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The issue of adapting to climate change through the expansion of crop types has sparked interest in winter peas, which can be introduced into crop rotations to stabilise the yield of legumes, positively affect soil fertility, and increase arable land productivity, but the nutrition system of winter peas needs to be investigated and optimised, especially considering the rising cost of mineral fertilisers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of liquid organic-mineral fertilisers on the yield and quality of pea grain of winter sowing. To complete the objectives of the study, a field trial was conducted in the Odesa Oblast of Ukraine in 2021-2023. The replication of the experiment was fourfold, and the arrangement of variants was systematic. Liquid organo-mineral fertilisers were used in the experiment, which were applied once during the restoration of spring vegetation, in the budding phase and twice (restoration of spring vegetation+budding); the control variant did not involve the application of preparations. It was found that the use of liquid organo-mineral fertilisers on winter pea crops helps to increase its yield, but the growth rate is unstable, depends on weather conditions, and ranged within 0-30.4% over the years of research. The studied fertilisers had a substantial effect on the protein concentration in pea grain, the yield of which per unit area increased by an average of 22.4%, the thousand-kernel weight increased, but within the limits of statistical significance. The obtained findings suggested the possibility of using liquid organic-mineral fertilisers for growing winter peas using resource-saving or organic technology in the zone of high meteorological risks, but it should be considered that their effectiveness is determined by the composition and frequency of application. The practical value of the study lies in the development of elements of the nutrition system, which provides an increase in the yield of peas of winter sowing by 0.24-0.41 t/ha, high protein content and the level of profitability of its production – 117-152%, while the use of liquid organic-mineral fertilisers contributes to the biologisation of pea growing technology, reduces the cost of mineral fertilisers, and mitigates the chemical load on soils

The significance of vegetable production is driven by the need of the population for vitamin products, processing enterprises for raw materials, especially in wartime, in the face of food and environmental hazards, and the need to increase export opportunities, considering international integration processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of war on the economic availability and environmental safety of food, to identify and assess the components and vectors of food and environmental safety management, and to evaluate and promote exports in the context of international economic integration. The study employed the methods of analysis and synthesis, generalisation and specification, mathematical and graphical methods. Sources of information: data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Trade Centre (ITC), and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The study analysed the current state of vegetable production, identified the key problems under the influence of food hazards, environmental factors, and integration processes. The study examined the impact of the war on the economic availability and environmental safety of food, estimated the volume of deficit in vegetable production, identified the principal economic and environmental problems and areas for improving the efficiency of the industry in the future. The volume of the deficit in vegetable production was found and the size of the lost sowing areas was determined; the reasons for the unsatisfactory state of vegetable production were identified. It was established that in recent years the country has experienced a temporary famine, which is unacceptable in the European space. It was found that, to minimise the agri-food crisis and environmental threats, it is necessary to focus on the implementation of the proposed measures to support production efficiency, the implementation of which will allow solving the issues of independence and food security of territorial communities, especially in times of war, and improve the functionality of governing bodies, economic entities, investors, scientists, and producers based on sustainable development. The practicality of the study findings is confirmed by the effectiveness of the developed proposals that can be used in the implementation of measures to increase vegetable production and exports

The benefits of international economic integration have led to an increase in the number of integration groups. The sensitivity of the agri-food sector to liberalisation and its importance have led to the allocation of a separate chapter in regional trade agreements. The importance of foreign trade and food security, as well as their special significance for Ukraine, which has signed dozens of regional trade agreements and is one of the largest exporters of certain types of agri-food products, confirm the relevance of the study. The aim of the article is to analyse the theoretical foundations of international economic integration with a focus on the agricultural sector, identify its specific features and develop relevant proposals. To achieve this goal, the author used the methods of theoretical generalisation, abstract and logical, specification, analysis, and synthesis, which allowed to study the features of international economic integration in the agricultural sector, to formulate conclusions and proposals. The information base was based on scientific research, regional trade agreements, etc. As a result of the work carried out, the development of international economic integration was analysed with due regard to the agricultural sector. The article suggests allocation of the main goals of integration, their classification, definition and substantiation of risks. Among the main objectives of integration in the agricultural sector, it is proposed to allocate the following: ensuring the domestic demand for food of the required quality at an affordable price, taking into account the comparative advantages of the member states, increasing exports to third countries, based on the potential of the member states, and solving social problems. Taking into account the goals of sustainable development and global problems of mankind, it is proposed that the main goals should also include environmental issues and rational use of resources. The goals of integration are defined as one of the main prerequisites for its successful development, which is confirmed by the content of the relevant treaties and agreements. In practice, international economic integration can contribute to solving the problem of food security and development of the agricultural sector, production, in particular through the inflow of new technologies, foreign investment, etc. The development of intra- and extra-regional trade is envisaged as a result of harmonisation of product quality standards, increase of its competitiveness, etc. This should be facilitated, first of all, by a clear definition of goals, their implementation through an appropriate set of measures defined by country, and monitoring of implementation

