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International audience; Considérant qu’elles renforcent « le système marchand local en favorisant l’accès des touristes aux producteurs », François Sarrazin (2016) fait des routes agritouristiques un facteur d’identification des bassins de production agricole. Appliquée aux filières légumières et maraîchères normandes (Guillemin, 2020), sa grille d’analyse des forces et faiblesses des bassins de production agricole a mis au jour l’existence d’une route agritouristique matérielle dans le bassin légumier de Créances, et d’une route agritouristique immatérielle dans le micro-bassin maraîcher du Parc Naturel Régional (PNR) du Perche. À Créances, la route départementale n° 652 est associée aux « trajectoires de [deux] produits agroalimentaires labellisés » (appel à communication) : la carotte des sables Label Rouge et le poireau IGP. Dans le Perche, via la route nationale n° 12 (Aragau, 2007) de Paris à Longny-au-Perche (cité de caractère), c’est une chaîne Youtube de camping-caristes qui promeut les circuits bio et locaux alternatifs (Chazoule et Lambert, 2011) dans le cadre d’un tourisme vert. Dans deux autres cas en Manche, si l’étude des lignes et nœuds du transport des légumes et des mobilités des acteurs de ces filières a conclu à l’absence de route agritouristique dans la Val de Saire et autour de Lingreville, elle n’en révèle pas moins les potentialités en la matière.Dans une première partie, la communication présente et compare les routes et paysages alimentaires des quatre micro-bassins ou bassins de production de légumes sus nommés, aux types de circuits économiques qui y sont associés. La présentation focalise sur l’usage de leurs infrastructures matérielles par différents types d’acteurs. Dans une seconde partie, suivant l’exemple percheron de production immatérielle d’une route alimentaire récréative et dans une perspective d’aménagement et d’animation territoriale, la réflexion porte sur les potentialités d’une route agritouristique dans la Manche, en phase avec un tourisme balnéaire. De la Maison des Maraîchers de Lingreville au panorama de La Pernelle (Val de Saire), en passant par la Route des carottes (RD 652) et La Route du Val de Saire, un projet de territoire serait à même de pérenniser les transitions engagées à Lingreville, mais aussi dans le Val de Saire où elle aurait une vocation de découverte des espaces productifs (Sarrazin, 2016 citant Gautier, 2006). La coordination et les recherches nécessaires à une telle route des légumes pourraient participer « au renouveau [de cette] activité agricole » (Angles et al., 2017) et de ce paysage alimentaire (Fumey, 2010), pour sortir de la crise phytosanitaire et économique qui déstabilise les producteurs de Créances.

National audience; Consortium INRAE-Métabolisme des systèmes agricoles et alimentaires dans le continuum ville-hinterland (MOSAIC) Séminaire d'automne, 12 octobre 2021-Vers une compréhension plus intégrée des enjeux territoriaux sur le continuum villes-campagnes

International audience; Identifying locally adapted and adopted efficient practices can be a step towards the agroecological transition of irrigated plains of the Southern Mediterranean region. However, these types of practices - often little known - are drowned within a wide range of practices. The objective of this study was, first, to elaborate a method to describe this diversity in a semi-arid irrigated landscape, at both the plot and farm scales; second, to show the main characteristics of these types of crop management; and third, to question their sustainability according to agroecological principles. To do so, this paper focused on Southern Mediterranean irrigated cropping systems as i) studies on management routes are scarce with regard to this region; ii) irrigated landscapes are known for their high level of natural, technical and financial constraints, often favoring more intensive farming practices regarding chemical inputs. A series of semi-directive interviews were conducted in order to assess farmers’ management of chili-pepper-based (Capsicum annuum) cropping systems, a widespread crop in the Merguellil plain, Central Tunisia. The "Typ-iti” method, combining multivariate analysis, clustering and association rules, was used to characterize the diversity of technical management routes (TMR) of these systems. The environmental sustainability was qualitatively accessed by classifying the clusters of TMRs obtained according to their potential impact on natural resources. Then, these management routes were qualitatively associated to some farm structural characteristics, to analyze their diversity at the farm level. These enabled to distinguish a gradient of farming practices and characteristics, respectively at both plot and farm scales relative to environmental impacts. The study showed that some agroecology-compatible TMRs coexisted with conventional TMRs for chili-pepper-based cropping systems. Our method characterized three main groups: i) a group of intensive TMRs regarding chemical input powered especially by tenant farmers, ii) an intermediary group iii) a moderate group powered by land owners. Throughout these main groups, seven types of TMRs were described. These were always comprised of both agroecology and non-agroecology-compatible technical operations. This coexistence of diversely impacting practices challenges agroecology in multiple ways. Fertilization management appeared as a major issue in the study zone, often resulting in high applied doses. These findings could allow actors in charge of agriculture to better focus their action. However, the study did not take into account the outputs of the studied systems, so that their productivity and environmental impacts have not yet been assessed in a quantitative manner. For future studies, the paragons obtained from our analysis are typical cases that could be studied for such a purpose.

International audience; Current demand for more environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable farming practices requires multicriteria assessment of innovative agricultural systems to help enhance cropping systems. We assessed the sustainability of 11 systems intended to substantially reduce inputs, especially pesticides, to viticulture systems. Pesticide use was reduced using three methods: (i) technical (e.g., essential oils instead of some copper use, 100 % soil covering applied); (ii) organizational (e.g., new spraying decision rules, decision aid tools); and (iii) redesign of the entire system (e.g., resistant grape varieties planted). Sustainable performance of the new lowinput vine systems (NLIVS) was assessed over 6 years (2013-2018) based on 25 indicators. They covered all aspects of system sustainability: environmental, agronomic, economic, and social. This included the evaluation of human capital and the quality of the wines produced. The results showed that it is possible to combine good environmental performance, such as reducing treatment frequency by up to 89 %, with good agronomic and wine quality performances. The socioeconomic performance of these NLIVS was more moderate. Nonetheless, the results demonstrated that the NLIVS are sustainable according to many diversified indicators. NLIVS are also resilient, as shown by the consistent sustainability results over six consecutive years. They are a realistic tool enabling winegrowers to consider reducing viticulture inputs.

Based on the GRAFS method of biogeochemical accounting for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) fluxes through crop, grassland, livestock and human consumption, a full description of the structure and main functioning features of the French agro-food system was obtained from 1850 to the present at the scale of 33 agricultural regions. For the period since 1970, this description was compared with the results of an agronomic reconstitution of the cropping systems of the Seine watershed based on agricultural census and detailed enquiries about farming practices at the scale of small agricultural regions (the ARSeine database), which were then used as input to an agronomical model (STICS) calculating yields, and the dynamics of N and C. STICS was then coupled with a hydrogeological model (MODCOU), so that the entire modelling chain can thus highlight the high temporal inertia of both soil organic matter pool and aquifers. GRAFS and ARSeine revealed that the agriculture of the North of France is currently characterised by a high degree of territorial openness, specialisation and disconnection between crop and livestock farming, food consumption and production. This situation is the result of a historical trajectory starting in the middle of the nineteenth century, when agricultural systems based on mixed crop and livestock farming with a high level of autonomy were dominant. The major transition occurred only after World War II and the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy and led, within only a few decades, to a situation where industrial fertilisers largely replaced manure and where livestock farming activities were concentrated either in the Eastern margins of the watershed in residual mixed farming areas or in specialised animal production zones of the Great West. A second turning point occurred around the 1990s when regulatory measures were taken to partly correct the environmental damage caused by the preceding regime, yet without in-depth change of its logic of specialisation and intensification. Agricultural soil biogeochemistry (C sequestration, nitrate losses, P accumulation, etc.) responds, with a long delay, to these long-term structural changes. The same is true for the hydrosystem and most of its different compartments (vadose zone, aquifers, riparian zones), so that the relationship between the diffuse sources of nutrients (or pesticides) and the agricultural practices is not immediate and is strongly influenced by legacies from the past structure and practices of the agricultural system. This has strong implications regarding the possible futures of the Seine basin agriculture.

