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La mastitis es la inflamación de la glándula mamaria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar la prueba de California (CMT), evaluar el conteo de células somáticas (CCS) y la composición de la leche para determinar la relación con los agentes bacterianos identificados en una unidad de producción en Tequisquiapan, Querétaro, México. Se trabajó con 20 cabras de las razas Alpina Francesa y Toggenburg; se obtuvieron 166 muestras de leche. La prevalencia de la mastitis subclínica fue del 30%; las especies de Staphylococcus con mayor prevalencia en las cabras muestreadas fueron S. chromogenes y S. warneri. Se encontró una asociación entre el crecimiento bacteriano y la prueba de California; no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el CCS y los resultados de la CMT y tampoco entre el porcentaje de grasa, proteína, lactosa y sólidos totales (P > 0.05).

El municipio de Amatepec con una superficie plantada de 338 hectáreas es el principal productor de café en el Estado de México, con la participación de 230 productores tiene un volumen de producción de 393 toneladas. Con el objetivo de conocer las características socioeconómicas, económicas, agronómicas y culturales de los cafeticultores para establecer un análisis de la producción en el municipio, entre diciembre de 2021 y marzo del 2022 se llevó a cabo el levantamiento de la información en 18 localidades, mediante una entrevista aplicada a 80 productores, considerando un muestreo probabilístico. Se evaluaron 36 variables divididas en los cuatro aspectos anteriormente señalados. El promedio de edad fue de 56.07 años, predominan los hombres (81.2%), el 30% de los entrevistados tienen licenciatura y el 11% de estos son profesores (primaria). El 46.3% vende el café como molido, entre $180.00 y $250.00 pesos kilogramo, así el 92.4% de la producción se destina para el mercado local. Un 55.9% de los productores obtienen rendimientos menores a 2 000 kg·ha-1, con ingresos de $10 001.00 a $100 000.00 pesos anuales (55.8%). Más del 83.6% cultivan la variedad Típica, con diversidad de marcos y densidades de plantación, un 31.2% de las plantaciones poseen una edad mayor a 31 años. El 95% está interesado en recibir cursos de capacitación, a pesar de que el 66.2% ha recibido algún tipo de adiestramiento. Para algunos de ellos, el café es la única fuente de ingreso, cuya fortaleza distintiva es la altitud.

Introduction. Seedlings formation under controlled conditions is essential for growing species of importance as strawberry. Since the artificial LED lighting technologic has allowed greater control of light, the variation of components such as the wavelength and intensity can be manipulated to form seedlings with different characteristics. However, it is necessary to generate original scientific information for the development of precise and efficient practices on light control. Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the strawberry seedlings formation under different intensities of violet, blue and red LED light. Material and methods. The study was performed in 2020 at the Plant Genetics Laboratory of the Agronomy Department of the Universidad de Guanajuato, in the municipality of Irapuato, in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Seeds were recovered from San Andreas cultivar fruits and seedlings were formed under violet, blue and red LED light at high, medium, and low intensities. Color determination of cotiledon area, chroma saturation index and Hue angle were performed. Physiotechnical variables, chemical and antioxidant activity were measured. Results. The most suitable treatments were violet light of high and medium intensities; as well as blue light of high intensity, due to the germination percentage exceeded at least 60 %. Seedlings did not lengthen or thin, presented the largest cotyledons areas and the highest chlorophyll concentrations. In addition, these light treatments consumed 31.2 % less electrical energy on average. Conclusions. Besides the white light, the most suitable treatments for strawberry seedlings formation were violet light at high and medium intensities, as well as blue light at high intensity. It is suggested that the violet and blue light treatments be evaluated in other cultivars to confirm the beneficial effect on the strawberry seedlings. Red light limited germination and the highest antioxidant activity was observed in this treatment.

Background. Cattle production in tropical regions of Mexico is in dual-purpose farms (DP) on unintended agrosilvopastoral systems (ASPS) with pastures dominated by tropical grasses with scattered shrubs and trees. During the dry season due to the forage diminished nutritional value and availability most farmers supplement their cattle to sustain milk production and weight gains of calves, without taking into consideration the wide variety of forages available in grazing lands to decide the composition of supplements offered to their cattle. Objective/hypothesis. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of low levels of crude protein (CP) content in supplements (S10 = 100, S11 = 110 and S12 = 120 g CP/kg of DM) on the performance of lactating Brown Swiss (BS) cows on an ASPS during the dry season. We hypothesize that low levels of CP in supplements of lactating grazing cows on an agrosilvopastoral system during the dry season would not affect animal performance. Methodology. The study was carried out in the dry season (March to June of 2012), in a commercial DP in the State of Mexico. Eighteen multiparous BS cows and their calves were used in the study, randomly allocated to three groups (six cows/group), to receive one of three supplements (4.5 kg DM/cow/day), consisting of 100, 110 or 120 g/kg DM of crude protein (CP) S10, S11 and S12, respectively. Data were analysed as a complete random experimental design with a mixed model. Results. There were no significant differences in most of the animal performance variables (P > 0.05), except for fat protein corrected milk (FPCM) where S12 (6.4) was significantly higher than S10 and S11 (4.7 and 4.5 kg/day, respectively). Milk protein yields (kg/day) significantly increased as the CP level increased in supplements. High levels of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) were detected (mean 14.0 mg/dL). Implications. In similar DP farms where cattle have access to other sources of forages like shrubs and trees, it is possible to reduce the CP content of supplements and to increase the efficiency of utilization of those alternative forages as well as a reduction in supplementation costs. Conclusion. There were no significant differences in the performance of BS cows grazing on an ASPS during the dry season receiving supplements with low crude protein levels. When correcting to fat-protein milk yields a significant difference was found in favour of supplement with 120 g CP/kg of DM.

Background. Eco-innovation (EI) involves new goods and services that reduce negative environmental impacts. In small-scale dairy systems (SCDS) the adoption of innovations is low, this has been associated with the lack of extension services, so its evaluation is needed to improve the services. Objective. To identify and to evaluate the implementation process of four EI in SCDS. Methodology. The research was conducted in the Municipality of Aculco, State of Mexico. Twenty-one small-scale dairy farmers with a maximum herd size of 35 cows were selected. A questionnaire was applied to collect information about the concept of EI, time of use, diffusion and acquisition, changes for implementation, limitations and motivations, disuse and suggestions. The information was analyzed by frequencies and percentages. Four groups were formed according to the type of EI (bio-digester, solar heater, water collection, and solar cells), and the implementation process of each one was described. The evaluation of three technology phases (communication, transfer and adoption) and their stages was proposed using a five-point Likert scale for each EI. Differences between groups were analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis test (P

