971 results on '"industrialization"'
Search Results
52. Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses.
- Author
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Association of American Geographers, Washington, DC., Rengert, Arlene C., and Monk, Janice J.
- Abstract
Six units focusing on the effects of spatial change on women are designed to supplement college introductory courses in geography and the social sciences. Unit 1, Woman and Agricultural Landscapes, focuses on how women contributed to landscape change in prehistory, women's impact on the environment, and the hypothesis that women developed agriculture. Unit 2 discusses how men and women use space differently. Topics include female and male space, the interior space of the home, and women's contribution to the landscape of the home. Unit 3 examines women and crime in the context of social change. Readings suggest how people living under similar environmental stress choose different coping actions, explore the spatial patterning of urban crime, and examine the prison as a socializing force for women. Unit 4 discusses factors to be considered in locating family services, using day care centers as an example. Provided with maps, transit schedules, and census tract statistics, students select and set up a day care center. Unit 5 examines motives for contemporary female migration to cities in Latin America. Unit 6, Female Industrial Migration in the Early 19th Century, analyzes reasons for the predominance of females in industrial migration. Each unit contains objectives and student readings. (KC)
- Published
- 1982
53. A Review and Critique of Rural Development Research in the Land-Grant System Since 1970--with Focus upon the South. SRDC Series 65.
- Author
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Southern Rural Development Center, Mississippi State, MS., Beaulieu, Lionel J., and Voth, Donald E.
- Abstract
An overview of rural development research in the United States Department of Agriculture's land grant environment focuses on southern 1862 and 1890 institutions. Although important to agricultural experiment stations, rural development research has received limited funding. A heterogeneous research program including human resources development, economic development, community facilities and services, environmental improvement, family and youth, natural resources and recreation, population, and small farms has received less than 5% of available resources. Further, rural development research is characterized by small commitments from relatively few people. Nevertheless, significant achievements have been made in several areas including documentation of rural conditions, rural industrialization and job development, community services and local government finance, rural youth and youth in agriculture, and needs assessments. Rural development research must balance the priorities of both the research community and the public. While little information about public priorities is available, researchers are apparently focusing on five research issues: the impact of growth and development on demand for and cost of services, water resources, health care, the impact of energy shortages and inflation, and the rural labor market. Trends in rural development research include collaboration, evaluation and estimation of program impacts, and implications of "New Federalism." (SB)
- Published
- 1984
54. Rural Social Change in Poland.
- Author
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Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw., Turowski, Jan, Szwengrub, Lili Maria, Turowski, Jan, Szwengrub, Lili Maria, and Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw.
- Abstract
Addressing the question of economic growth, this book focuses on the implications of industry re: Polish social structure, organization of farms, and changes in rural culture and large social groups. Emphasizing way and quality of life, this book includes the following major sections and article titles: (1) Industrialization and Changes in the Social Structure (Types of Industrialization; Types and Forms of Industrialization and Rural Socioeconomic Development: The Polish Experience; Changes in the Rural Social Structure; Dual Occupation in Polish Agriculture; Social Changes in Suburban Villages; The Impact of Industrialization on the Transformation of the Rural Settlement Structure and the Occupational Structure in Southern Poland; Physiotactic and Environmental Protection); (2) Agriculture and the Farm (Changes in Individual Farming During the 30 Years of the Polish Peoples Republic; Processes of Differentiation of Peasant Farms in Poland; Collective Farming in Poland; Sociological Problems of Polish State Farms); (3) Changes in the Way of Life (Transformation of the Way of Life and Values; Processes of Rationalization of Social Attitudes of Polish Peasants; The Young Rural Generation in the Polish Peoples Republic; The Young Generation's Aspirations and Orientations; Theoretical and Practical Implications of the Different Meanings of Unequal Access to Education; Changes in the Situation of Country Women). (JC)
