando analisada em diferentes faixas de t am. Os resultados confirmaram o Rn e e o D como as variáveis meteorológicas de maior efeito preditivo da evapotranspiração das culturas em estufas plásticas no outono, porém com graus diferenciados de ajuste para o pimentão em relação às outras culturas.

El artículo presenta un resumen de un tesis de maestro en horticultura, el cual enfoca en la densidad de poblaciones de Meloidogyne, un tipo de nematodo que afecta los cultivos en la República Dominica. El autor analiza las variedades de Meloidogyne y examina su infestación de las plantas de tomate en el país.

Sustainable development has become an essential criterion for structural policies of the European Union, and these policies have extended its environmental dimensions. The EU has decided that circular economy will be framed within the principles of sustainable development. Thus, the changes brought forth will affect activities like agriculture, where environmental policy can undermine the stability of agricultural systems by reducing their profitability. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the implementation of these techniques impacted the southeastern peninsula of Spain, a farming region that supports the sovereignty and food security of the European Union in terms of fruit and vegetable products. The production techniques evaluated can increase production costs by up to 5.5%, although there are no significant differences in crop profitability. It is necessary to guarantee that all producers can access the incentive system to reduce their economic pressure, due in many cases to financial losses. In this regard, it is necessary to establish a specific green architecture for this subsector that factors in the effects of inflation to balance the triple aspect of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural systems must identify fertilization strategies in line with the principles of sustainable development and the circular economy to achieve environmentally friendly food production and to meet the fertilizer-reduction targets set by some territories, such as the European Union (EU). The objective of this work was to identify the multifunctionality and cost-effectiveness in the use of the biodisinfection technique in greenhouse horticultural crops. For this purpose, a cost comparison of the different cultivation strategies was conducted, based on a systematic review of the existing literature. The results of this work suggest that the biodisinfection of soil containing agricultural biomass serves as a fertilization strategy that allows a reduction in a large part of inorganic fertilizers in protected horticultural crops of intensive nature, in addition to mitigating the expression of soil pathogens. Reducing the use of fertilizers and phytosanitary products, management fees, and important means of production, such as water, allows a reduction of up 6.1% in production costs. The biodisinfection technique is a methodology that can promote circularity in farms while favoring the use of waste, such as agricultural biomass, which can damage the environment when not properly treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was done in net houses at Empresa de Servicios (ESUNI) del Grupo Empresarial Cuba Níquel, in Moa municipality, Holguín. The objective was to evaluate the agronomic response of tomato cultivars to the application of chitosan, as an alternative to increase yield. Five doses of chitosan (250, 275, 300, 325, 350 mg/ha and control treatment) were evaluated after transplantation. They were applied during the bloom stage in two moments, and an average of the both moments were obtained and their results were presented in tables and graphs. The main production indicators were evaluated. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey's range test were used with p d" 0.05 and Statistica 8.0 software was used to perform the statistical analysis. According to the response of plants to the application of the polymer in the different evaluated variables of both experiments, it was confirmed that chitosan have the capacity to stimulate the processes linked to plants growth and development. The 275 mg/ha dose had the highest yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Waste disposal is an activity that pollutes the environment. The European Union has developed different legislative measures which are based on the circular economy (CE) to avoid this negative externality. The management of agricultural packaging (fertilizers and phytosanitary products) is carried out through Collective Deposit, Return, and Refund Systems (CDRRS). New regulations on waste tax the consumption of non-recyclable plastic in packaging, but also reward the use of plastic by-products from packaging. The administrations recommend using biodegradable plastic in the means of production, as well as establishing a traceability system (TS) to control the proper management of all the generated waste. The proposed measures can affect producer cost accounts. This work aimed to identify and evaluate the existing agricultural packaging management system in Spain. It also studied the influence of the price of a barrel of oil, crop surface, irrigation regime, and the type of subsectors on CDRRS, and quantified the impact of the latest fiscal measures and initiatives proposed by Spanish administrations. Results: The generation of agricultural packaging is influenced by variables including the cultivated area, irrigation regime, and agricultural subsector. The price of a barrel of oil directly influences the current by-product utilization system. Using biodegradable plastic or implementing a TS can increase production costs by up to 9.80%. The current system of subsidies to producers can soften the economic impact caused by the additional cost of biodegradable plastic (4.03%), but no subsidies have been foreseen to encourage the use of environmentally friendly alternatives. Conclusions: Findings indicate that public administrations should be guided by the specific characteristics of the different agricultural systems when defining regulations on agricultural waste management. The fixed rate in the current system of subsidies for using plastic by-products obtained from packaging should be substituted for a variable rate. Transferring powers to autonomous communities to define by-products may lead to heterogeneity in the Spanish territory. New measures derived from the recent environmental agreements to comply with the 2030 Agenda will increase production costs even after considering the current aid scheme. The subsidy coefficient should be increased to 80% of the purchase invoice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to update the presence of species of mirid predators and their impact on solanaceous crops of interest, samples were taken from tomato and tobacco in open fields and from tomato in covered crops of selected locations of Mayabeque and Las Tunas Provinces every seven days. In each sampling, mirid specimens were counted and collected for their subsequent identification and determination of incidence. The results showed the presence of the species Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter, Macrolophus praeclarus (Distant) and Cyrtopeltis = Engyatus varians (Distant). The mirids were present in most samples taken in tomato and tobacco, while the incidence remained over 40% in both crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para um melhor manejo da fertirrigação em cultivos protegidos de olerícolas, como o feijão-vagem, faz-se necessário conhecer a demanda nutricional dessas plantas. Portanto, objetivou-se caracterizar o acúmulo de biomassa e nutrientes por genótipos de feijão-vagem em cultivo protegido fertirrigado. Para tanto, foi conduzido experimento inteiramente casualizado em casa-de-vegetação, com os genótipos UEL-1 e Alessa, cultivados em vasos plásticos com substrato areia grossa e fertirrigação por micro-aspersão. A cada dez dias, as plantas foram coletadas e mensuradas a massa de matéria seca e a concentração nos tecidos de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e enxofre (S), ajustando-se o acúmulo destes ao longo do tempo por meio do modelo gaussiano. A produtividade de vagens frescas (kg m-2) também foi medida. O acúmulo de biomassa e nutrientes foi intensificado a partir dos 20 dias após a emergência (DAE), atingindo valores máximos próximo aos 50 DAE. O genótipo Alessa teve maior acúmulo de biomassa e macronutrientes, enquanto UEL-1 foi mais produtivo em vagens frescas, caracterizando maior eficiência no uso dos nutrientes. Para ambos genótipos, o N teve o maior acúmulo, seguido por K, Ca, P, S e Mg.