Background: Small-scale dairy systems contribute to mitigate rural poverty as they provide a stable source of incomes to farming families, and also contribute with over 30% of national milk production. However, the dependency on external inputs affects their profitability and sustainability, which added to difficult agroclimatic conditions and limiting management factors as high stocking rate in pastures. It is therefore necessary to evaluate feeding strategies better adapted to conditions in these systems to improve cattle diets based on quality forages reducing external dependency and thus, costs. A means to increase herbage yields in pastures is overseeding with annual fast-growing cereals. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the productive performance of dairy cows on two feeding strategies based on grazing, and the analysis of costs in small-scale dairy systems in the highlands of central Mexico. Methodology: Eight Holstein cows were used on continuous day grazing (8 h/day) under on-farm research with a double cross-over design. Treatments ere: continuous intensive grazing of Kikuyu grass pastures (KY) or Kikuyu grass overseeded with rye (KYCEN) from 6:00 to 16:00 h, plus 4.5 kg DM/day of commercial concentrate. Two groups of four cows balanced for days in milk and daily milk yield were formed, and each group randomly assigned to one of the treatment sequences: KY-KYCEN-KY y KYCEN-KY-KYCEN, with three experimental periods of 14-day each, with 10 days for adaptation to diets and four days for sampling. Pastures were assessed with a split-plot design. Records were for milk yield and composition, live weight and body condition. A partial budget analysis was performed to compare income and feeding costs. Results: There were no statistical differences (P>0.05) in productive performance, with mean 3.5% fat corrected milk yield of 17 kg/cow/day, with 36.6 g/kg, 28.5 g/kg and 43.4 g/kg for milk fat, protein and lactose respectively. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments for sward height or herbage mass, but there were significant differences (P

Background: In small-scale dairy systems (SPLPE), multi-species pastures and small grain cereal silages have proven to be an option in the face of potential climate change effects and provide quality forage at low costs in periods of forage shortages. Objective: To evaluate the inclusion of a binary silage of barley and rye, compared to a ternary silage of barley, rye and triticale, in the feeding of dairy cows in small-scale dairy systems, in terms of productive and economic performance. Methodology: In the central Highlands of Mexico and with the participation of a small-scale dairy farmer, the inclusion of these silages in the feed of 6 dairy cows was evaluated under a cross-over design. The treatments included 40% silage (T1, binary; T2, ternary), 36% of conventional feeds (cut pasture, maize straw and alfalfa hay) offered by the participating farmer, and 24% of commercial compound concentrate. The variables evaluated were diet composition, feed intake, yield and milk composition, and an economic analysis made considering feed costs. Results: The neutral detergent fiber content was 4.8% lower in T2 (p

Background: The use of weeds in animal feed is a common practice in Mexico. Objective: To evaluate the ensilage of grasses as forage alternatives in the feeding of cows in small-scale milk production systems. Methodology: Two grass silages were evaluated: Slg-40 with 40% mirasol and 30% barley, and Slg-60 with 60% mirasol and 40% grasses and other grasses, with corn silage (Slg-Mz), supplemented with 4.1 kg MS of commercial concentrate. In a 3X3 Latin square repeated twice with 6 cows and 14-day periods. Forage chemical composition and productive response were evaluated. Results: An average content of Neutral Detergent Fibre of 650 g/kg MS, Acid Detergent Fibre of 479 g/kg MS, and Crude Protein of 62 g/kg DM were reported in the grass silages; estimated metabolizable energy levels of 7 and 8 MJ/kg DM were reported for the SLG-40 and Slg-Mz silages, respectively. In the productive response a higher fat content is reported for the Slg-40 treatment, with respect to Slg-60, for milk yield, protein, lactose, milk urea nitrogen, dry matter intake, live weight and body condition no differences were reported (p˃0.05). Implications: This work raises the use of vetch as silage in animal feeding. Conclusion: Silage of weed proved to be a feeding alternative in the face of forage shortage scenarios.

El objetivo fue evaluar ensilado de Tithonia tubiformis con diferentes aditivos para determinar su composición química, parámetros de fermentación ruminal y de producción de gas in vitro, para su posible inclusión en la alimentación de animales de producción. Se evaluaron dos etapas fenológicas y tres tratamientos de aditivos para los ensilados; control (CTR), melaza (MLZ) y bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL), mediante un análisis de varianza con un diseño experimental factorial 3x2. Las variables evaluadas fueron materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente acido (FDA), energía metabolizable estimada (eEM), digestibilidad in vitro de la MS (DIVMS), de la MO (DIVMO) y de la FDN (DIVFDN), así como producción de gas in vitro. Se presentaron diferencias significativas (P

Background. Despite the fact that it is an indigenous species and of great cultural significance for rural areas of Mexico, breeding and production of turkey is an economic activity that has currently lost importance and is at risk of disappearing, due to structure and management, flock health and social factors Objective. Typifying production units (PU) of native backyard turkey in the Municipality of Temascaltepec, State of Mexico. Methodology. The information was obtained through a structured survey to holders of 20 PU of backyard turkey. PU were typified using multivariate statistics; a principal component analysis (PCA), to standardize information and with the regressions of the original variables on the new factors obtained, a cluster analysis (CA) to classify PU based on intrinsic characteristics that defined them and extrinsic characteristics that differentiated them. Results. The PU are characterized by the presence of small families, small flocks managed by women over 59 years old, who speak nahuatl native language and have primary education. The PU began by buying birds, they have a traditional backyard management, whose food base is corn and kitchen waste. Production is low and is used for self-consumption through the preparation of traditional dishes such as mole. To a lesser extent, both turkey and meat are sold in local markets to improve family income. The continuity of the activity is compromised, in small PU mainly, due to low interest and generational change. Implications. The work made it possible to identify the PU trends and the factors that favor production, as well as those factors that compromise the continuity of the family activity. Conclusion. There is a diversity of backyard turkey PU, the flocks are small managed by women, the diet is based on grains and kitchen waste, the products obtained are for self-consumption from traditional dishes and their continuity depends on the experience in the activity and the family size.

La antracnosis es una enfermedad fúngica presente en el cultivo de aguacate de manera recurrente, generando pérdidas económicas importantes para el sector productivo del Estado de México. Para focalizar las medidas de control, resulta importante conocer la distribución espacial y la dinámica que siguen las enfermedades como la antracnosis a través de métodos geoestadísticos. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el comportamiento espacial de la antracnosis en el cultivo de aguacate Hass en Coatepec Harinas y Tenancingo, dos municipios productores del Estado de México. Se muestrearon cuatro hectáreas, estableciendo 40 cuadrantes en cada una, y en cada una de ellos, 10 árboles de aguacate cultivar Hass de 10 años fueron georreferenciados con un DGPS y utilizados para medir la incidencia de síntomas de antracnosis en 12 frutos. Los datos fueron analizados con el software Variowin 2.2 y los mapas generados con el programa Surfer 16. Los mapas elaborados muestran centros de agregación, y los semivariogramas sugieren una distribución ajustada en su mayoría a modelos de tipo gaussiano y exponencial; con rangos que fluctúan entre los 12 y los 56 metros, indicando asociación entre los datos; el mayor porcentaje de superficie infectada fue de 99% para el primer muestreo de abril, mientras para el primer muestreo de noviembre, el mayor porcentaje fue de 98% en ambos municipios. El índice de distancia para la regularidad Ia corroboró la existencia de focos de agregación en todos los muestreos, al igual que los valores obtenidos del índice de agrupamiento Ja.