National audience

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU [ADD1_IRSTEA]Hydrosystèmes et risques naturels; International audience; RECOTOX is a cross-cutting initiative promoting an integrated research to respond to the challenges of monitoring, understanding, and mitigating environmental and health impacts of pesticides in agroecosystems. The added value of RECOTOX is to develop a common culture around spatial ecotoxicology including the whole chain of pressure-exposure-impact, while strengthening an integrated network of in natura specifically equipped sites. In particular, it promotes transversal approaches at relevant socioecological system scales, to capitalize knowledge, expertise, and ongoing research in ecotoxicology and, to a lesser extent, environmental toxicology. Thus, it will open existing research infrastructures in environmental sciences to research programs in ecotoxicology of pesticides.

National audience; Les récentes mobilisations de professionnels de santé contre l’homéopathie ravivent un débat qui a commencé dès l’apparition de cette médecine en Allemagne, à la fin du XVIIIème siècle, et qui se noue autour de la question de son efficacité thérapeutique (Faure, 2002). Cette controverse se retrouve également au sein de la profession vétérinaire, l’homéopathie étant aussi utilisée dans différents pays pour les soins aux animaux. Cette approche thérapeutique rencontre en effet un intérêt croissant des éleveurs, en tant qu’alternative aux antibiotiques, alors même qu’un programme d’action publique vise à réduire l’utilisation de ces produits en santé animale pour limiter le phénomène d’antibiorésistance (Fortané, 2016). Les éleveurs biologiques se sont quant à eux intéressés de près à cette médecine depuis longtemps, le cahier des charges de l’agriculture biologique limitant l’utilisation des produits issus de la chimie de synthèse. Pour les défenseurs de l’homéopathie, cette médecine ne consiste pas simplement à substituer des granules à des médicaments issus de la chimie de synthèse ; elle s’inscrit au contraire dans une démarche de diagnostic et de soins qui permet d’individualiser la prise en charge du patient. Qu’en est-il dans les faits ? Quels sont les usages de l’homéopathie par les éleveurs ? C’est cette question que nous avons abordée, en adoptant une perspective pragmatiste et en étudiant la manière dont la démarche homéopathique cadre la perception de la maladie et les interactions entre les éleveurs et leurs animaux. Nous avons alors mis en évidence les formes de classification induites par les usages vétérinaires de l’homéopathie : classement des signes cliniques permettant d’appréhender la maladie, de qualifier l’état de l’animal et de définir son traitement, d’une part, et classement des éleveurs selon leurs compétences professionnelles mesurées à l’aune de leur degré de maîtrise de la démarche homéopathique, d’autre part. Notre matériau empirique est constitué d’entretiens auprès de 24 éleveurs de bovins laitiers, dont une majorité (17) pratique l’agriculture biologique. Ces entretiens, de type sociotechniques, ont été menés avec l’appui de chercheurs en sciences animales et ont porté sur les pratiques de soins des éleveurs concernant la gestion de la santé de leur troupeau et leurs représentations concernant la santé animale et le rapport à l’animal. En complément de ces enquêtes, nous avons analysé différents écrits portant sur l’homéopathie vétérinaire et destinés aux éleveurs (presse professionnelle, guides pratiques).C’est à travers différents récits de guérison faits par les éleveurs que nous avons appréhendé la démarche homéopathique, ainsi qu’à travers les outils et supports qu’ils mobilisent (carnets de notes, livres…). La première étape, la « répertorisation », consiste à identifier différents signes relatifs à l’animal malade, à ses symptômes, à son comportement et à son caractère. Ensuite, le choix du remède le plus adapté se fait sur la base des signes relevés, en sélectionnant les plus pertinents ou les plus surprenants. La démarche homéopathique requiert un sens aigu de l’observation des animaux ainsi qu’une forte familiarité avec les remèdes homéopathiques et leurs indications. Ainsi, rares sont les éleveurs qui parviennent à une maîtrise de cette démarche. La plupart d’entre eux intègrent dans leur pharmacopée quelques remèdes homéopathiques sur des pathologies ciblées, qui ne mettent pas en jeu la vie de l’animal. Ceux qui parviennent à soigner la majorité des troubles de santé de leur troupeau avec l’homéopathie sont présentés comme des individus passionnés par cette médecine, mais aussi disposant de qualités affectives et sensorielles exceptionnelles leur permettant d’accéder à une connaissance intime de leurs animaux. L’homéopathie offre ainsi une grille de lecture et d’interprétation de la maladie et de l’animal malade, complémentaire à celle utilisée pour le diagnostic clinique en médecine conventionnelle et prenant davantage en compte l’animal en tant qu’être sensible. Se former à l’homéopathie permet alors aux éleveurs de développer des compétences d’ordre sensoriel et communicationnel– compétences qui, généralement considérées comme innées (Salmona, 1994), ne font pas l’objet d’un enseignement spécifique dans les écoles d’agriculture, alors même qu’elles sont essentielles pour interagir avec un troupeau. Ainsi, les résultats de notre travail contribuent plus largement aux réflexions actuelles sur le rapport homme-animal en montrant comment certaines techniques d’élevage permettent aux éleveurs d’investir ou de réinvestir la dimension intersubjective du travail avec l’animal.

International audience; Consumer demand and state incentives in certain EU countries are driving the rapid development of organic viticulture. However, compared with conventional viticulture, it has shown higher interannual variability in its environmental impacts. Improved understanding of this variability would help organic winegrowers better address their environmental impacts.This two-part study examined interannual variability of environmental impacts of four vineyards with contrasting pedoclimatic and technical production conditions. First, life cycle assessments were performed on each of these four vineyards for two contrasted years in terms of both climate and pest and disease pressure. Next, for one of these vineyards located in Mediterranean conditions, life cycle assessments were completed on a chronosequence of six consecutive years. Life cycle assessments of organic wine grapes were calculated based on detailed inventories of data from the eight real vineyard situations. Interannual variations were considered to be the deviation between the impact results of two production years. In all the vineyards, diesel combustion was the main impact contributor. For the four vineyards, the impacts that varied most were generally freshwater ecotoxicity, soil ecotoxicity, marine eutrophication, freshwater eutrophication and metal depletion. The intensity/range of interannual variations differed between plots. The main agricultural operations contributing to impact variations were from disease management of climate-related disease pressures. The 6-year chronosequence analysis showed that certain years were very similar in terms of impact results. The impact that varied most was surprisingly terrestrial acidification. The chronosequence analysis brought to light that the choice of active ingredient could be a greater source of impact variations than interannual climatic conditions and disease pressure. This study provides an overview of the hotspots and variability of organic viticulture environmental impacts in contrasted climate years and a climatic chronosequence. The main pathways for environmental performance improvements are (i) reducing fuel consumption by either limiting the number of operations, using more fuel-efficient machines or different energy sources or/and adjusting tractor speed; (ii) reducing the doses and emissions of copper products and choosing the less impacting types of copper; and (iii) limiting nitrogen and heavy metal emissions through the choice of fertiliser type and management.

International audience; Changes in agricultural land use over recent decades have exacerbated the pressures and impacts of agriculture on the environment. Researchers model these pressures and impacts using data on soils, climate and agricultural land use characteristics, which have to be represented at the spatial and temporal scales appropriate to the ecological or biophysical processes being studied. Representation of agricultural land use across large areas (several thousand of km2 or more) is hampered by lack of data on the diversity of farming practices and their spatial distribution, usually reduced to land cover. We propose in this article a methodological approach for combining generic and local information sources to characterise, across a large area, the diversity of crop managements and their spatial distribution, at a resolution appropriate to a specific environmental issue: assessment of nitrate contamination of groundwater. The approach involves four steps: (i) devise a system of spatial units that is appropriate to the research context and the available information sources, (ii) use multivariate analysis to characterise the diversity of crop managements obtained from a national database, (iii) conduct a survey, holding semi-directive interviews with experts and local actors to identify specific features that may locally modify this diversity, (iv) synthesise the statistical findings and survey results to establish a set ofrepresentative crop management "types". Illustrated in connection with the problem of diffuse nitrogen pollution of groundwater in the Seine-Normandie basin in France, it enabled to describe 919 crop managements out of the 18 main crops in the basin and especially highlighted the high diversity of practices on wheat with more than 200 crop managements. The knowledge produced on the diversity of crop managements and their spatial distribution was used for environmental modelling.