- Published
- 1976
55. Changes in Employment Conditions and Structure Caused by Urbanization of the Countryside.
- Author
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USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk. and Kalmyk, Valentina Abramovna
- Abstract
The socioeconomic consequences of urbanization in rural areas were investigated. Data were taken from 2 sampling sociological-statistical surveys of 157 rural communities of the Novosibirsk province in West Siberia (USSR). A two-dimensional typology of centrality and social-branch structure of production was used. By using the centrality factor which was derived from 17 interconnected variables representing the community's administrative significance, its place in intrafarm settlement pattern, and level of development of key services, the communities were classified as backward hinterland, advanced hinterland, and centres. Communities were also grouped into agrarian-kolkhoz, agrarian-sovkhoz, and suburban-industrial according to: enterprise type (collective or state farm or nonfarm), the proportion of farm and of industrially employed, average family income from private economy, and the proportion of families residing in enterprise-owned houses. To describe the various employment situations in the public sector of communities with different urbanization levels, the branch structure of jobs and skill hierarchy of workers were examined. Findings included: in more urbanized rural areas job opportunities were wider and employment structure more advanced; at the same time, the dynamic character of socialist production in general and of farming in particular led, under certain circumstances, to shortages in manpower needed to produce farm products in necessary amounts. (NQ)
- Published
- 1976
56. A Case Study of Rural Industrialization in Jamestown, North Dakota. Agricultural Economics Report No. 95.
- Author
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North Dakota State Univ., Fargo. Dept. of Agricultural Economics., Helgeson, Delmer L., and Zink, Maurice J.
- Abstract
The study's objectives were to: (1) determine the criteria used by industry in the selection of an area as a plant site; (2) measure the interdependence and economic impact that a manufacturing sector has on an agriculturally dominated rural area; and (3) evaluate employees' attitudes toward their new jobs in manufacturing. Jamestown, North Dakota was chosen as the study area since it typified a rural area which was heavily dependent on agriculture, but which had been successful in attracting industry. Questionnaires were used to gather data from: (1) managers and personnel of four firms recently locating in Jamestown, (2) four other firms who had evaluated the site but did not locate there, and (3) business and civic leaders of Jamestown. Factors designated of greatest influence to site selection were community attitudes toward industry, grants and concessions made available to manufacturing firms, and labor related factors. Positive labor related factors were labor costs, willingness of local workers, a large supply of trainable labor, labor laws (right-to-work law), and labor unions. Although some dissatisfaction was expressed toward the personal time discipline required in manufacturing work, most workers expressed approval of their job role, of the higher standard of living manufacturing employment provided the majority of persons, and of the opportunity for employment afforded 81 percent of the personnel who objected to outmigration from the State. (NQ)
- Published
- 1973
57. The Value of Children during Industrialization: Childhood Sex Ratios in Nineteenth Century America.
- Author
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Hammel, E. A.
- Abstract
Significant regional differences in the proportion of white male and female children in the 19th century in different areas of the United States may be attributable to the economy. Boys were more numerous than girls in the South and along the frontier, while the ratio was more equal or in favor of girls in the eastern states. Data were obtained from county and state decennial census reports from 1820 to 1860 and were computer-generated into maps and tables which revealed differences in male-female ratios. Of the various theories explaining the causes of these sex differences, it appears that changes in the economic system and in the attitudes of the value of children produced these effects. In an economy of early agricultural modernization, boys were a greater asset to farm families than girls, whereas in industrial urban areas there was little difference in the productive capability of the sexes. Because child labor was widespread during this era, parents could have been influenced to migrate to areas that would be advantageous to the sex of their children and to provide differential care (e.g., boys may have received better medical attention than girls) sufficient to influence childhood mortality patterns. (Author/KC)
- Published
- 1982
58. Influence of Industrialization in the Campinas Rural Region.
- Author
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Ferrari, Alfonso Trujillo
- Abstract
The Campinas region of Brazil was studied to determine if the introduction of industrial plants in rural areas influenced the life of the rural population. The purpose of this study was to obtain an insight into the manner by which the industrialization influence is functioning in the Campinas rural area. The region and its rural population were described in terms of the following topics: the level of social contacts, mass communication, educational aspirations, agricultural development, home appliances, sanitation level, pollution in the surroundings, the rural middle class, and change in the rural worker's social values. Major conclusions were that industrialization tends to increase social contacts, that the presence of means of communication denotes a higher level of industrialization impact on the traditional rural society, that exposure to industrialization creates changes in the class structure and in housing, and that the arguments surveyed were not sufficient to show change of the rural man's social values under the impact of industrialization. (PS)
- Published
- 1972
59. Toward an Integration of Migration and Location Theory.
- Author
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Sizer, Leonard M. and Smith, Edward A.