Los reguladores de crecimiento vegetal se han utilizado para mejorar el aspecto visual de las ornamentales, y la aplicación de micorrizas para facilitar la absorción de fósforo. En esta investigación, se evaluó el efecto de tres concentraciones de paclobutrazol y un inóculo con esporas de Glomus intraradices en el crecimiento, floración y distribución de biomasa de Lilium cv. Armandale y Tresor, fertirrigados con solución nutritiva completa o deficiente de fósforo. Cuarenta y cinco bulbos de cada cultivar fueron sumergidos en soluciones con 0, 50 o 200 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol y plantados en macetas con 2,5 L de tezontle, a 15 bulbos se les espolvoreó 1 g del inóculo antes de su plantación. Los resultados mostraron que Lilium ‘Armandale’ fue más alto (59,13 cm) que ‘Tresor’ (47,80 cm). En ambos cultivares, paclobutrazol redujo la altura y los tipos de riego no afectaron esta variable. El número de hojas (89), diámetro (17,90 mm) y longitud (47,49 mm) de botones florales fueron similares en ‘Armandale’ y ‘Tresor’. El número y biomasa fresca de los botones florales fueron 1,3 y 2,5 veces mayores en ‘Tresor’ cuyos tallos florales fueron visualmente más llamativos. El fertirriego con solución nutritiva deficiente de fósforo en bulbos inoculados incrementó la biomasa seca de raíces, pero no la de tallos y hojas, es decir, el efecto positivo del inóculo ocurrió en el sitio de interacción hongo-planta.

Background: Nitrogen (N) plays an important role within milk production systems (MPS), as an indicator of environmental and economic efficiency. Objective. The objective was to determine utilisation of N offered in the ration and estimate GHG from the enteric fermentation and manure management in 12 small-scale dairy farms under two feeding strategies. Methodology. Six farms had their herds in confinement under a cut-and-carry feeding system, and six farms implemented day grazing of mixed pastures, both systems used commercial concentrates as a supplement. Cows in milk production and their replacements were considered in the study. Pasture intake was calculated by difference in dry matter intake, using 3.2 % of live weight as intake factor. The N utilisation was determined by difference between N intake and excretion at each farm during a whole year operation. The GHG emissions were estimated following Tier 2 guidelines rom IPCC. Differences in feeding strategies were analysed with a completely random block design using farms as a blocking factor. Results. Mean farm size was 5.0 ha for cut-and-carry and 16.0 ha for grazing, and dry matter feed self-sufficiency was 62 and 83% respectively, considering 12% and 22% refusals for each strategy. There were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) for any of the N utilisation components (N in diet, N in milk, N in manure, NH3 and N2O or GHG emissions. Implications. This is a novel report on assessing N fluxes and GHG emissions from small-scale dairy systems in Mexico and Latin America. Conclusions. In general, 87.6% of the N consumed is excreted in manure and urine. The feeding strategies did not diverge enough to have an impact on GHG emissions.

Adoption of a fall established, high biomass cereal rye cover crop has potential to diversify weed management in corn and soybean production systems, reducing the selection pressure for resistance to postemergence herbicides. However, farmers and crop consultants express concern about limited weed suppression from an overwintering cover crop in areas where high biomass production is limited by cooler spring temperatures, such as in the Upper-Midwest U.S. Use of a preemergence herbicide, regardless of cover crop adoption, is a standard recommendation for improving early season weed control in corn and soybean. Field experiments were conducted at two sites in Wisconsin to assess the effects of six soil management practices (tillage, no-till, and four cereal rye cover crop termination timings/methods) with or without the use of a preemergence herbicide on weed suppression at the time of postemergence herbicide application and crop productivity. Results showed that cereal rye biomass increased > 6x between termination at the time of cash crop planting versus termination two weeks later. In corn and soybean, weed ground cover was lower for soil management with cereal rye cover crop terminated two weeks after cash crop planting (≤ 7% weed cover) compared to all other soil management practices (≥ 23% weed cover) when a preemergence herbicide was not used. Use of a preemergence herbicide resulted in low weed ground cover across treatments in corn (≤ 7% weed cover) and soybean (≤ 13% weed cover). Corn and soybean yield was not affected by preemergence herbicide treatments. Corn yield was lower at the south-central Wisconsin location for the soil management with a cereal rye cover crop terminated two weeks after cash crop planting (9.82 Mg ha-1) compared to all other soil management practices (≥ 12.07 Mg ha-1); at the southwest Wisconsin location, corn yield was greater for the conventional tillage treatment (14.28 Mg ha-1) compared to all other soil management treatments (≤ 10.89 Mg ha-1). Soil management did not affect soybean yield, although yields were different between locations with 3.44 Mg ha-1 at the south-central Wisconsin compared to 4.77 Mg ha-1 at the southwest Wisconsin location. These results indicate that in the absence of a high biomass cereal rye cover crop, preemergence herbicides are important for in-season weed control. Also, the inclusion of a late-terminated cereal rye cover crop in soybean should be considered as an effective management practice for reducing weed ground cover without affecting crop yield.

Background: Sheep production in central Mexico is an important livestock activity that requires the evaluation of feeding strategies to increase or sustain production in times of feed scarcity. Objective: To evaluate the performance of ewes fed diets with different levels of inclusion of Typha latifolia. Methodology: Fifteen criollo adult ewes were randomly grouped to receive different levels of tule (Typha latifolia) in their feeding as a complement to grazing. An incomplete randomized block design was employed. Daily live weight gain, intake, and body condition score were evaluated, as well as grassland parameters and the chemical composition of feeds. The experiment lasted 60 days divided in four measurement periods. All ewes were supplemented with a commercial pelleted concentrate. The control group (T1) had 0g DM of tule, 461.75 g DM commercial concentrate, and 8 h grazing; T2 had 116.5g DM of tule, 461.75 g DM commercial concentrate, and 8 h grazing; and T3 had 174.75 g DM of tule, 461.75 g DM commercial concentrate, and 8 h grazing. Results: There were significant differences (P0.05) for initial and final live weight, daily weight gain and body condition score. Implications: Typha latifolia is an available non-conventional forage source for adult sheep maintenance in the dry season for small-scale systems. Conclusion: The inclusion of Typha latifolia in diets for sheep may be a good option for feeding adult ewes in maintenance.