Agroecosystems produce food and many other services that are crucial for human well-being. Given the scales at which the processes underlying these services take place, agricultural landscapes appear as appropriate spatial units for their evaluation and management. The design of sustainable agricultural landscapes that value these services has thus become a pressing issue but faces major challenges stemming from the diversity of processes, their interactions and the number of scales at stake. Agricultural landscape modelling can provide a key contribution to this design but must still overcome several difficulties to offer reliable tools for decision makers. Our study aimed at shedding light on the main scientific and technical difficulties that make the building of landscape models that may efficiently inform decision-makers a complex task, as well as translating them in terms of challenges that can be further investigated and discussed. We examine current issues and challenges and indicate future research needs to overcome the scientific and technical obstacles in the development of useful agricultural landscape models. We highlight research perspectives to better couple landscape patterns and process models and account for feedbacks, integrate the decisions of multiple stakeholders, consider the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of data and processes, explore alternative landscape organisations and assess multiobjective performance. Coping with the issues and challenges discussed in this paper should improve our understanding of agroecosystems and give rise to new hypotheses, thereby informing future research.

XII Congreso Internacional Terroir. Zaragoza, España, 18-22 de junio, 2018; International audience; Farm dependency to inputs is an issue concerning both farms and society. Viticulture is an input-intensive sector of agriculture. Some innovations in agriculture have been designed to reduce the use of inputs, such as fungi-resistant vine varieties. As the diffusion of innovation is uneven, we will compare the characteristics of innovations in both sides of the upper Rhine River. In this way we will interview farmers and analyze the geographical context. We will also comare the farms characteristics and their contexts at various scales. We expect to get a typology of innovations, wtih characteristics such as the impact on various scales (e.g. cropping system, farming system) and the radicalness of the changes. We also expect to get some information about the eventual levers and incentives to innovations' diffusion, adoption or abandonment. And finally, French and German innovations will be compared to others vineyards innovations. It is possible to sharply describe several innovations reducing vineyard inputs, located on both sides of Upper Rhine River.

This paper examines the interest to pay attention to the expression of stakeholders' values when they are engaged in a participatory process. The reflection is based on a multi-partners research project, involving researchers in natural and social sciences with institutional, non-gonvernmental and professional actors in the Brie region (Seine-et-Marne). On this territory where intensive agriculture led to an important degradation of water quality, this engaged research aims at implementing a concertation framework with local stakeholders and evaluating its effects. Focusing on agricultural stakeholders, this paper offers an overview of revealed values, and analyses the contributions of this initial stage both in the research process and in the participatory process., Cette contribution porte sur l'intérêt de penser l'explication des valeurs propres aux acteurs d'un territoire engagés dans une démarche participative. La réflexion s'appuie sur un projet de recherche partenarial associant des chercheurs en sciences de la nature et en sciences sociales à des acteurs institutionnels, associatifs et professionnels du territoire de la Brie, en Seine-et-Marne. Sur ce territoire, où l'activité agricole intensive a conduit à une forte dégradation de la qualité de l'eau, ce projet de recherche engagé dans l'action vise à mettre en œuvre un cadre de concertation entre acteurs locaux et d'en évaluer les effets. Avec une focale mise sur les acteurs du monde agricole, cette réflexion propose un panorama des valeurs révélées, et analyse les apports de cette étape dans le processus de recherche et de participation.

International audience; Two major imperative, that potentially constitute a double bind, tend to frame the management of non-point source pollutions due to farming activities in Western Europe today: a scientific imperative due to persisting bio-physical uncertainties and their social use; and a participative one. As social scientists involved in four water quality management programs in rural areas between 2010 and 2014 the authors were all caught up in a complex situation, i.e., the need to develop social knowledge and to take into account the lack of legitimacy of social science compared to biophysical science when dealing with complex environmental issues on the one hand, and the timing and frame of public policies on the other. This article builds upon their experience: through a cross-cutting analysis, it highlights common features beyond the diversity of local configurations and the expectations of stakeholders regarding science in general, and social science in particular. No direct change in the situation has been observed in the short term. Meanwhile, reflexivity and the very dialogic nature of social knowledge progressively re-shapes research objects and questions.; La gestion de la qualité de l’eau est soumise à deux injonctions : un impératif scientifique et un impératif participatif. Au travers de notre expérience de chercheuses en sciences sociales engagées dans quatre démarches de protection associant des projets de recherche souvent pluridisciplinaires, cet article propose un retour réflexif sur les attentes exprimées par rapport à notre participation, ainsi que sur l’évolution de notre positionnement. Il apparaît alors que la place des chercheurs en sciences sociales n’est jamais totalement acquise, parce qu’elle produit des connaissances essentiellement dialogiques, dont les objets se déplacent et se transforment au fil des enquêtes et des interactions avec les porteurs d’enjeux. C’est finalement moins par l’intervention directe que par la réorientation de nos questions de recherche vers des problématiques liées à ces enjeux que nous avons pu partiellement contribuer aux dispositifs de gestion des pollutions diffuses d’origine agricole.

Over the last 50 years, the French farming landscape has changed dramatically. In particular, mixed crop-livestock systems have become less prominent. An analysis of national statistics revealed the regional changes that have taken place in the principal types of farming found in France (i.e., OTEX classification system). Between 1970 and 2010, the principal type of farming shifted for 68% of French agricultural regions. More specifically, there was a trend towards specialisation and cash crop farming. Only the regions in Lorraine moved towards mixed crop-livestock systems. These changes were characterised by a two-thirds decline in farm number, a greater concentration of livestock farming, and a decrease in the land dedicated to permanent grasslands and legumes. There was a concomitant increase in the land covered by crops and temporary grasslands. The factors responsible for these shifts were changes in agricultural policies, markets, and techniques (e.g., drainage, irrigation), which did not promote system autonomy and sustainability., Les statistiques nationales permettent de suivre l'évolution régionale des productions dominantes des exploitations (OTEX), des cheptels et des surfaces (cultures, prairies). Entre 1970 et 2010, 68% des régions agricoles ont vu leur OTEX changer, souvent en se spécialisant et en s'orientant vers des grandes cultures lorsque c'était possible. Seules les régions de Lorraine ont évolué vers la polyculture-élevage. Cette période a vu le nombre d'exploitations divisé par 3, l'élevage de ruminants se concentrer, les surfaces en prairies permanentes et légumineuses régresser alors que se développaient les surfaces de cultures et en prairies temporaires. Les évolutions des politiques agricoles, des marchés et des techniques (drainage, irrigation...) ont suscité ces changements, peu favorables à l'autonomie et à la durabilité des systèmes de production.

International audience; Given the heterogeneity and richness of Mediterranean farming systems, it is difficult to assess the nature and causes of observed dynamics based on single case studies. This research identifies case studies conducted on the north and south of the Mediterranean basin to provide a comprehensive overview of the current land and farming system dynamics and their main drivers. We analyze 80 papers published in international journals from 1985 to 2015. The studies vary in spatial scale, from 4 km2 in the case of peri-urban regions and small agricultural areas to more than 500,000 km2 in the case of national-based analyses. Most of the papers focus on mountainous rural areas, whereas only a few case studies are located in mixed regions or peri-urban inland regions. We analyze the farm trajectories behind the general dynamics to understand the ongoing processes at the agricultural level and their related drivers. Social and demographic drivers are indicated as particularly relevant for abandonment, which is frequently associated with intensification processes. Intensification dynamics are driven mainly by economic factors, which particularly affect annual crop production. Few papers analyze the dynamics of extensification and more research in this field is needed to understand this process and its eventual transition to the abandonment of agricultural areas. This analysis provides an opportunity for the exchange of ideas and information from a diverse range of disciplines and interest groups, which should be combined to formulate effective land use policies.

In France, agriculture is responsible for 98% of ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions with over 50% caused by nitrogen (N) fertilization. The current French national inventory is based on default emission factors (EF) and does not account for the main variables influencing NH 3 emissions. To model the spatio-temporal variability of NH 3 emissions due to mineral and organic N fertilization, we implemented a new method named CADASTRE_NH 3 . The novelty lies in the combined use of two types of resources: the process-based Volt'Air model and geo-referenced and temporally explicit databases for soil properties, meteorological conditions and N fertilization. Simulation units are the Small Agricultural Regions. Several sources of information were combined to obtain N fertilization management: census and surveys of the French Ministry of Agriculture, statistics on commercial fertilizer deliveries, and French expertise on physicochemical properties of organic manure. The practical interest of this new framework was illustrated for France during the crop year 2005/06. Aggregation at crop year level showed a reasonable agreement between estimated values derived from CADASTRE_NH 3 and those from the French inventory method, for N and ammoniacal-N (TAN) application rates, total NH 3 emissions and NH 3 EF. Discrepancies were large for organic manure only; national TAN application rates and NH 3 emissions were 62–63% lower with CADASTRE_NH 3 . This was due to divergences in the representation of cattle farm yard manure and in the TAN:N ratio of solid manure. Annual emissions for fertilization in France were estimated to be 270 Gg NH 3 , 29% lower than the French national inventory estimate. At the regional level, organic manure contributed to 73% of field NH 3 emissions in intensive livestock husbandry areas and to 41% in the other areas. The CADASTRE_NH 3 framework can be seen as a Tier 3 approach able to estimate specific regional EF for different mineral fertilizers and organic manure.