- Abstract
The application of migration and plant location theories to Jackson County, West Virginia, formerly a rural agricultural county and now the location of an aluminum reduction plant, is described in this paper. Data collected from a representative sample of households in Jackson County--a 5% area probability sample in rural Jackson County, a 10% area probability sample of Ripley, and a 10% list-cluster sample of Ravenswood--are examined in terms of 50 selected variables. The variables are analyzed and presented in tabular form along with a statistical representation of the data. One of the major findings of this study is that with rural industrialization which is likely to be an ingredient in the effort to develop rural communities, there will be obtained a different social-psychological mix resulting from migration. (PS)
- Published
- 1972
60. Factors for and Against Industrialization Among Agricultural Youngsters in the Hilly Region of Israel.
- Author
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Kligman, Atara
- Abstract
Conducted in the hilly region of Israel in 1969, the purpose of this study was to examine the tendency to choose an industrial occupation among the sons of farmers through 3 viewpoints--the influence of the educational process and atmosphere; the social connotations, the status and prestige, of particular occupations; and the personal knowledge about an occupation and how a person obtained the information. The need for this research arose because of employment problems in areas where the economy is based on agriculture. The 95 participants (aged 20-22) were selected from 14 villages, made up of 40 to 50 families, located close to industrial enterprises. Questionnaires with closed and semi-open questions were administered in personal interviews, and interviews were conducted with plant managers, labor managers, and workers. The study determined that the measure of information which a person had on a chosen field influenced his attitude towards that occupation. A person with a limited knowledge about an occupation tended to display a negative approach towards the occupation. By contrast, the greater the knowledge about the occupation, the more positive the attitude. Persons receiving direct information from the plant or from a relative had a positive approach in contrast to an individual who received indirect information. Generally, the individuals interviewed displayed limited knowledge about the occupations, and this fact possibly explains why few people reach industrial work. (FF)
- Published
- 1972
61. Educational Policy and Rural Re-development in Post-industrial Society: The Case of the United States of America.
- Author
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Slocum, Walter L.
- Abstract
Recent emphasis on industrial and urban development is described as a factor contributing to the greatly accelerated flight from the land. The concept of rural redevelopment is examined along with educational policy changes needed for rural redevelopment. The author's stated opinion is that rural redevelopment in the United States and other industrial countries should involve (1) the creation of a viable economic base, (2) institution building to provide adequate community facilities and services, and (3) providing more adequate bases for personal growth. Educational policy changes needed for rural redevelopment are described in terms of the economic base, institution building in rural communities, adult education programs, structural changes in developing human resources needed in the public schools, changes in tax policies, changes in personnel policies, organizational changes, curriculum changes, and educational policies affecting personal development. The author suggests a parity with suburbia rather than a neo-agrarian policy. (PS)
- Published
- 1972
62. Comprehensive Plans for Improving Rural Counties. Revised May 1972.
- Author
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Economic Research Service (USDA), Washington, DC. and Solberg, Erling D.
- Abstract
The need for a comprehensive plan--an overall pattern of development--for rural counties is discussed in this paper. The planning is done by a representative body with the authority to make detailed studies, to draft and recommend long-range comprehensive plans and specific plans, and to suggest measures to implement the plans. The 3 steps for preparing a comprehensive plan are (1) deciding on overall goals; (2) gathering facts about what the county has now, its resources, potentials, and problems; and (3) making a comprehensive plan that shows how the county can use what it has to achieve its goals. To put the plan into effect requires adoption of the plan by the county governing body, an action program directed by the county government, cooperation of private developers, and public support. Several suggestions are made in the paper to assist the individual who is interested in starting a comprehensive plan in his own county. (PS)
- Published
- 1967
63. Symposium on Documentation Planning in Developing Countries at Bad Godesberg, 28-30 November 1967.
- Author
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German Foundation for International Development, Bonn (West Germany).