El manejo agrícola del suelo en zonas de laderas del trópico húmedo de México, determina los procesos erosivos e influye en las propiedades químicas y biológicas. En el presente estudio se evaluó el impacto del sistema de milpa intercalada con árboles frutales (MIAF) sobre las propiedades químicas y biológicas, en comparación con los sistemas de manejo agrícola tradicional y de labranza de conservación. Se muestrearon los suelos de las partes donadoras y receptoras del MIAF, de la milpa tradicional y de labranza de conservación para medir; N, P, K, CO2, MO, índice de Shannon y AWCD en suelos de Axochío, San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz. Los resultados indican que el sistema MIAF mejoró la actividad metabólica de grupos funcionales de microorganismos en la zona de recepción y filtro de sedimentos; en comparación con la zona media y donadora de sedimentos del MIAF y con los sistemas de agricultura tradicional y labranza de conservación. Además, en la zona del filtro, se observó un pH más cercano a la neutralidad, mayor contenido de MO, N inorgánico, N total, P total, P extractable y K.

Background. The decrease in the availability of rainwater and irrigation affects forage production, therefore the inclusion of crops with a shorter growth cycle and with less water requirements should be considered. Objective. The objective of the work was to carry out the nutritional evaluation of the association of two forages; triticale and common vetch for their possible inclusion in small scale dairy production systems. Methodology. Two treatments of the association of triticale/ common vetch forage were evaluated. Results. There were significative differences (p0.05). Implications. Given the increase of dry season it is necessary to evaluate other forms of forage conservation that allow increase its availability for a longer time. Conclusion. The evaluated treatments did not present significative differences in terms of their in vitro nutritional value, so it can be included in the diet of dairy cattle both as a preserved forage such as hay or without hay.

In 2019, the Cultural Institute of Mexico (CIM) in Paris and researchers from the MNHN's Eco-anthropology laboratory produced an ambitious exhibition, Maiz de mis amores, dedicated to evoking the place of this major food plant in the daily life of contemporary Mexico. This exhibition was based on the collection of objects gathered during field trips and the photographs taken at that time. This article situates this project in the current research conducted by the laboratory in Mexico, explains the approach from the point of view of the CIM and explains the museological and scenographic choices that led to the exhibition. The exhibition is then detailed in the form of an illustrated tour.

Background. Evaluate the nutritional quality of forages is fundamental and to do different techniques are used including in vitro gas production. Objetive. In this paper, gas production technique was used to estimate in vitro digestibility and fermentation kinetics in Avena strigosa. Methodology. The work consisted of two experiments, in experiment 1, forage composed of black oat regrowth (AN) and black oat regrowth associated with red clover (ANT) was compared with a multi-species of temperate pastures (PME). In experiment 2, black oat silage (EAN) was evaluated in comparison to two multi-species grasslands composed of temperate climate grasses (PME-1 and PME-2). Results. In experiment 1 the PC content was different (P 0.05). In vitro gas production was not different (P> 0.05) for any of the variables. In experiment 2, differences (P 0.05). Regarding in vitro gas production, there were no differences (P> 0.05) in any of the evaluated parameters (soluble fraction (A), fermentation rate of fraction A (C1); slow fermentation fraction (B); rate fermentation time of fraction B (C2) and fermentation time of fraction B (lag). Implications. The results of this study allow us to know the best way the nutritional assessment of black oats. Conclusions. It is concluded that the forage of the oat regrowth has a different behaviour since it has more slowly fermentable carbohydrates compared to the forage composed of temperate grasses (experiment 1). In experiment 2, the compound temperate forage grasses and oats silage similar nutritional value was similar.

Background: Nitrogen (N) plays an important role in dairy systems, both in production costs and as an indicator of environmental impact. Objective: The objective was to investigate the effects on milk production and nitrogen excretion by dairy cows fed cut pastures either of perennial ryegrass-red clover (PRG-RCL) or annual ryegrass-white clover (ARG-WCL), complemented with ground maize straw and of commercial concentrate. Methodology: Six dairy cows were used in a double cross-over on-farm experiment with 14-day experimental periods. Milk yield and composition, live weight, body condition score, chemical composition of feeds and N content in faeces, urine, milk and blood were recorded over the last four days of each experimental period. Results: No differences were found (P > 0.05) for milk yield nor composition. Cows on ARG-WCL had a higher N intake and N balance than those on PRG-RCL (P < 0.05); also, there were higher levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urine urea nitrogen (UUN) when cows were fed ARG-WCL than PRG-RCL (P < 0.05). Implications: This work allows us to know the amount of nitrogen excreted in milk production in small-scale dairy systems. Conclusions: It is concluded that PRG-RCL may be a feeding strategy to reduce N excretion and achieve higher efficiency in N use for small-scale dairy systems.

Global attention to climate change issues, especially air temperature changes, has drastically increased over the last half-century. Along with population growth, greater surface temperature, and higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, there are growing concerns for ecosystem sustainability and other human existence on earth. The contribution of agriculture to GHG emissions indicates a level of 18% of total GHGs, mainly from carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Thus, minimizing the effects of climate change by reducing GHG emissions is crucial and can be accomplished by truly understanding the carbon footprint (CF) phenomenon. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to improve understanding of CF alteration due to agricultural management and fertility practices. CF is a popular concept in agro-environmental sciences due to its role in the environmental impact assessments related to alternative solutions and global climate change. Soil moisture content, soil temperature, porosity, and water-filled pore space are some of the soil properties directly related to GHG emissions. These properties raise the role of soil structure and soil health in the CF approach. These properties and GHG emissions are also affected by different land-use changes, soil types, and agricultural management practices. Soil management practices globally have the potential to alter atmospheric GHG emissions. Therefore, the relations between photosynthesis and GHG emissions as impacted by agricultural management practices, especially focusing on soil and related systems, must be considered. We conclude that environmental factors, land use, and agricultural practices should be considered in the management of CF when maximizing crop productivity.