25th International Conference, ICCBR 2017, Trondheim, Norway, June 26-28, 2017, Proceedings; International audience; This paper presents a prototype of case-based reasoning, built for the agricultural domain. Its aim is to forecast the allocation of a new energy crop, the miscanthus. Interviews were conducted with french farmers in order to know how they make their decisions. Based on interview analysis, a case base and a rule base have been formalized, together with similarity and adaptation knowledge. Furthermore we have introduced variations in the reasoning modules, for allowing different uses. Tests have been conducted. Results showed that the model can be used in different ways, according to the aim of the user, and e.g. the economic conditions for miscanthus allocation.

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Reducing pesticide use is a major challenge in agriculture, and farmers are encouraged to develop integrated practices. The aim of this study was to describe, analyse and assess the current contribution of various options to pest, disease and weed management on the reduction of fungicides, herbicides and insecticides by quantifying both their use and their effect on pesticide use intensity, within the context of different wine-growing regions. We conducted a statistical analysis of pesticide use and crop management over two seasons (2006 and 2010) for 11 French wine-growing regions (10,000 data). We used the Treatment Frequency Index (TFI) indicator to characterise the intensity of pesticide use. We analysed three crop management options: timing of first fungicide spray, type of soil cover cropping, and type of weed control. For each management option, we compared alternative or low-input practices to normal chemical-based practices, e.g., mechanical weed control (alternative option) vs. herbicide (normal chemical option). To strengthen the results, two quantitative variables completed the analysis: fungicide mean sprayed dose in the field and number of fungicides sprayed in the field. Results showed that each alternative or low input practice had an impact on TFI, but that this impact differed between wine-growing regions and between the management options under consideration. Regarding fungicides, our results showed that late timing of first fungicide spray (compared to regional reference) contributed to a reduction up to 50% of the part of the TFI due to fungicides, as compared to fields sprayed at median or early timing. Regarding herbicides, results of low-input/alternative practices were more homogeneous in terms of their relative impact on TFI reduction. The differences in use and impact of crop protection practices were more important between regions than between the two studied years. Our results may help policy makers to target methods for decreasing pesticide use, based on particularities of wine-growing regions and locally realistic practices.

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International audience; Diversity of agricultural systems can be described at different scales in terms of three main types of variables: technical management of cropping systems, farming systems and food supply chains. We focus on the diversity of technical management routes (TMRs), defined as logical successions of technical options (TOs) designed by the farmers. The study, comparison and assessment of this great diversity of complex routes are impossible with classical agronomic experiments or exhaustive assessments such as life cycle assessment (LCA). Hence, the selection of representative cases is necessary. Multidimensional data analysis methods permit the characterization of a diversity of TMRs and the construction of typologies but do not allow the consideration of the specific associations of TOs constituting the various TMRs. The aim of this paper is threefold: (i) to propose a new combined method, "Typ-iti", to classify the field TMRs of farmers, to identify key TO associations and to select the most relevant cases for study; (ii) to test this method on vineyard management diversity using a panel of vineyard fields of Loire Valley producers; and (iii) to discuss the capability of the proposed Typ-iti method for use in the characterization and selection of cases of other agricultural systems at diverse scales. The example developed in this paper is the selection of vineyard management cases for grape LCA combined with grape quality evaluation. The cases were selected to represent the regional diversity of management practices. A detailed on-farm survey of management methods was performed on a diverse range of wine production estates in the Middle Loire Valley. The Typ-iti method was constructed and implemented on the survey database. It combines a multidimensional analysis of qualitative survey data and typology and partitioning (clustering) associated with data mining methods (frequent pattern mining search and association rules). The surveyed sample was partitioned into 5 types of management practices, 2 of which were organic and 3 conventional. The partitioning was driven primarily by choices involving pest management and floor management. Each type was characterized by specific TOs, specific associations of TOs and remarkable TMRs. The cases were chosen on the basis of these 3 parameters. The Typ-iti method can be applied to other crops and at different scales; the only limitation is the availability of precise information on the practices used by farmers in their fields. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

International audience; The objectives of this comparison of two biophysical models of nitrogen losses were to evaluate first whether results were similar and second whether both were equally practical for use by non-scientist users. Results were obtained with the crop model STICS and the environmental model AGRIFLUX based on nitrogen loss simulations across a small groundwater catchment area (

While plains favorable to agriculture are still dominated by specialized and intensive agriculture, self-sufficient mixed crop-dairy farming systems increasingly attract policy makers' and scientists' attention. Owing to their limited use of purchased inputs, they can contribute to reducing the environmental impact of agriculture. Furthermore, self-sufficient farming tends to be linked with a search for autonomy in decision-making, i.e., farmers developing their own technical reference framework. Such farming systems can thus also contribute to alternative development pathways of rural territories. In this paper, we analyze how ten intensive mixed crop–dairy farms have progressively evolved toward more self-sufficient and autonomous systems. Through formalizing farmers' transitionin action, we identified 34 tools that the farmers implemented making them reflect on their farming system, shift socio-professional networks, reorganize work routines, and steer the evolution of their production practices. For example, they created temporary pastures in crop rotation, introduced rotational pastures, observed their herds to adjust their feed and keep the animals in good health, and they limited expenditures to manage their cash flow. Which tools were used and when they were used depends on what is meaningful to them at various stages of the transition. Our analysis of transitionsin actionhas three original features: it is centered on the transition as perceived by the actors who experience and manage it; it proposes a long-term conceptualization of the dynamics of farming systems, based on the farmer's initiative and creativity; and it highlights tools implemented by farmers during the transition to self-sufficiency and autonomy.

Buffer zones such as ponds and ditches are used to reduce field-scale losses of pesticides from subsurface drainage waters to surface waters. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of these buffer zones, in particular constructed wetlands, focusing specifically on sorption processes. We modelled the sorption processes of three herbicides [2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-MCPA), isoproturon and napropamide] and three fungicides (boscalid, prochloraz and tebuconazole) on four substrates (two soils, sediment and straw) commonly found in a pond and ditch in Lorraine (France). A wide range of Freundlich coefficient (K fads) values was obtained, from 0.74 to 442.63 mg1 − n L n kg−1, and the corresponding K foc values ranged from 56 to 3,725 mg1 − n L n kg−1. Based on potential retention, the substrates may be classified as straw >> sediments > soils. These results show the importance of organic carbon content and nature in the process of sorption. Similarly, the studied pesticides could be classified according to their adsorption capacity as follows: prochloraz >> tebuconazole–boscalid > napropamide >> MCPA–isoproturon. This classification is strongly influenced by the physico-chemical properties of pesticides, especially solubility and K oc. Straw exhibited the largest quantity of non-desorbable pesticide residues, from 12.1 to 224.2 mg/L for all pesticides. The presence of plants could increase soil–sediment sorption capacity. Thus, establishment and maintenance of plants and straw filters should be promoted to optimise sorption processes and the efficiency of ponds and ditches in reducing surface water pollution.

International audience; The EU directive has addressed ambitious targetsconcerning the quality of water bodies. Predicting water qualityas affected by land use and management requires usingdynamic agro-hydrogeological models. In this study, an agronomicmodel (STICS) and a hydrogeological model(MODCOU) have been associated in order to simulate nitrogenfluxes in the Seine-Normandie Basin, which is affected bynitrate pollution of groundwater due to intensive farming systems.This modeling platform was used to predict and understandthe spatial and temporal evolution of water quality overthe 1971–2013 period. A quality assurance protocol(Refsgaard et al. Environ Model Softw 20: 1201–1215,2005) was used to qualify the reliability of STICS outputs.Four iterative runs of the model were carried out with improvedparameterization of soils and crop management withoutany change in the model. Improving model inputs changedmuch more the spatial distribution of simulated N losses thantheir mean values. STICS slightly underestimated the cropyields compared to the observed values at the administrativedistrict scale. The platform also slightly underestimated thenitrate concentration at the outlet level with a mean differenceranging from −1.4 to −9.2 mg NO3 L−1 according to the aquiferduring the last decade. This outcome should help the stakeholdersin decision-making to prevent nitrate pollution andprovide new specifications for STICS development.