Copyright of Ecologia Austral is the property of Asociacion Argentina de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lámpsakos is the property of Fundacion Universitaria Luis Amigo, Facultad de Ingenierias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Moléstias podem atacar severamente hortaliças cultivadas em cultivos protegidos e, para o manejo integrado dessas moléstias, o conhecimento das condições climáticas que favorecem sua incidência nesses cultivos é fundamental. O trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar as moléstias em tomateiro cultivado em estufas plásticas em quatro municípios na região central do Rio Grande do Sul e as condições de temperatura e umidade relativa (UR) do ar nas quais elas ocorrem. O estudo foi realizado nos municípios de São Pedro do Sul, São Sepé, Ivorá e Santa Maria (RS), no período de março a outubro de 1998. A temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram medidas diariamente com um psicrômetro. As moléstias observadas e sua incidência máxima foram: requeima (Phytophthora infestans): 100,0%, pinta-preta (Alternaria solani): 98,1%, mofo cinzento (Botrytis cinerea): 55,4%, cladosporiose (Cladosporuim fulvum): 48,9%, septoriose (Septoria lycopersici): 37,5%, talo-oco (Erwinia spp.): 33,0%, murcha de fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici): 8,4% e podridão de esclerotínia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum): 1,3%. Valores de UR superiores a 80%, de maneira geral, aumentaram a incidência das moléstias, em sua maioria de origem fúngica. A incidência de moléstias varia entre municípios de uma mesma região climática de acordo com os fatores meteorológicos e práticas de manejo da cultura.

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science / Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia Aplicada nas Ciências Agrárias is the property of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The south of the green belt of Buenos Aires is one of the most important producers of fresh vegetables in the province. Only few of the horticultural farmers receive professional agronomic advice. For this reason, an excess of supplies are being used, irrigation water quality is unknown and soils are not analyzed. The aim of this work was to evaluate chemical and physico-chemical characteristics of soils from Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires Argentina, which have not been cultivated for over 20 years (NC), under open-Fields Cultivation systems (FC) and under Greenhouses Cultivation systems (GC). The variables analyzed were: pH in water (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Extractable Phosphorus (EP), Total Oxidizable Carbon (TOC), Oxidizable Carbon associated to Mineral fraction (MOC) and Particulate Oxidizable Carbon (POC). The results showed excess of EP, high pH and loss of oxidizable carbon for FC and GC with respect to NC. Furthermore, an incipient salinity was found in GC. Under FC, EC and TN were lower than GC, probably associated with leaching due to rain. Overfertilization is common in horticultural farming in the green belt, where the worst-case scenario is represented by phosphorus due to its low mobility and high residuality. The problems detected show the need for chemical analysis on soils and irrigation water. This will avoid imbalances due to overfertilization and the use of unsuitable water, thereby preventing soil degradation and aquifer contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]