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The waste generated in the production of wine and grape juice is characterized by a high concentration of organic matter, when properly treated, can serve as sustainable strategies for its use and destination, and among these, the production of biocompost. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the process of composting grape marc, sheep manure, and mango leaves, evaluating in the biocompost its physical-chemical, nutritional and microbiological characteristics for use in agriculture. The composting pile assembly followed the proportion of 30% of sheep manure as nitrogenous material and 70% of carbon-rich material (divided into 50% of grape marc and 20% of hose leaves), the initial C/N ratio was 33:1, and the process lasted 120 days according to legislation. When evaluating the results, the process occurred in an accelerated manner, where at 30 days the biocompost was already stabilized, and at the end of the process (120 days) it presented a C/N ratio of 5.85, as well as acceptable levels for the macronutrients K and P, and with-out risk of phytotoxicity, and could be used as organic fertilizer or as soil conditioner, reducing environmentally inadequate destination and generating savings with their reinsertion in the production chain. Made available in DSpace on 2022-03-10T12:00:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Composting-of-winery-waste-and-characteristics-2021.pdf: 2513887 bytes, checksum: 5b11fc172e759e7f524f6a3f69ba77c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Resumo: O meio rural brasileiro tem se caracterizado, em especial nas últimas quatro décadas, pela diminuição da sua população, diminuição do total de pessoas ocupadas na agropecuária e pelo crescimento de atividades não agrícolas. No entanto, esses processos não são homogêneos entre os estados brasileiros, parecendo haver regiões ainda mais agrícolas do que outras. Neste contexto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo propor e estimar, usando a análise fatorial, um indicador de intensidade das atividades agrícolas (chamado de indicador de “agriculturalização”), além de apresentar a distribuição espacial deste indicador. Para tanto, utiliza-se a análise exploratória de dados espaciais considerando os estados Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso e Goiás, tomando-se como referência os anos de 2000 e 2010. Esses estados foram escolhidos pela sua proximidade física, pela sua importância na agropecuária nacional e por compartilharem atividades agropecuárias similares. Diagnosticou-se a presença de aglomerações espaciais do tipo Alto-Alto para o indicador de “agriculturalização”. Essas aglomerações espaciais podem ser explicadas pela presença dos complexos agroindustriais existentes em tais regiões e pelo próprio efeito espacial do transbordamento da atividade agrícola. Abstract: At least, during the last four decades, three phenomena have been running in Brazil´s countryside: decreasing population, reducing workforce and increasing creation of non-agricultural jobs. However, these phenomena do not take place evenly throughout the country, in order that some areas are more dedicated to agriculture than others are. In this context, this work aims to propose and estimate, using the factorial analysis, an indicator to measure the intensity of agriculture (called “agriculturalization” index). It will allow to analyze its spatial distribution and potentially to find out some agricultural concentration. Initially, five Brazilian states are taken into consideration, considering their physical proximity, their agriculture similarity and their importance for Brazil’s agriculture. These states are Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Goiás, considering years of 2000 and 2010. It was found out the existence of High-High cluster inside and at the boundary of the five analyzed states. And it is justified by the existence of agro-food industries and the occurrence of spillover effects.

La falta de una inclusión justa y en buenas condiciones con los mercados es una de las barreras que enfrentan los productores con pequeñas extensiones de tierra en América Latina, y en general, en los países en desarrollo. Los agronegocios inclusivos han emergido como un concepto y una práctica que busca crear oportunidades de mercado, en condiciones justas a pequeños productores. Esta investigación, llevada a cabo bajo un enfoque cualitativo, aborda tres casos latinoamericanos -Guatemala, Nicaragua y Perú-, en tres productos -maní-, cacao y espárrago, en los que se ha aplicado una metodología de negocios inclusivos y, a partir de ellos, identifica y caracteriza los factores que facilitan o limitan su desarrollo y plantea su relación con el marco amplio de desarrollo rural. El análisis comparado revisa la presencia o no de los atributos de los agronegocios inclusivos, y aborda los factores en las dimensiones micro, meso y macro que facilitaron o no el desarrollo de estos negocios. The lack of fair inclusion and in good conditions with the markets is one of the barriers faced by producers with small tracts of land in Latin America, and in general, in developing countries. Inclusive agribusinesses have emerged as a concept and practice that seeks to create market opportunities, under fair conditions for small-scale producers. This research, carried out under a qualitative approach, addresses three Latin American cases –Guatemala, Nicaragua and Peru—, in three products -peanuts, cocoa and asparagus-, in which an inclusive business methodology has been applied. And based on the business models, it identifies and characterizes the factors that facilitate or limit their development and raises their relationship with the broad framework of rural development. The comparative analysis reviews the presence or not of the attributes of inclusive agribusiness, and addresses the factors in the micro, meso and macro dimensions that facilitated or not the development of these businesses. Magíster en Desarrollo Rural Maestría

Thirty five years of experience has taught one of the world's leading biofuels producers several essential lessons, which other countries should heed, says Marcia Moraes.