Oil palm cultivation has drastically increased in the last decades and has become a key crop to meet the global vegetable oil demand, while raising environmental issues linked to deforestation, fertiliser or pesticide uses. Guidelines on best practices have been developed to limit these environmental impacts. However, there is little evidence on the field reality of concrete declination of these general guidelines and on the room for improvement of practices in light of the local diversity of oil palm systems. This study aimed to investigate in the field the actual practices in two contrasted areas in Indonesia, the first global palm oil producer. We carried out field surveys in Riau and Jambi provinces and collected data on annual applications of two synthetic mineral fertilisers, two herbicides and yields. We characterised the cropping systems of 88 smallholders' and 45 industrial plantation units including potential practice drivers. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses showed contrasted practices across growers. Fertiliser rates were variable across all grower types, while pesticide rates especially distinguished between industrial and smallholders' practices. Practices and performances were particularly variable amongst smallholders, and significantly different in Jambi compared to Riau. This study highlighted the great diversity of practices and potential environmental impacts. It stresses the need for a more systematic accounting of the local specificities of the cropping systems and their rationales in order to promote more adapted and efficient best practices recommendations.

Groundwater is available in many parts of the world, but the quality of the water may limit its use. Contaminants can limit the use of groundwater through concerns associated with human health, aquatic health, economic costs, or even societal perception. Given this broad range of concerns, this chapter focuses on examples of how water quality issues influence integrated groundwater management. One example evaluates the importance of a naturally occurring contaminant Arsenic (As) for drinking water supply, one explores issues resulting from agricultural activities on the land surface and factors that influence related groundwater management, and the last examines unique issues that result from human-introduced viral pathogens for groundwater-derived drinking water vulnerability. The examples underscore how integrated groundwater management lies at the intersections of environmental characterization, engineering constraints, societal needs, and human perception of acceptable water quality. As such, water quality factors can be a key driver for societal decision making.

International audience; Nitrate and pesticide contamination of surface and groundwater has become a major problem in intensive farming regions in Europe, with nitrate concentrations reaching values above the standard defined in 2000 by the European Water Framework Directive. In the Seine basin, a major issue is the closure and abandonment of drinking-water wells, which force water managers and drinking-water producers to explore solutions for water resource protection. Organic farming has appeared as a credible alternative to conventional farming, and this study explores the potential of organic farming to reconcile agricultural production and water quality. On the basis of agricultural statistics, survey questionnaires and experimental data, the nitrogen soil surface balance (N-SSB) has been established at the scale of a small 104-km 2 catchment (The Orgeval sub-basin), representative of the intensive cash crop farming in the Seine basin. The N-surplus for arable land in specialized organic cash crop systems has been found to be half that of current conventional systems (15 kg N ha À1 yr À1 versus 30 kg N ha À1 yr À1 , respectively). The N-yield in organic systems is 21% lower than in conventional systems, but total fertilization (mostly symbiotic N fixation) is also 26% lower. Whereas 2–3 years of forage legume (e.g., alfalfa) as a starter crop of the typical 7-to 10-year diversified rotation builds up N soil fertility and helps prevent weeds without pesticides, the existence of an outlet for this fodder production is a limiting factor for the economic sustainability and the environmental benefits of these farming systems. Therefore, we explored the possibility of a reconnection of livestock and crop farming systems in the Orgeval catchment, a traditional dairy farming and Brie cheese production region. We calculated the N-SSB for this type of a reconnected livestock and cropping system and found a value very close to the specialized organic cash crop system with full utilization of fodder production, leading to profitable animal production, essentially as milk in this farm design. This reconnected system is compared with the estimated situation in 1955 before separation of plant and livestock production. Furthermore, the N-SSB values were converted into infiltrating sub-root concentrations and used as a boundary condition to a biogeochemical model. Organic cropping and organic reconnected livestock cropping systems result in a 50% reduction of surface water nitrate concentrations, a surface water quality 20% better than that reconstructed for 1955, with an overall higher protein production.

The contamination of water resources by non-point pollution of agricultural origin, primarily nitrates and pesticides, has become a major issue in water policies. In France, the national consultation of the Grenelle of the Environment in 2007 led to project approaches, aimed at protecting Water Catchment Areas (WCA). Based on the implementation of preventive management, WCA projects aim at negotiating changes in farming practices in these zones, including conversion to organic farming. But difficulties occur in creating links between WCA and organic farming in these projects. Beyond the conflicts between different stakeholders often put forward, we suggest adopting a geographical approach on the interactions between WCA and the action territories of three types of stakeholders. A combination of statistical, GISprocessing and comprehensive methods was used to study the cross-referencing between WCA, defined according to hydrogeological bases, and action territories of farmers, collection companies and local a thorities. The results show how the demarcation of the water catchment areas on biophysical bases struggles to be effective for action, in particular for the agricultural question and the development of organic farming. In taking account of organisational levels and spatial patterns, the article illustrates the discrepancy between WCA and action territories of farmers, collectors and local authorities. These results call for better integration of the concept of territory project in WCA projects, allowing interests to be combined and reflection to be directed towards local governance in the field of water quality.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM1-REPRO; Landscape dynamics increasingly challenge agronomists to explain how and why agricultural landscapes are designed and managed by farmers. Nevertheless, agronomy is rarely included in the wide range of disciplines involved in landscape research. In this paper, we describe how landscape agronomy can help explain the relationship between farming systems and agricultural landscape dynamics. For this, we propose a conceptual model of agricultural landscape dynamics that illustrates the specific contribution of agronomy to landscape research. This model describes the relationship between three elements: farming practices, landscape patterns and natural resources. It can stimulate agronomists to deal with research issues in agricultural landscape dynamics and enhance the interdisciplinary integration of farming systems in wider landscape research. On these premises, we discuss the main research issues that will benefit from an active involvement of agronomy, to understand, but also to assess landscape dynamics and to design relevant decision support systems.

International audience; This study evaluates the efficiency of two small constructed wetlands installed in the regulatory grass strips between a drained plot and a river. The observed nitrate removal efficiencies were independent of the season or type of constructed wetland and ranged from 5.4 to 10.9% of the inlet amounts. The pesticide mass budgets ranged from −618.5 to 100%, depending on the molecule. The negative efficiencies were attributed to runoff and remobilization. In contrast, the highest efficiencies were associated with pesticides with high Koc and low DT50 (half-life) values, suggesting sorption and degradation. However, the effectiveness of these wetlands is limited for pesticides with low Koc or high DT50 values; thus, the use of these molecules must be reduced. Increasing the number of these small, inexpensive and low-maintenance wetlands in the agricultural landscape would reduce the level of water pollution whilst preserving the extent of cultivated land, but their long-term effectiveness should be evaluated.

International audience; Farming activities are major drivers of the landscape-related ecological patterning because of their multiple influences on both non-arable and arable landscape elements and mosaics. Uncertainties still remain about the way individual farmer decisions and the aggregation of their activities in space contribute to these mosaics at local landscape scales, therefore about possible levers of action in farms for ensuring sustainable landscapes. The general objective of the present study was to give an assessment of the way farms contribute to crop-mosaic patterning at local landscape scales. We developed a method for comparing five contrasted local study cases of agriculture (five farm sets), by combining a statistical modeling of crop-rotation organization in farms, from empirical data, and a crop-mosaic simulation approach, applied in each case. Statistical rules of crop rotation allocation to fields in farms were defined from tests involving the following potential allocation factors: (1) farm household-enterprise, (2) field physical environment and (3) farm territory configuration. The statistical rules setup from each set of factors were implemented in rule-based simulations separately for each of the five local study cases. We used a raster representation of fields (one pixel by field), to concentrate on crop-rotation management-related effects, independently from the shape of fields and of diverse perennial landscape elements. An index of connectedness was measured for each mosaic, and was used as an indicator of crop-clustering effects due to crop-rotation organization in farms. The results showed that crop-clustering effects at local landscape scales differed according to the following factors of crop-mosaic patterning: (a) the spatial distribution of crop-rotation allocation factors over the field mosaic, (b) the specialization of crop rotations to their allocation factors, and (c) the development of crop rotations over time. These results also demonstrated that crop rotations, even if run as regular crop sequences over time, lead to significant year to year crop-mosaic variability. The results finally made explicit the differences between local study cases. We conclude from these results by pinpointing trade-offs to find between farm and landscape management.

