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Summary The archaeological documentation of the development of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is not yet mirrored by a genetic understanding of the human populations involved, in contrast to the spread of farming in Europe [1, 2, 3]. Sedentary farming communities emerged in parts of the Fertile Crescent during the tenth millennium and early ninth millennium calibrated (cal) BC and had appeared in central Anatolia by 8300 cal BC [4]. Farming spread into west Anatolia by the early seventh millennium cal BC and quasi-synchronously into Europe, although the timing and process of this movement remain unclear. Using genome sequence data that we generated from nine central Anatolian Neolithic individuals, we studied the transition period from early Aceramic (Pre-Pottery) to the later Pottery Neolithic, when farming expanded west of the Fertile Crescent. We find that genetic diversity in the earliest farmers was conspicuously low, on a par with European foraging groups. With the advent of the Pottery Neolithic, genetic variation within societies reached levels later found in early European farmers. Our results confirm that the earliest Neolithic central Anatolians belonged to the same gene pool as the first Neolithic migrants spreading into Europe. Further, genetic affinities between later Anatolian farmers and fourth to third millennium BC Chalcolithic south Europeans suggest an additional wave of Anatolian migrants, after the initial Neolithic spread but before the Yamnaya-related migrations. We propose that the earliest farming societies demographically resembled foragers and that only after regional gene flow and rising heterogeneity did the farming population expansions into Europe occur., Highlights • Pre-pottery farmers had low genetic diversity, akin to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers • Genetic diversity levels are higher in the subsequent Pottery Neolithic • Central Anatolian farmers belonged to the same gene pool as early European farmers • Copper Age genetic affinities suggest a second wave of Anatolian gene flow, Kılınç et al. study ancient genomes from the earliest farmers of central Anatolia, one of the first areas where farming appears outside the Fertile Crescent. Genetic diversity increases as the Neolithic develops, indicating rising mobility. Similarities between Anatolian and European farmers suggest two gene flow events from Anatolia into Europe.

Ill ÖZET Yüksek lisans Tezi EVCİL DİŞİ KANATLILARDA` ÜREME VE HORMONAL DENETİMİ ÎUsun Sema ÖZER Ankara Üniversitesi Pen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Zootekni Anabilirn Dalı Danışman: Doç.Dr. Yücel AŞKIN 1988, Sayfa: i65 Jüri: Doç. Dr.Yücel AŞKIN Doç.Dr.Rüveyde Akbay Prof.Dr. Lütfü Özcan Üreme cinsel bir etkinlik olduğundan, yaşayan bir yavrunun varlığı ile başarılı sayılmaktadır. Bu konu hem horozu, hem de tavuğu ilgilendirir. İki cinsiyet arasında ki ilişki ve davranışlar üreme performansını etkilemekle birlikte, tavuklar yumurtlayan hayvanlar olduklarından, çiftleşme olmaksızın da yumurta vereceklerdir. Hazırlanan tezde sadece dişi hayvanların incelenmesi, yumurtlama mekanizmasının anlaşılmasında yeterli olacaktır. Canlı organizmalar üzerinde çalışmalar yapılırken, her olay için birden fazla mekanizma olduğu görülmüştür. Bu gibi örnekler yumurtlama (ovipozisy on) ile ilgili olarak da ortaya konmuştur. Kanatlılarda üreme `ovoviviparity` ile tanımlan-. maktadır. Üremenin bu modeli pekçok memeli ve sürüngen ' türlerinde görülmüştür. Ovovivipar hayvanlarda döller embriyonik gelişmenin çok kısa dönemlerini geçirdikten sonra anneyi terkederler ve gelişmelerinin büyük bir kısmını anne vücudunun dışında devam ettirirler. Hazırlanan bu tezde evcil dişi kanatlılarda üreme sisteminin anatomi ve fizyolojisinin yaraşıra, erkek kanatlılarda üreme sisteminin anatomi ve fizyolojisine de kısaca değinilmiştir. Cinsel olgunluğun başlamasını açıklayan kriterlerden bazıları dikkate alınmış, dişi kanatlılarda üreme fizyolojisini.belirleyen ovulasyon ve ovipozisyon döngüleri, döngüsel yumurtlama, yumurta üretimini etkile yen çevserel faktörlerden söz edilmiştir. Ovulasyonun kontrolünde ovulasyon uyarıcı hormon LH üzerine progeste-ronun etkisi tartışılmıştır. Dişi kanatlılarda üreme en-IV dokrinolojisi açıklanırken hipotalamo-nipofizyal sistem, ovaryumun steroid metabolizması ve kontrolüne de değinil miştir. ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Kanatlılarda üreme, cinsel olgunluk, ovaryum, ovidukt, döngüsel yumurtlama, ovulasyon döngüsü, ovipozisyon döngüsü, ovulasyonun kontrolü ABSTRACT Masters Thesis REPRODUCTION IN POULTRY AND ITS HORMONAL CONTROL Füsun Sema ÖZER Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Animal Science Supervisor: Assoc. Prof.Dr. Yücel AŞICEN 1988, Page: 165 Jury: Assoc. Prof.Dr. Yücel AŞKIN Assoc.Prof.Dr.Rüveyde Akbay Prof.Dr. lütfü Özcan Since reproduction is a sexual activity, its suc cess in estimated by the viable offsprings. The behavior and the relationship between hens and roosters influence the sexual performance. Because the females are capable of ovulation without mating the ovulation mechanism ws investigated in this study. Many investigations showgd that every event in the living organisms involves more than one mechanism as does the oviposition. Reproduction in poultry is defined as `ovovivi- parity`. This model of reproduction was also seen in mammals and reptiles. In ovovivipar animals, the embryo leaves the mother after a very short period of develop ment and the major part of the development takes` place outside the body of the mother. This study also autlined the anatomy and physio logy of the reproductive organs both in females and males. Some of criteria related to the start of the sexual matu rity, the ovulation and oviposition cycles which determine the reproductive physiology, cyclic ovulation, and envi ronmental factors that influence egg production were studied. Also the effect of progesteron on LH hormone which stimulates ovulation was discussed. Reproductive hypothalamo-hypophyse system and steroid metabolism and control of ovarium were also discussed. KEYWORDS: Poultry reproduction, sexual maturity, ovarium, oviduct, sequential laying, ovulation cycle, oviposition cycle, control of ovulation. 165

Sheep were among the first domesticated animals, but their demographic history is little understood. Here we analyzed nuclear polymorphism and mitochondrial data (mtDNA) from ancient central and west Anatolian sheep dating from Epipaleolithic to late Neolithic, comparatively with modern-day breeds and central Asian Neolithic/Bronze Age sheep (OBI). Analyzing ancient nuclear data, we found that Anatolian Neolithic sheep (ANS) are genetically closest to present-day European breeds relative to Asian breeds, a conclusion supported by mtDNA haplogroup frequencies. In contrast, OBI showed higher genetic affinity to present-day Asian breeds. These results suggest that the east-west genetic structure observed in present-day breeds had already emerged by 6000 BCE, hinting at multiple sheep domestication episodes or early wild introgression in southwest Asia. Furthermore, we found that ANS are genetically distinct from all modern breeds. Our results suggest that European and Anatolian domestic sheep gene pools have been strongly remolded since the Neolithic., Yurtman, Özer, Yüncü et al. provide an ancient DNA data set to demonstrate the impact of human activity on the demographic history of domestic sheep. The authors demonstrate that there may have been multiple domestication events with notable changes to the gene pool of European and Anatolian sheep since the Neolithic.