Beef production is driven by the need to ensure the country’s food security, meet the processing industry’s demand for raw materials, and increase state budget revenues from exports. The purpose of this study was to highlight the status and trends of production in the world and Ukraine, to identify issues and find areas of development considering international economic integration. The methods employed were analysis, synthesis, generalisation, specification, mathematical, and graphical. The study identified the upward trend in global beef and veal production, the main producing countries and the predominant stability of their share in global volumes over the decades. It was found that higher beef production does not always allow for higher per capita volumes (e.g., in China and India). Ukraine’s production and its share in global volumes are declining, although production exceeds consumption. It was found that the share of agricultural enterprises in the structure of economic entities is decreasing, and there is a direct dependence between their number and production volumes, which prevails in the Forest-Steppe zone. The largest producing regions (Kyiv, Vinnytsia, Kharkiv, Lviv) were highlighted, where priority development in the post-war period is expected. The study found the principal reasons for the decline in production, including a decrease in livestock numbers, negative profitability, and rising average consumer prices. Based on the SWOT analysis results, development prospects were identified and relevant proposals were developed. The reasons for the decrease in the number of cattle and beef were proposed to be distinguished as general, and those related to enterprises and household farms; their interdependence was emphasised. The study stressed the need for state support for producers by providing food aid to the population free of charge and by purchasing products at lower prices depending on their financial level. International economic integration was singled out as one of the key factors of increasing beef production. The study emphasised the need to consider the consumer preferences of the population of countries with which regional trade agreements have been concluded, specifically regarding the production of kosher and halal products. The findings of this study and the proposals provided can be used to develop government measures to increase beef production and increase its share in world exports

Winter wheat is one of the most important crops in Ukraine, and modern varieties have the potential to produce high yields under favourable conditions. The realisation of the genetic yield potential of a variety is the result of a complex interaction of genotype and environmental variables. In order to find effective sources of resistance, a collection of winter wheat accessions of different ecological and geographical origin was studied. The research was conducted in 2017-2019 in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, and the analysis of plant resistance of the winter wheat collection of the National Centre of Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine was tested against a synthetic infectious background of septoria, brown rust and smut as opposed to the natural background of powdery mildew, leaf yellowing (pyrenophorosis) and other root rot. The collection of 32 varieties was represented by 9 countries, most of them of Ukrainian origin. In the field, on artificial and natural infectious backgrounds, we identified varieties characterised by group resistance to pathogens of major diseases. The studies of adult plant resistance under conditions of infectious natural background and the use of the method of artificial complex infectious background have established that it is possible to investigate and identify sources of resistance to both individual pathogens and a complex of pathogens. As a result, no accessions were found to possess group resistance against the six pathogens presented. The selected varieties, Zdoba Kyivska, Vykhovanka Odeska and Feonia, can be used as sources of group resistance, which allows for excellent breeding efforts leading to the development of resistant wheat varieties. The selected sources are suitable for inclusion in breeding programmes as starting material for the development of modern high-yielding winter durum wheat varieties resistant to diseases and other environmental factors

The competitiveness of fresh fruit in the modern market substantially depends on sensory quality indicators. Sweet cherries are a top fruit that is highly valued by consumers due to their taste and visual attractiveness. For the growing demand for fruits on the European market, it is important to examine the sensory properties of cherry fruits in combination with their weight and diameter. The purpose of the study was to substantiate sensory indicators for examining the quality of cherry fruits of different maturation periods and selecting the most competitive varieties for the sustainable provision of fresh fruit in accordance with the requirements of the modern market. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: field, laboratory, and comparative. Determination of the mass, diameter, and sensory assessment of fruits was conducted on 33 varieties of sweet cherries. Experts conducted rating tests on a 9-point scale on ten fruit samples of the examined varieties. Fruits were evaluated by their appearance, aroma, taste, and texture. At the final stage of the assessment, experts calculated the average value of sensory indicators. A sensory profile was set for the fruits of each cherry variety and assigned a score based on the following descriptors: colour intensity, taste, pulp hardness and juiciness, and skin density. The standard methodology for evaluating the sensory properties of fresh fruits has been improved. The average weight (8.41 g) and diameter (22.63 mm) of sweet cherry fruits for three ripening groups were determined. Varieties (Kazka, Dilema, and Udivitiel’na) with the largest mass and diameter of fruits are identified. According to the complex of sensory indicators, the varieties Kazka, Vynka, and Krupnoplidna were distinguished. According to the external attractiveness, consistency, and taste qualities of fruits, a sensory profile has been formed for varieties of different maturation periods. Sensory evaluation of sweet cherry fruits will allow distributing fruit products and selecting raw materials for further use in fresh form, long-term storage, freezing and production of processed products by thermal sterilisation

The importance and number of integration blocs continue to grow, with agreements being concluded by countries on all continents. This affects not only the development of their member countries but also third countries, in particular trade with them. A considerable number of trade and economic associations are established by Latin American countries, and although researchers study mainly Mercosur, it is advisable to consider other blocs, wherein the integration of developing countries originates in Latin America. The purpose of the study was to examine the development of integration in Latin America and external trade peculiarities of individual trade and economic associations. To achieve this purpose, the authors used foreign and Ukrainian studies, statistical data of international organisations, as well as analysis and synthesis, comparative, historical, graphic, and other methods. The study considered the integration in Latin America, caused by internal issues of countries, its individual stages. In particular, the researchers outlined the features of each stage and identified the advantages of integration, which has become a driving force for trade development. It is advisable to consider the factors that contributed to integration when concluding future regional trade agreements, as well as the level of development of individual integrating countries, their participation in other trade and economic associations, international organisations, and other factors. Calculations for trade areas demonstrated that in 2018, compared with 1995, the total and intraregional exports of the studied integration blocs grew, and the share of the latter did not fall below 10.5%, with the exception of the Andean Community, some blocs reached 20%, although during the specified period for most trade and economic associations it decreased. Considering the results obtained, there are reasons to predict the development of integration in Latin America, yet it is worth considering the influence of internal and external economic factors, as well as methods of regulation and adaptation