Introducción. El cultivo in vitro permite el mejoramiento de Rosa hybrida, no obstante, la sobrevivencia de plántulas es difícil durante la aclimatación en sustrato sólido, el proceso conlleva a que las plantas presenten malfuncionamiento de los estomas y por ende, baja asimilación del dióxido de carbono. Objetivo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar tres medios de enraizamiento in vitro y diferentes sustratos para la aclimatación ex vitro mediante medios sólidos y líquidos de la rosa transgénica. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron plantas de rosa (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. Classy transgénica, a partir de embriones somáticos, cultivadas in vitro durante dos años y se sometieron a enraizamiento in vitro y ex vitro, seguido de aclimatación. Para enraizar in vitro tres medios diferentes y para los experimentos ex vitro, se utilizaron siete combinaciones diferentes de sustratos. El estudio se llevó a cabo de agosto de 2012 a enero de 2013 en el Centro de Investigación y Asistencia de Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Resultados. Los resultados de los experimentos in vitro y ex vitro demostraron que los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en el medio MS adicionado con sacarosa (30 g/l) y carbón activado (0,5 g/l), y el sustrato compuesto de turba de musgo (70%) y perlita (30%), con 20% de enraizamiento. El sustrato con 25% de humus produjo el mayor contenido de clorofila, sin embargo, no hubo enraizamiento. Los tratamientos con sustrato sólido mostraron mayor porcentaje de sobrevivencia de plántulas, alto promedio de hojas por planta, alto contenido de clorofila y buena calidad del brote en comparación con los hidropónicos. La sobrevivencia en estos últimos fue de 40% sin aireación y 0% con aireación a los dieciséis días de establecimiento; ambos tratamientos no presentaron enraizamiento. Tratamientos sin aireación no mostraron enraizamiento. Conclusión. Mayores contenidos de materia orgánica en sustrato y la presencia de aireación en una solución hidropónica pueden no garantizar una mayor sobrevivencia durante la aclimatación. Los resultados suponen una optimización en la aclimatación de las plantas y el cultivo hidropónico de rosa.

Background: Small-scale dairy systems are a development option, and in Mexico they represent over 78% of dairy farms providing 37% of milk production. They are a source of employment and income in rural areas that enable dairy families to overcome poverty. However, ruminant production systems emit 17% of world methane, a greenhouse gas that affects climate change. Strategies must be devised to reduce the environmental footprint of dairy systems through increase productivity. Objective: The objective was to estimate the methane emission from enteric fermentation in small-scale dairy systems in the highland valleys of central Mexico with four feeding strategies. Methodology: Twenty four small-scale farms, with herds between 7 and 18 dairy cows participated in the study, which had implemented different feeding strategies that were assigned to the following groups: (CC) five farms that had a conventional management based on the cut-and-carry of temperate irrigated pastures, use of concentrates and straw, (CC+EM) six farms that use cut-and-carry of pastures plus maize silage in the dry season, (PCI) six farms that manage intensive continuous grazing of pastures, (PCI+EM) seven farms with continuous grazing of pastures, and use maize silage in the dry season. Farms were visited monthly during a whole year to record individual milk yields, milk composition and live weight of cows, to sample feeds for chemical analyses and record amounts of used feed. This information enabled to define a diet type per month, and dry matter and gross energy intakes were estimated subtracting the energy contribution of the supplements from total requirements. Methane emissions were estimated from a model derived by a global meta-analysis that includes variables of feed intake, diet composition, milk composition, and cow live-weight. A hierarchical experimental design was used where 288 records were subjected to analysis of variance to detect differences among the groups (alpha P≤0.05). Results: Farms that implemented grazing of pastures as a source of fresh quality herbage (PCI) in mean generated 10.5% less enteric methane and 13.9% les intensity of emission (P

Background. Corn silage has shown a better economic sustainability to the small-scale dairy farms; however, the adoption rates among farmers have been low. Objective. This paper used the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to identify socioeconomic and socio-psychological factors influencing farmers’ intention to use corn silage. The TPB pointed out that individual’s behaviour is conducted by the individual’s intention, which in turn is determined by the individual’s attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Methodology. The study was conducted with 106 farmers, divided in users (n=48) and non-users (n=58) of corn silage. To identify differences between groups, the Mann Whitney U test was conducted and Spearman’s correlations were used to analyse the constructs of the TPB. Results. The results showed that users of corn silage had the biggest farm size and their intention was significantly correlated (P

Background. In the rural zones, the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), is a theme that stating to rise, for instance, the use of mobile phone by the small-scale dairy farmers. Objective. The aim of the research was to identify the importance, the information that farmers receive and communicate and the variables influencing the use of the ICT by farmers. Methodology. A questionnaire was conducted with 170 farmers, to collect information about farmers’ characteristics, household, farm characteristics, the importance of the ICT, information that farmers receive and communicate through the ICT. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to analyse the information. Results. Farmers considered the mobile phone as fairly important, since it allowed farmers to communicate and disseminate information related to their farm through calls, messages (SMS) and WhatsApp messages. The main themes that were communicated were: veterinary services, communication between farmers (meetings, water supply to irrigate grasslands and problems on the farm), buying and selling products and government services. The variables that describe farmers’ characteristics, household and farmers’ perception of the importance of the ICT, showed a significant association (P

Introducción. Los minerales juegan un papel muy importante en la nutrición, porque son necesarios para la biosíntesis de nutrientes esenciales. Objetivo. Evaluar el estado mineral en suero sanguíneo, el consumo de minerales y la producción de leche de vacas Holstein en pastoreo suplementadas con distintos niveles de alimento concentrado y tiempo de permanencia en la pradera en el valle de Toluca, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron dos experimentos con un diseño de cuadro Latino 3x3 cada uno en la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, realizados en primavera-verano de 2011-2012. En el experimento uno se evaluó el nivel de concentrado en la dieta (3, 5 y 8 kg día-1) en vacas pastoreando; en el experimento dos se evaluaron tres tiempos de permanencia en la pradera (ocho horas continuas; dos tiempos de cuatro horas post-ordeño; y doce horas). En ambos experimentos se ofertó ensilado de maíz a libre consumo en el corral. En suero sanguíneo y alimentos se les midió la concentración de Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe y Zn. Se realizaron análisis de correlación simple y de regresión múltiple para las variables de estudio. Resultados. El nivel de concentrado y el tiempo de permanencia en la pradera afectaron (p

Background. Grazing pastures in small-scale dairy systems reduces feeding costs in these farms in the highlands of central Mexico. Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) is a temperate climate grass resistant to hydric deficit, extreme temperatures, and high stocking rates, which make it attractive for these systems. However, many varieties are susceptible to endophyte infection that may cause toxicosis in cattle, which has not been studied in Mexico. Objective. To evaluate grazing of tall fescue pastures of K31 variety susceptible to endophytes, compared to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cv. Bargala pastures, both associated with white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Ladino). Methodology. An on-farm experiment was undertaken with a participant farmer with six Holstein cows with similar number of calvings, stage of lactation, and milk yields (kg/day). Treatments were BGL: grazing for 8 h/day on a perennial ryegrass cv. Bargala pasture and K31: grazing for 8 h/day of a tall fescue cv. K31 pasture. Cows were also supplemented with 4.6 kg dry matter of a commercial concentrate (18% crude protein) and 5 kg fresh basis of chopped green maize forage. A double cross-over design was applied, with three 14 day each experimental periods. Results. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments in chemical composition of pastures or supplementary feeds, nor between animal production variables. Implications. The comparison of tall fescue vs ryegrass pastures as alternative temperate pasture to reduce production costs in small-scale milk production systems. Conclusions. It is concluded that both grasses have similar performance in these systems.