International audience; A research procedure is proposed which aims to analyse the agricultural spatial dynamics during the last thirty years using two levels of organisation of farming activity: the agricultural production system and the cropping system. Based on methods of statistical mapping and data mining, this procedure involves modelling the diversity of production systems and cropping systems (crop successions and sequences of cultural practices for each crop) in the form of classes independently of their localisation within the basin. It identifies homogeneous regions made up of groups of contiguous agricultural districts which exhibit similar combinations of production systems, crop successions or cultural practices during a given period of time. The results show a major increase in arable farms since 1970 at the expense of dairy farms and mixed cropping/livestock. This trend however appeared to be greatly spatially differentiated according to the agricultural districts, since livestock remained important on the edges of the basin, whereas it practically disappeared in its centre. The crop successions practiced in the basin and the cultural practices used on them also appear to be spatially differentiated, although the link to the production systems is not always clear. Thus it appears pertinent to combine the analysis of the two levels of organisation of the agriculture (methods of land use described by the concept of cropping system, and also the production systems into which the cropping systems fit) in the context of an environmental problem.

International audience; Grassland, as one of the largest ecosystems on the earth, supports various goods and services to humanity. Historically, humans have increased agricultural output primarily by cropland expansion and agricultural intensification. The cropland area was primarily gained at the expense of grassland and forests. Apart from grassland conversion, increasing consumption of calorie- and meat-intensive diets drives the intensification of livestock systems, which is shifting steadily from grazing to feeding with crops. To cope with the environmental degradation due to agriculture, various forms of ‘green payment’ were implemented to promote the adoption of sustainable farming practices over the last two decades in the European Union. The aim of this study is to monitor the recent transitions (1992–2010) between grassland and cropland during two Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reforms at the French mainland scale. We proposed an innovative approach to link grassland conversion to agricultural commodities and farming systems practices. We first assessed the grassland-to-cropland conversion and further investigated the crop sequence patterns that were observed to be dominant after the conversion through mining land-cover survey data Teruti and Teruti-Lucas. We found the trends of the transitions between grassland and cropland over the two time intervals: The loss of grassland (1992–2003) and restoration or re-expansion of grassland (2006–2010) in mainland France. Our finding on the crop sequence patterns after the grassland conversion reveals two notable evolutions of agricultural production systems. These evolutions were related to the increase in the proportion of cropland in the total agricultural land use. One evolution was most likely influenced by the demand for fodder: The conversion from grazing livestock to feeding livestock. Another evolution was the conversion from livestock production to field crop production. Our results indicate that the intensification of livestock farming systems continued over the last two decades in France. We conclude that, the approach developed in this study can be considered as a generic method for monitoring the transitions between grassland and cropland and further identifying the crop sequence patterns after the grassland conversion from time-series land cover data.

International audience; The use of the ecosystem service notion by natural scientists is increasing since the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment report publication in 2005. This notion is generally associated with an economic assessment of the services that nature brings to humans, and thus it implies new relationships between science and public policy. It also questions the nature of scientific knowledge, since this knowledge must contribute more directly to the building of environmental policies. This article is focused on agricultural soils ; its aim is to study the ecosystem service approach impact on scientific production in soil science. A bibliographic study with the lexicometric software Iramuteq was made. Corpuses of scientific articles published from 1992 to 2012 were set up with the database Web of Science and they were analysed with Iramuteq. The results of the different corpus analysis were compared. So we observed that since the nineties, there have been important changes in research themes and relations between scientific disciplines within soil sciences. The main tendency in the study of agricultural soils is the expansion of ecological approaches. Articles which mention ecosystem service notion have distinctive characteristics : (i) modelling methods are not much used ; (ii) farming practices studies focus on their effects on soil conservation rather than on soil productivity and food production ; (iii) biological and ecological approaches are diversified and focused on micro- and macro-organisms communities and activities. Moreover, in the scientific literature we analyzed, ecological and biochemical processes that take place in agricultural soils are more and more precisely studied, but they are not linked with the provision of ecosystem services. As a conclusion, presently, the use of ecosystem service notion by researchers doesn’t change the knowledge nature produced on agricultural soils.; Depuis la publication du rapport du Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), on observe une utilisation croissante de la notion de service écosystémique (SE) par les chercheurs des sciences de la nature. Or cette notion, qui est généralement associée à une évaluation économique des services rendus à la nature par l'homme, renouvelle les relations entre science et politique. Elle réinterroge la nature des connaissances scientifiques, celles-ci devant contribuer plus directement à la définition des politiques de protection de l'environnement. Dans cet article, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés aux sols agricoles, pour étudier en quoi l'approche par service écosystémique conduit à modifier la production scientifique sur cet objet. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé une étude bibliographique approfondie à l'aide du logiciel de lexicométrie Iramuteq. Nous avons analysé plusieurs corpus d'articles scientifiques de sciences du sol publiés entre 1992 et 2012 et sélectionnés sous la base de données Web of Science, puis nous avons comparé les résultats de ces analyses. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence une évolution forte des thématiques et des relations entre disciplines au sein des sciences du sol depuis les années 1990, avec principalement une montée des approches écologiques dans l'étude des sols agricoles. Nous avons également montré que les articles qui font référence à la notion de SE présentent des spécificités : (i) la modélisation n'apparaît pas comme une méthode centrale d'étude ; (ii) les pratiques agricoles sont appréhendées sous l'angle de la préservation des sols plutôt que de leur exploitation à des fins de production ; (iii) les approches biologiques et écologiques sont diversifiées et centrées davantage sur les communautés et les activités des organismes vivants. Par ailleurs, dans la littérature scientifique analysée, l'étude de processus écologiques et biogéochimiques donnés qui prennent place dans les sols agricoles est privilégiée mais elle n'est pas reliée de manière précise aux services qu'ils sont susceptibles de fournir. Par conséquent, pour l'heure, l'utilisation par les chercheurs en sciences du sol de la notion de SE n'entraîne pas de changements majeurs concernant la nature des connaissances qu'ils produisent sur les sols utilisés par l'agriculture.

Depuis la publication du rapport du Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), on observe une utilisation croissante de la notion de service écosystémique (SE) par les chercheurs des sciences de la nature. Or cette notion, qui est généralement associée à une évaluation économique des services rendus à la nature par l’homme, renouvelle les relations entre science et politique. Elle réinterroge la nature des connaissances scientifiques, celles-ci devant contribuer plus directement à la définition des politiques de protection de l’environnement. Dans cet article, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés aux sols agricoles, pour étudier en quoi l’approche par service écosystémique conduit à modifier la production scientifique sur cet objet. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé une étude bibliographique approfondie à l’aide du logiciel de lexicométrie Iramuteq. Nous avons analysé plusieurs corpus d’articles scientifiques de sciences du sol publiés entre 1992 et 2012 et sélectionnés sous la base de données Web of Science, puis nous avons comparé les résultats de ces analyses. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence une évolution forte des thématiques et des relations entre disciplines au sein des sciences du sol depuis les années 1990, avec principalement une montée des approches écologiques dans l’étude des sols agricoles. Nous avons également montré que les articles qui font référence à la notion de SE présentent des spécificités : (i) la modélisation n’apparaît pas comme une méthode centrale d’étude ; (ii) les pratiques agricoles sont appréhendées sous l’angle de la préservation des sols plutôt que de leur exploitation à des fins de production ; (iii) les approches biologiques et écologiques sont diversifiées et centrées davantage sur les communautés et les activités des organismes vivants. Par ailleurs, dans la littérature scientifique analysée, l’étude de processus écologiques et biogéochimiques donnés qui prennent place dans les sols agricoles est privilégiée mais elle n’est pas reliée de manière précise aux services qu’ils sont susceptibles de fournir. Par conséquent, pour l’heure, l’utilisation par les chercheurs en sciences du sol de la notion de SE n’entraîne pas de changements majeurs concernant la nature des connaissances qu’ils produisent sur les sols utilisés par l’agriculture.