- Abstract
One reason given for the failure of the large-scale efforts in the decade 1955-1965 to increase significantly the rate of economic and technological growth in the "developing" countries of the world has been insufficient utilization of existing information essential to this development. Motivated by this belief and the opinion that this non-usage of existing intellectual resources is due to the lack of adequate documentation services, both in the developing countries and in the subject area of development information, the Symposium on Documentation Planning in Developing Countries convened to study this problem. Papers were presented on the following topics: "The Role of the Institutions of Developing Countries in the Planning, Organization and Development of Documentation";"National Library and National Bibliography"; "Library Development in Nigeria"; "Documentation Centres at Scientific Institutions in Developing Countries"; "Agriculture, Research and Development Institutes, Associations"; "Policy Planning for Technical Information in Industry"; "Training of Documentalists in Developing Countries"; "The Problems of Documentation in Developing Countries"; "The Role of the State and of the Government Agencies in Developing Countries"; and "The Role of a National Information Clearinghouse for Development Aid". On the basis of the papers presented and ensuing discussions twelve recommendations were made. (JN)
- Published
- 1970
64. Rural Industrialization: Case Study of a Tissue Paper Mill in Pickens, Mississippi.
- Author
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Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, State College., Economic Research Service (USDA), Washington, DC., and Crecink, John C.
- Abstract
The shortrun (1962-1966) economic impact of a tissue paper mill in Pickens, Mississippi, a town of under 1,000 in a depressed rural area with a predominance of poor Negroes, was analyzed. The tissue mill began in a building formerly occupied by a North Carolina furniture manufacturer. Initial financing came from the Area Redevelopment Administration, local and State organizations, and private industry. Failure of the operation was attributed to lack of skilled employees, frequent breakdowns of secondhand machinery, variability in the quality of wet pulp, and an inadequately developed market. After foreclosure by the Small Business Administration, the plant was leased to another company to produce carbonizing paper. Finding solutions to Picken's problems and those of other depressed areas will require continuing systematic efforts at Federal, State, and local levels. (Author/PS)
- Published
- 1970
65. Strategies, Models, and Economic Theories of Development in Rural Regions.
- Author
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Economic Research Service (USDA), Washington, DC. and Berry, Brian J. L.
- Abstract
One of several studies initiated by the Economic Research Service to provide research approaches in the problem areas of rural poverty and economic development, this study examines (1) rural activities within the context of national activities, (2) regional growth theories, (3) growth forecasting, (4) developmental programing, (5) determining a proper development region, and (6) policies and strategies pertaining to economic development. The data are intended for use in achieving the objective of regional development--that is, maintaining an employment base which will support the population of a region at a level of dignity and prosperity consistent with the affluence of the United States. (BD)
- Published
- 1967
66. [Administrative Documents of the African Adult Education Association.]
- Author
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African Adult Education Association, Lusaka (Zambia).
- Abstract
A collection of administrative documents from the African Adult Education Association includes the following: recommendations on training for adult education in Africa (prepared January 1969); resolutions of the Association's conference on continuing literacy, held in Kampala, Uganda in January 1968; the fiscal regulations in force for 1969/70; and the constitution of the Association, as amended by the general meeting held in Khartoum, Sudan, January 1969. The recommendations on training make note of pressures which underline the importance of adult education. These are: increase in population; agriculture; industrialization; urbanization; national independence; the status of women; and community development. (mf)
- Published
- 1969
67. National Council on Indian Opportunity: Report.
- Author
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National Council on Indian Opportunity, Washington, DC.