Background. Small-scale dairy farms play an important role in supporting livelihoods in both developing and developed countries. Objective. The aim of the research was to identify the determinants of adoption of maize silage and insights to improve extension activities towards smallholders in central Mexico. Methodology. A detailed study was conducted with 48 farmers who were already engaged with the use of the innovation. First, a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted and subsequently, farmers were divided into three groups. To identify differences among groups, parametric and non-parametric analyses were conducted. Results. Farmers’ intention was influenced by experience, milk yield and land sown to maize. Findings suggested that farmers’ decision to use the innovation was based on usefulness in Group 3, importance in both groups 1 and 2, increases both in profitability and milk yield in Groups 2 and 3. However, high initial investment and rent of machinery during the harvest season were observed as major constrains. Implications. The study identified determinants to use and adopt maize silage by smallholders and provided insights to improve extension activities towards non-users. Thus, this paper added to the growing body of evidence on information towards a better understanding of factors driving farmers’ decisions to adopt an innovation and highlighted some extension approaches to be tested on the field. Conclusions. It was concluded that the hitherto unnoticed maize silage can be a suitable innovation to farmers without studies, with small farm size and low availability of land.

Background. Native grasslands are a resource utilized for livestock feeding due to their low cost and mainly during the rainy season. However, native grasslands do not meet the nutritional requirements of dairy cows. Consequently, commercial supplementation with a high cost is used. Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a supplement mixture of canola and ground corn ears compared to a commercial concentrate during the rainy season. Methodology. Ten cows on continuous grazing for 9 h/d were used following the management of the participating farm in a double cross-over experimental design for animal variables, and a split plot design for the grassland evaluation. Results. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) for animal variables, with mean milk yields of 13.5 kg/cow/day, 35.7 g/kg for milk fat, and 32.0 g/kg for protein content. There were also no differences (P>0.05) for grassland height and herbage mass, nor for chemical composition, with crude protein content of 100.4 g/kg DM, and 526 g/kg DM of in vitro digestibility. Chemical composition of concentrates was similar, but the experimental concentrate had lower cost. Implications. Given the scenario of rising prices of concentrates, an alternative to the producer is preparing its own concentrate, with corn harvested in the production units and some ingredient that is high in crude protein. Conclusions. It is concluded that the experimental concentrate made on farm resulted in the same performance as a commercial concentrate, which may reduce feeding costs.

Background. The genus Argemone contains 24 species, A. ochorleuca is present in national territory and is used in agriculture and traditional medical treatments for various conditions. Results. A. ochorleuca is an herbaceous and/or perennial plant that blooms all year. This plant had the potential as a source of benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, which are the main bioactive compounds responsible for antibacterial, antifungal properties. However, some of these compounds are associated with toxic effects too. Information about concentrations and parts of the plant it is important for all uses and applications. Implications. The present work summarizes available information on phytochemical and medicinal properties. Conclusion. In A. ochrolecuca, six of the 45 alkaloids reported for the genus Argemone have been studied, dihydro-keleritrin and dihydro-sanguiranine are the most abundant in the seeds and vegetative tissue of the species. The updated information should be useful to guide future research on this plant. Keywords: Alkaloids; papaveraceae; berberine; sanguinarine.

Since most dairy production in developing countries comes from small farms, there is scope to reduce their contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the highlands of Mexico, the limitations in these systems are high feeding costs. This paper assessed the production, economics and estimated methane emissions from traditional feeding strategies (TFS) in 22 small-scale dairy farms compared to optimised feeding strategies (OFS) evaluated through on-farm research in eight participating farms in the dry (DS) and in the rainy (RS) seasons. Results were analysed with a completely randomized design. There were no differences (P>0.05) in milk fat, body condition score (BCS) or live weight between TFS and OFS, but there was higher (P

Small-scale dairy systems are an option to alleviate poverty and contribute up to 37% of milk production in Mexico; however high costs affect their economic sustainability. Since grazing may reduce feeding costs, a participatory on farm experiment was undertaken to compare animal performance and feeding costs of the traditional cut-and-carry strategy or grazing cultivated pastures, during the dry season in the highlands of Mexico. Pastures of perennial and annual ryegrasses with white clover were utilised, complemented with maize silage and commercial concentrate. Five dairy cows were assigned to each strategy. The experiment ran for 12 weeks, recording weekly milk yields and fat and milk protein content; live-weight and body condition score every 14 days. Analysis was as a split-plot design. The adjusted (covariance) mean milk yield was 18.78 kg/cow/day with no significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments, and no significant differences for live-weight or body condition score. There were no significant differences for milk fat (P>0.05), but there were for protein in milk (P

La ganadería en Campeche se desarrolla en pastizales, acahuales y recientemente se ha fomentado en silvopastoreo. Estos sistemas de pastoreo fueron evaluados para determinar su papel en la reducción de emisiones gases de efecto invernadero (eGEI) en la ganadería tropical. El estudio se realizó utilizando un análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV) “de puerta a puerta” en producciones vaca-becerros (UPPc) y doble propósito (UPPdp). La unidad funcional fue un kilogramo de peso vivo ajustado por contenido de proteína (kgPV-eq). Las eGEI no fueron diferentes entre los sistemas de pastoreo debido a sus similitudes en productividad y origen de la materia seca en la dieta. Sin embargo, al comparar las eGEI de las UPPc con las UPPdp, estas fueron diferentes (P

Black oat (Avena strigosa cv. Saia) silage (BOS) as an alternative forage for the dry season in small-scale dairy systems was evaluated against maize silage (MSL) at 6.0 kg DM/cow/day. Treatments were evaluated through on farm participatory livestock research: T1=100 BOS, T2=66:34 BOS:MSL, T3=34:66 BOS:MSL, and T4=100 MSL fed to milking dairy cows that also received 4.5 kg DM/cow/day of a commercial compound dairy concentrate and 2.2 kg DM/cow/day of cut-and-carry pasture. Eight Holstein cows were allotted to a replicated 4X4 Latin Square design, with 14 day experimental periods. Daily milk yields and milk composition were measured during the last four days, and live weight and body condition score recorded on the last day of each period. Feeding costs were determined by partial budget analysis. There were no differences in milk yield (15.9±0.26 kg/cow/day), or milk composition with mean values for milkfat of 38.8±0.86 g/kg, milk protein 32.2±0.38 g/kg, and lactose 46.3±0.22 g/kg. There were also no differences in milk urea nitrogen (MUN) with a mean of 11.8±0.83 mg/dl, live weight 385.6±1.67 kg, or body condition score with a mean of 2.6±0.01. Feeding costs per kg milk were 33% higher in T1 and T2 than T4, with intermediate feeding costs in T3 (T1=0.88, T2= 0.85, T3= 0.74, T4= 0.66 R$/kg). Profit margins and income/feeding costs were all positive. Black oat silage may be an alternative forage in small-scale dairy systems in the dry season when maize silage cannot be cultivated or fails due to climate concerns.