International audience; Oil palm cultivation has become emblematic of the trade-off between development and conservation that growers have to face in the context of global changes. This challenge between economic growth and environmental issues and the growing public debate regarding palm oil development and use require improving data availability to avoid ideological positions. The paper is a contribution towards the establishment of a multidimentional analysis grid to assess the sustainability of palm oil production based on an empirical survey with to levels : (i) holding and (ii) plot. We first aimed to present our approach based on World Agricultural Watch methodological framework. The empirical data were collected in Kampar District, Riau province, at holding level including one two oil palm plots showing contrasted levels of management (semi-managed and independent). Our first objective was to capture the global rationale of the holdings, to define a typology that would go beyond the usual size-based classification. After assessing the place and role of palm oil production within the household economy, we then tested a set of three-dimensional indicators (i.e. social, economic and environmental) to assess globally the impacts of oil palm development through smallholder development. In a region where oil palm cultivation tends to standardise the landscape, overwhelm the local economy and polarise the houshold's activity systems, we could identify a significant heterogeneity at holding and houshold levels. However, the strengthening of our methodology would require a larger sample.

Our aim in this paper is to assess the effects of water quality proctection policy on agriculture. We focus on the case of Vittel (France) which is seen as an example by scientists and policy makers. Since the beginning of the nineties, a food-processing company has engaged different actions to stop nitrate pollution on the catchment area of Vittel-Contrex, in order to maintain the production of mineral water. Their main actions have been to buy agricultural land, on the one hand, and to contact with farmers which are volunteer to adopt environment-friendly practices, on the other. We made a sociological survey, based on comprehensive interviews, to analyze the firm's strategy of land purchase and its impacts on local agriculture. We put our attention on farmers' professional dynamics on this territory. To conclude, we underline the limits of industrial stakeholders' intervention on the ecologization of agriculture., Dans cet article, nous proposons d'étudier l'impact de mesures de proctection de la qualité de l'eau sur l'agriculture, en revenant sur un cas célèbre, celui de Vittel (Vosges, France). Sur l'impluvium de Vittel-Contrex, dès le début des années 1990, l'entreprise agroalimentaire qui exploite les sources d'eau minérale a mis en place un dispositif de maîtrise des pollutions d'origine agricole, articulant acquisitions foncières et contractualisations avec des agriculteurs volontaires. Notre enquête, de type compréhensive, s'est attachée à analyser les jeux fonciers qui ont eu lieu, et qui ont été à l'origine de nombreux conflits, ainsi qu'à caractériser l'évolution de l'agriculture sur ce territoire, en nous intéressant aux dynamiques professionnelles agricoles qui y prennent place. En conclusion, nous discutons des limites de l'intervention croissante des acteurs industriels dans le processus d'écologisation de l'agriculture.

International audience; The use of the ecosystem service notion by natural scientists is increasing since the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment report publication in 2005. This notion is generally associated with an economic assessment of the services that nature brings to humans, and thus it implies new relationships between science and public policy. It also questions the nature of scientific knowledge, since this knowledge must contribute more directly to the building of environmental policies. This article is focused on agricultural soils ; its aim is to study the ecosystem service approach impact on scientific production in soil science. A bibliographic study with the lexicometric software Iramuteq was made. Corpuses of scientific articles published from 1992 to 2012 were set up with the database Web of Science and they were analysed with Iramuteq. The results of the different corpus analysis were compared. So we observed that since the nineties, there have been important changes in research themes and relations between scientific disciplines within soil sciences. The main tendency in the study of agricultural soils is the expansion of ecological approaches. Articles which mention ecosystem service notion have distinctive characteristics : (i) modelling methods are not much used ; (ii) farming practices studies focus on their effects on soil conservation rather than on soil productivity and food production ; (iii) biological and ecological approaches are diversified and focused on micro- and macro-organisms communities and activities. Moreover, in the scientific literature we analyzed, ecological and biochemical processes that take place in agricultural soils are more and more precisely studied, but they are not linked with the provision of ecosystem services. As a conclusion, presently, the use of ecosystem service notion by researchers doesn’t change the knowledge nature produced on agricultural soils.; Depuis la publication du rapport du Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), on observe une utilisation croissante de la notion de service écosystémique (SE) par les chercheurs des sciences de la nature. Or cette notion, qui est généralement associée à une évaluation économique des services rendus à la nature par l'homme, renouvelle les relations entre science et politique. Elle réinterroge la nature des connaissances scientifiques, celles-ci devant contribuer plus directement à la définition des politiques de protection de l'environnement. Dans cet article, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés aux sols agricoles, pour étudier en quoi l'approche par service écosystémique conduit à modifier la production scientifique sur cet objet. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé une étude bibliographique approfondie à l'aide du logiciel de lexicométrie Iramuteq. Nous avons analysé plusieurs corpus d'articles scientifiques de sciences du sol publiés entre 1992 et 2012 et sélectionnés sous la base de données Web of Science, puis nous avons comparé les résultats de ces analyses. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence une évolution forte des thématiques et des relations entre disciplines au sein des sciences du sol depuis les années 1990, avec principalement une montée des approches écologiques dans l'étude des sols agricoles. Nous avons également montré que les articles qui font référence à la notion de SE présentent des spécificités : (i) la modélisation n'apparaît pas comme une méthode centrale d'étude ; (ii) les pratiques agricoles sont appréhendées sous l'angle de la préservation des sols plutôt que de leur exploitation à des fins de production ; (iii) les approches biologiques et écologiques sont diversifiées et centrées davantage sur les communautés et les activités des organismes vivants. Par ailleurs, dans la littérature scientifique analysée, l'étude de processus écologiques et biogéochimiques donnés qui prennent place dans les sols agricoles est privilégiée mais elle n'est pas reliée de manière précise aux services qu'ils sont susceptibles de fournir. Par conséquent, pour l'heure, l'utilisation par les chercheurs en sciences du sol de la notion de SE n'entraîne pas de changements majeurs concernant la nature des connaissances qu'ils produisent sur les sols utilisés par l'agriculture.

National audience

"The land-tool" is today an initiative widely encouraged by the bodies in charge of the protection of the drinking water, but it remains in the facts little used. We were thus interested in two cases, located in the Vosges region (France), where the negotiation of environmental contracts with the farmers concerned by a water catchment area was coupled with a partial land purchase by the manager Our analysis, centered on the process of negotiation, highlights the difficulties and the limits of this kind of solutions related to the rarity of the offer, to its complex legal construction, and to the tensions that it engendered within the farmers' groups. More widely , it suggests a wider representation of the agricultural world diversity in the mediation bodies, in order to integrate ecologization of agriculture in a territorial project., "L'outil foncier" est actuellement une démarche largement publicisée par les organismes en charge de la protection de l'eau potable, mais il reste dans les faits peu utilisé. Les auteures ont étudié deux cas, situés dans les Vosges, dans lesquels la négociation de contrats environnementaux avec les agriculteurs sur un périmètre de captage d'eau a été de pair avec une reprise partielle des terres agricoles par le gestionnaire. Leur analyse des processus de négociation montre les limites de cette démarche : opportunités très aléatoires, construction juridique complexe et tensions engendrées du côté des agriculteurs. Plus largement, elle plaide pour une meilleure représentation de la diversité du monde agricole dans les instances de médiation pour inscrire l'écologisation de l'agriculture dans un projet de territoire.