In the Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Nevado de Toluca—APFFNT), farmers engage in pastoral activity, using communal areas for grazing. This activity is a means of production that provides the necessary products for the subsistence of shepherds, although knowledge of the specific characteristics of the grasses and implications for livestock production is lacking. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the primary productivity, nutritional quality and predominant plant species of three grasslands in the APFFNT, in order to evaluate their Dry Matter (DM) production. Grasslands were selected in the Agua Blanca, Loma Alta and La Peñuela localities. In each locality six areas for study were defined, and in each of the area, an exclusion cage was placed. From September 2013 to August 2014, samples were taken every 28 days to determine the increase of the grass yield in each area over time. In the grasslands in Agua Blanca, significant differences were not observed in Net Forage Accumulation (NFA) across time. In the Loma Alta grasslands, however, production was different (P

Although renewable energy holds great promise in mitigating climate change, there are socioeconomic and ecological tradeoffs related to each form of renewable energy. Forest-related bioenergy is especially controversial, because tree plantations often replace land that could be used to grow food crops and can have negative impacts on biodiversity. In this study, we examined public perceptions and ecosystem service tradeoffs between the provisioning services associated with cover types associated with bioenergy crop (feedstock) production and forest habitat-related supporting services for birds, which themselves provide cultural and regulating services. We combined a social survey-based assessment of local values and perceptions with measures of bioenergy feedstock production impacts on bird habitat in four countries: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and the USA. Respondents in all countries rated birds as important or very important (83–99% of respondents) and showed lower enthusiasm for, but still supported, the expansion of bioenergy feedstocks (48–60% of respondents). Bioenergy feedstock cover types in Brazil and Argentina had the greatest negative impact on birds but had a positive impact on birds in the USA. In Brazil and Mexico, public perceptions aligned fairly well with the realities of the impacts of potential bioenergy feedstocks on bird communities. However, in Argentina and the USA, perceptions of bioenergy impacts on birds did not match well with the data. Understanding people’s values and perceptions can help inform better policy and management decisions regarding land use changes.

This study evaluated the effect of organic or chemical fertilization of maize on cow performance, economic outcomes, and greenhouse gas emission. Each type of maize silage according its different fertilization was used in two rations offered to two different groups of nine Friesian-Holstein cows throughout 4 months. The production cost of the maize silage was 8.8% lower for organic than for chemical fertilization. Both silages had similar nutritive value, except a higher concentration of starch in maize with organic fertilization, which allowed a reduction in the proportion of concentrate in the ration, saving 25.3 eurocents per cow in the daily ration, generating a positive balance of 21.8 eurocents per cow and day. The milk yield and composition were unaffected depending on the type of fertilization, whereas the estimation of CH4 and N2O emissions with chemical fertilization was higher than emissions with organic fertilization. As a result, it is possible to increase the sustainability and profitability of dairy production with reuse and recycling of manure.

Small-grain cereals are promoted as forage alternatives that may substitute for other traditional crops when short cycle forages are required for cattle feeding. The objective of the work was to assess in vitro the nutritive quality, ruminal fermentation kinetics and digestibility by the gas production technique of forage from common oat (Avena sativa cv. Canadiense) = AC, black oat (Avena strigosa cv. Saia) = AN, Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm. cv. Criollo) = T, and rye (Secale cereale of national production) = C. The forage crops were sown in 250 m2 plots, harvested and sampled 72 days after sowing in a completely randomised design with five replicates. Both oat species (AC and AN) had significantly higher crude protein and neutral detergent fibre contents (P0.05) for the evaluated forages. There were also no differences in the estimated ME content (P>0.05). Results indicate that black and common oats are forages with a better nutritive quality when harvested at a similar time compared to triticale and rye forage.

Soil compaction is regarded as the most serious environmental problem caused by conventional agriculture. Few studies are concerned with the assessment of soil compaction using infiltration speed, specifically in the Vertisol soil characteristic of the main maize producing area of the Toluca-Atlacomulco Valley in central Mexico. The aim of this research was to examine the effect on infiltration speed and penetration resistance of a Vertisol soil when compacted by wheeled agricultural traffic in three different types of tillage systems: zero, minimal and conventional. Penetration resistance was measured on the wheel track with a portable digital penetrometer, and the mean infiltration speed was determined according to the double cylinder infiltrometer method. The pressure exerted by the number of wheeled traffic passes increased Vertisol soil compaction at 30 cm depth. Even though the benefits of zero tillage were similar to those showed by minimum tillage during the experimental period, minimum tillage reported the highest infiltration speed.

México es centro de origen de varias especies de Vitis. La gran mayoría de ellas no son empleadas en la agricultura e industrias derivadas. Como parte de la exploración de su potencial agroindustrial se identificó y cuantificó a los ácidos grasos del aceite de semilla de vid silvestre (Vitis spp.) de frutos de Temascaltepec, México y de la accesión E-201, cultivada en Zumpahuacán, México. El contenido promedio de aceite en la semilla fue de 16,7%, encontrando ácido linoleico (71,5%), oleico (17,2%), palmítico (6,6%) y esteárico (4,3%). En el aceite obtenido en vides de Temascaltepec se determinó índice de yodo (57,9 g/100 g), índice de saponificación (170,7 mg/g) e índice de peroxidos (30 mEq/kg), valores relacionados posiblemente al contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados. Sin embargo, ese mismo grado de insaturación no concordó con el punto de humeo observado (211 °C), lo cual posiblemente está relacionado con el contenido de ácidos palmítico y esteárico. El aceite de semilla de vid silvestre cumple parcialmente con los estándares establecidos para el aceite de semilla de V. vinifera, lo cual implica su potencial culinario, agroindustrial y cosmetológico.

The effect of copper chloride at 0, 10, 15, 30 and 60 μM in fresh weight, water consumption, chlorophyll concentration and vase life of Lilium ‘Elite’ was evaluated. In all treatments 4 % of sucrose was added and the pH adjusted to 3.5 with citric acid. In the results, it was observed that floral stems of Lilium with 60 μM copper increased their fresh weight, and inflection point produced a day after compared with other treatments, which indicates the beginning of the weight loss. The water consumption at day 7 was 55, 37 and 21 % higher in the stems of flowers with 60, 30 and 15 μM of copper chloride, respectively, compared with the control. Regardless of the treatment, at day 12, the concentration of chlorophyll a, b and total was five times higher in the upper stratum, as compared to the bottom. A good ornamental appearance of the flowers on the lower stratum ranged from 3.8 to 4.5 days (d), while for the top stratum registered a range between 2.7 to 4.0 d; in the latter, the flower stems treated with 60 μM copper sulfate increased the life of flowers.

Se considera como degradación del suelo toda modificación que conduzca a la pérdida de las funciones del suelo. El nivel de degradación del suelo puede ser medido a través índices y de propiedades sensibles a cambios funcionales en los primeros 20 centímetros. El propósito del trabajo fue conocer si existe relación entre el tipo de cobertura y la degradación física y biológica del suelo. El área de estudio fue una terraza fluvial de la cuenca de Zapotitlán en el valle de Tehuacán Puebla México, donde prevalece un clima semiseco, semicálido y un suelo tipo Fluvisol calcárico. El uso del suelo es una combinación de parches de matorral espinoso, separados por claros con suelo desnudo y tapetes de costras microbióticas, y terrenos agrícolas. En ocho sitios con diferente cobertura, se tomaron tres muestras de suelo superficial, donde se midieron 17 propiedades físicas y químicas, con los datos obtenidos se calcularon los índices de degradación física y biológica para cada sitio. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la degradación física y biológica del suelo está significativamente relacionada con la cobertura o uso del terreno, el principal impacto sobre el funcionamiento físico del suelo se debe a la reducción del espacio poroso, pérdida de la estabilidad de los agregados, formación de costras y aumento de la densidad aparente, todo indica que la degradación física y biológica del suelo es consecuencia de la reducción de la materia orgánica.

Analizamos la composición y estructura temporal de la avifauna en un humedal sub-urbano de 22 hectareas con tres asociaciones vegetales: comunidad de hidrófitas, selva baja espinosa de "tinto" (Haematoxylon campechianum) y un jardín botánico Para obtener el articulo completo pueden contactar al Editor de la Revista Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios en el siguiente correo electrónico era@ujat.mx y se les enviará sin algún costo.

This is the first report on grassland primary productivity for the wildlife protected area Nevado de Toluca (APFF Nevado de Toluca). We evaluated three communities in this area during dry season: Loma Alta, La Peñuela y Agua Blanca. Following Hodgson (1994), for this study we used exclusion cages. Vegetation was cut every 28 days during a five months sampling period. A randomized block design was used, where the blocks represented the grassland communities and the different months constituted treatments. The month of September showed the higher production (610.3 kg/ha DM). No significant differences were observed among communities (P >0.05). In conclusion, these communities have similar low primary productivity through the evaluation dry season months, which in addition was found lower in comparison to other areas, therefore livestock grazing in this region should be limited this season.

Se registra un estudio anual acerca de los conjuntos de aves presentes en dos plantaciones de cacao en la región de la Chontalpa, Tabasco. Las aves fueron muestreadas mediante conteos por puntos de radio fijo. Se contaron 3,994 aves representando a 84 especies. Uno de los sitios resultó con mayor riqueza y diversidad que el otro, aspecto que parece estar relacionado a diferencias en diversidad, densidad y cobertura de la vegetación entre los dos sitios. Se discute el valor de los cacaotales en las tierras bajas de Tabasco como reservorios importantes de la biodiversidad avifaunística.

Un total de 12 mieles fueron colectadas durante los ciclos de cosecha 2006-2007 en los municipios de Huimanguillo, Cárdenas, Paraíso (región de La Chontalpa), Centla (región de los Pantanos) y Tacotalpa (región de La Sierra), del estado de Tabasco, con el objetivo de caracterizarlas botánicamente. Para la caracterización de las mieles se emplearon técnicas melisopalinológicas (análisis del polen) y técnicas fisicoquímicos (pH, cenizas y conductividad eléctrica). Los análisis fisicoquímicos no mostraron diferencias entre las muestras de miel, por lo que no pudieron ser útiles para su clasificación, mientras que la caracterización palinológica permitió identicar tres mieles monoorales de Cocos nucifera(Centla), Mimosa ortho carpa var. b erlandieri (Paraiso) y Psidium sp. (Tacotalpa), siete mieles poliflorales y dos mieles biflorales de Acalypha sp. / Bursera simaruba (Tacotalpa) y Gramineae / Celtis sp. (Centla). Estos resultados muestran que en un mismo apiario se pueden cosechar dos diferentes tipos de miel según la temporada de floración. En general, en Tabasco se producen diferentes tipos de miel dependiendo de la región geográca, aún cuando dicho estado no destaca en volumen de producción de miel, se comprobó que si po dría competir a nivel comercial en la producción de mieles monoorales que son apreciadas principalmente en la Unión Europea

Para seleccionar genotipos de papa tolerantes al pardeamiento del tubérculo bajo condiciones de invernadero, durante el verano del 2012, se evaluaron 296 genotipos contra Bactericera cockerelli. Estos resultados se compararon con los obtenidos previamente con los mismos genotipos infectados con la punta morada de la papa en campo. En general se sembraron cuatro individuos de cada genotipo en macetas dentro de jaulas. Después de 30 días, se introdujeron en las mismas plantas de chile “Mixquic” infestadas con diferentes estadios del insecto. Se cuantificaron los adultos con trampas amarillas a los 30 días, y las ninfas, a los 45 días, con inspección visual al microscopio del número de individuos en cinco foliolos. Se realizaron análisis moleculares de los insectos con iniciadores específicos para el diagnóstico de fitoplasma y la bacteria Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum involucrados. Se registró el peso y el pardeamiento de los tubérculos por genotipo, los cuales fueron criterios de selección. Se compararon los datos de invernadero con los previamente obtenidos en campo para establecer alguna posible correlación. La población de adultos de B. cockerelli registrada por cuadrante (4-225) y de ninfas por planta (11-507), aseguró la colonización del insecto sobre cada genotipo probado. La colonia del psílido, resultó positiva a Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum. De los 296 genotipos evaluados, se seleccionaron 21 con rendimientos mayores a 80 gr/planta y tolerantes al pardeamiento con lecturas que fluctuaron de muy leve a leve. En el 61% de los genotipos evaluados los datos de rendimiento y pardeamiento, en invernadero y campo, fueron similares.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la situación actual de la producción y comercialización del cultivo del aguacate en el sur del Estado de México en 2011. El tamaño de muestra se determinó considerando el universo total de inscritos en la base de datos de la SEDAGRO conformada por 2,814 productores, con base en la metodología de poblaciones finitas, el tamaño de muestra fue 539, a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario. La información cuantitativa de la encuesta se capturó en una base de datos y se procesó mediante Microsoft Office Excel 2007©, para obtener medidas de tendencia central. En el Estado de México 85% de la población de estudio, son pequeños productores y tan solo 15% cuentan con extensiones superiores a 10 ha. La producción se basa en una explotación univarietal con predominio del 90% de la variedad Hass. El incremento en plantaciones de aguacate se ha realizado en 77% con planta proveniente del estado de Michoacán. La producción se destina para el consumo nacional, se comercializa principalmente en las centrales de abasto de Toluca, Estado de México, Distrito Federal y en mercados regionales. Aguacate Hass; producción; comercialización; consumo;

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