Preserving water quality implies to call upon and share different knowledge. From the claim that actors on the field associate a diversity of knowledge, in this paper we analyse cases of water protection in two catchment areas, considered as "situations of expertise". Our results lie in four key points describing the relation between knowledge and management decisions and shedding light on the difficulties of finding situated and locally adapted solutions : (i) cognitive activity or knowledge production are not seen as a social and epistemic practice implying knowledge exchange, sharing and debate. Controversial situations are avoided to act fast ; (ii) knowledge coming from farmers and lay people experience is little used as a relevant causality model compared with other knowledge approaches (experimentation, computer modeling, GIS) ; (iii) the social knowledge about the situation is not included in the diagnosis even if social relations impact the actions implementation ; (iv) the management actions result from a reduction of possibilities funnelled through two filters : the first one, diagnosis characteristics (the expertise constitutes the action) which tend to promote an adaptation of practices rather than a change of agricultural production model ; the second filter is that of legitimacy (legitimate expertise), taken decisions are those admitted by the diffrent social groups., Préserver la qualité de l'eau nécessite de mobiliser puis de partager des connaissances multiples. Partant du constat que sur le terrain, les différents acteurs conjuguent une diversité de savoirs, nous analysons en tant que situations d'expertise des démarches de protection de l'eau sur deux aires d'alimentation de captage. Sont mis en évidence quatre points clés caractérisant les liens entre les savoirs mobilisés et les solutions construites, et permettant d'éclairer les difficultés à élaborer des solutions pertinentes localement : (i) l'activité cognitive ou la production de connaissances n'est pas vue comme une pratique sociale et une activité épistémique où des savoirs pourraient s'échanger, être partagés et être remis en cause. Les situations de controverses sont évitées pour engager au plus vite l'action ; (ii) les savoirs de l'expérience sont très peu mobilisés comme modèles de causalités pertinents par rapport aux autres modes de connaissances (expérimentation, modélisation, SIG) ; (iii) la connaissance sociale de la situation n'est pas intégrée dans le diagnostic même si le jeu social pèse finalement sur la mise en œuvre d'actions ; (iv) les actions envisagées résultent finalement de la réduction des possibles par leur passage au travers d'un double filtre : celui des modalités de diagnostics (expertise constituante) qui tend aujourd'hui à encourager l'adaptation de pratiques plutôt que des changements de modèle et celui des décisions acceptables par les différents groupe sociaux (expertise légitime).

International audience; In major cash crop farming areas like those of the Paris basin, nitrogen surplues related to the synthetic fertilization of arable soils are the main cause of severe nitrate contamination of the groundwater and river network. Based on farmer interviews and the Nitrogen Soil Surface Balance integrated at the scale of the entire crop rotation cycle, we assessed the current agronomical and environmental performance of 68 organic rotations (with or without livestock) and compared them with those of the dominant conventional crop rotation in the same pedoclimatic areas. We demonstrated that, compared to conventional systems, organic cropping systems receive 12% less of total N inputs (including legume symbiotic fixation) without significant reduction in N yield. Consequently, the N surplus is 26 % lower in organic than in conventional cropping systems. Forage legumes are the key component of the organic cropping systems studied, accounting for around 70 % of total N inputs and for 52 % of N yield. Therefore, the extension of organic farming to a broader scale to reconcile water quality and food production will substantially depend upon local opportunites of valorizing legume fodder cereal by-products. We also evidenced that the provisional N balance approach that has been promoted in the Nitrate Directive does not guarantee the infiltration of sub-root water fluxes meeting the drinking water standard of 11 mg N.1-1 without a downward revision of yield objectives.

Nous revenons de manière réflexive sur notre implication de chercheurs dans quatre territoires d'étude (l'impluvium de Vittel-Contrex et l'aire d'alimentation de captage de la commune de Harol - Vosges, le lac de la Sorme - Saône-et-Loire - et la baie de Douarnenez - Finistère -) dans le cadre du projet de recherche, l'agriculture à l'épreuve des politiques de l'eau. Un "besoin de science" s'exprime dans les instances de gestion de l'eau et rapproche ces quatre territoires. Mais il se décline de manière variée : l'expertise spécialisée, une demande de participation à l'expertise et à l'action collectives, l'analyse rétrospective avec plus ou moins de distance aux acteurs, avec un intérêt et parfois des interrogations / réserves / doutes envers l'investigation en sciences sociales. Celles-ci reste souvent à la marge des autres expertises produites. Les sciences n'ont pas la même autorité, de même que les savoirs des cabinets d'expertise et des usagers de l'espace et des agriculteurs n'ont pas la même légitimité aux yeux des gestionnaires de l'eau. Ceux-ci attendent des expertises qu'elles lèvent des incertitudes, mais les recherches conduites ont aussi apporté de nouvelles questions. C'est un inconfort que le chercheur vit, mais dans le même temps le partenariat avec les acteurs de l'eau lui permet d'accéder à des données inédites. L'implication des chercheurs dans des situations de gestion n'a probablement pas conduit à modifier les rapports de force locaux, ceux-ci s'étant simplement déplacés ou exprimés différemment., This article takes a reflective look at our involvement as researchers in the project "Agriculture put to the test by water policies". Four study territories came within research project : the Vittel-Contrex impluvium ; the catchment area of the commune of Harol in the Vosges ; the lake of the river Sorme in the Saone-et-Loire ; and the bay of Douarnenez in Finistere. A "need for science" is expressed within the water management authorities and brings these four territories closer. But it is presented in a variety of ways : specialized expertise ; a request for participation in collective expertise and action ; retrospective analysis with more or less distance to the actors. There is interest and sometimes there are qestionings / reserves / doubts about investigation in social sciences, which often remains on the margin of the other surveys made. The sciences do not have the same legitimacy in the eyes of water managers. These managers expect surveys to raise uncertainties, but the research has also brought new questions. It is a discomfort experienced by the researcher, but at the same time the partnership with the water stakeholders enables new data to be accessed. The involvement of researchers in management situations has probably not resulted in modifying local power struggles, as these are simply moved on or are expressed in a different manner.

Located on the limestone foundations Lorraine Plateau area in the center of the watershed of Madon, the field of Joly who reports to the research unit ASTER-Mirecourt has a great wealth landscape composed of crops, meadows, streams and forests where woody formations occupy a decisive position. The economy and issues of autonomy developed by INRA Mirecourt unit led to convert the farm to organic farming for sustainable management of these areas. The objective of this study is to perform an initial diagnosis of these formations by proposing a typology adapted to the context of the territory. And structural mapping approach these hurdles identified different types of hedge and provide guidance managements.; Situé sur les assises calcaires du Plateau lorrain, au centre du bassin versant du Madon, le domaine du Joly qui relève de l'unité propre de recherche ASTER-Mirecourt présente une grande richesse paysagère composée de grandes cultures, prairies, ruisseaux et forêt où les formations ligneuses occupent une place déterminante. Les problématiques d'économie et d'autonomie développées par l'unité INRA de Mirecourt ont conduit à convertir l'exploitation à l'agriculture biologique pour une gestion durable de ces territoires. L'objectif de cette étude a consisté à réaliser un premier diagnostic de ces formations à travers la proposition d'une typologie adaptée au contexte du territoire. Une approche structurale et cartographique de ces haies a permis d'identifier différents types de haie et proposer des orientations de gestion.

submitted to Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews; International audience; Meeting future policy targets for bioenergy development worldwide poses major challenges for biomass feedstock supply chains in terms of competitiveness, reliability and sustainability. This paper reviews current knowledge on the sustainability of agricultural feedstock supply chains and emphasize future research needs. It covers annual and perennial feedstocks, and environmental, economic and social aspects. Knowledge gaps and technological options to assess and meet sustainability criteria are reviewed from plot to landscape and global scales. Bioenergy feedstocks present a wide range of dry matter yields, agricultural input requirements and environmental impacts, depending on crop type, management practices, and soil and climate conditions. Their integration into farmers' cropping systems poses specific challenges in terms of environmental impacts, but also opportunities for improvements via the use of grass-legume intercropping or residues from biomass conversion processes. Taking into account the spatial distribution of bioenergy crops is paramount to assessing their environmental impacts, in particular on biodiversity, or the food versus energy competition issue. However, few modelling frameworks convey the full complexity of the underlying processes and drivers, whether economic, social or biophysical. In particular, social impacts of bioenergy projects are seldom assessed and there is no methodological consensus. The main research areas identified involve: multi-crop and multi-site experiments, along with modelling, to optimise management practices and cropping systems producing bioenergy, possibly on alternative lands and under future climate changes; the design of innovative cropping systems using expert knowledge to ensure suitable integration into farmers' cropping systems; the collection of detailed data on the location of bioenergy crops to validate theoretical modelling frameworks and improve sustainability assessment; tackling direct and indirect effects of bioenergy development on land-use changes via coupled economic and agronomical models; investigating the effect of perennial stands on biodiversity in relation to previous land-use and landscape structure; and further developing currently-available methodologies to fully appraise the social implications of bioenergy projects.