- Abstract
Explanatory statements by acting executive director of the National Council on Indian Opportunity noted (1) that the council was formed to involve Indian people in Federal policy and the program-formulation process and (2) that principal functions of the NCIO were to encourage full use of Federal programs to benefit Indians, to encourage interagency coordination and cooperation, to appraise impact and progress of Federal programs, and to suggest ways to improve such programs. At the January 1970 meeting, Vice-president Agnew discussed the relationship and responsibilities of the Federal Government to the Indian people, cited problems to be focused upon, and directed each Cabinet member present to respond to recommendations made by the 6 Indian council members. Indian members of the NCIO presented recommendations on administration, education, health, welfare, urban environment, economic development, legal rights, agriculture, housing, and the Blue Lake religious sanctuary. The concluding statement by an Indian council member noted that the foremost need of all Indian people is a steady income-producing job, and methods were recommended for securing industries which would provide employment. (AN)
- Published
- 1970
68. Population Change in South Dakota Small Towns and Cities.
- Author
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South Dakota State Univ., Brookings. Agricultural Experiment Station., Field, Donald R., and Dimit, Robert M.
- Abstract
In this publication, the authors review the historical development of South Dakota communities in the perspective of community change as it occurred in the United States resulting from several important societal factors during the period from 1940-1960. The authors emphasize that, while societal influences continue to operate, forcing adjustment at the local level, additional factors are stimulating further adjustment. Communities continue to grow and decline, depending upon how they are able to adjust to factors such as commercialization in agriculture, diminishing local control, and rural migration. Tables are appended which include population data for each incorporated place in South Dakota. (Author/LS)
- Published
- 1970
69. Progress Report on Rural Development for Fiscal Year 1970.
- Author
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Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
- Abstract
Rural development progress relative to State-U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) committees is presented via exemplary citation in this 1970 report. Summaries are given for: (1) Status of State-USDA Organization for Rural Development, (2) Functional Relationships of USDA Committees on Rural Development, (3) Activities and Projects Underway, (4) Generalized Rural Trends. Exemplary State progress reports are presented for Alabama (industrialization); Arkansas (job development); Arizona (job increases); Kentucky and Iowa (industrialization and job creation); Maryland (housing, public facilities, and recreation); and Vermont ("creative localism"). Exemplary agency activities are cited for (1) Agricultural Research Service (a new Agribusiness and Rural Living Program); (2) Extension Service (a garbage disposal program and various beautification projects); (3) Farmer Cooperative Service (a feasibility study on flower growing in Georgia); (4) Farmers Home Administration (development of a water system in Derby Center, Vermont); (5) Forest Service (expansion of Pennsylvania's timber based industries); (6) Rural Electrification Administration (a feasibility study on a North Dakota malting barley plant); (7) Soil Conservation Service (catfish production increases in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana). (JC)
- Published
- 1970
70. THE CHANGED AND CHANGING SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION.
- Author
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BERTRAND, ALVIN L.
- Abstract
TODAY, ONLY 1 OUT OF EVERY 8 PEOPLE IS A FARM DWELLER, AND THIS RATIO DECREASES BY 4 PERCENT ANNUALLY. AS A RESULT, THE STUDENT DISTRIBUTION HAS BECOME EXTREMELY SKEWED IN THE DIRECTION OF THE URBAN SCHOOL, WHILE RURAL SCHOOLS HAVE BEEN FORCED TO CURTAIL NEEDED SERVICES. CONSEQUENTLY, THE RURAL STUDENT LAGS ABOUT 2 YEARS BEHIND THE URBAN STUDENT IN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT. RURAL FAMILIES OF TODAY, ALTHOUGH LESS NUMEROUS, HAVE APPROACHED THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STANDARDS OF URBAN FAMILIES. SEVERAL PATTERNS APPEAR TO BE EMERGING IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF RURAL LIFE. THREE OCCUPATIONAL CLUSTERS ARE IN EVIDENCE TODAY--(1) THE BUSINESS-LIKE FARMER WHO APPROACHES FARMING AS AN INDUSTRY, (2) THE LOW INCOME FARMER WHO IS FOUND ON THE POORER LAND AND WHO IS MOST IN NEED OF ASSISTANCE, AND (3) THE PEOPLE WHO WORK IN THE CITY AND SIMPLY LIVE IN RURAL AREAS, WHO APPROACH AGRICULTURE FROM A STRICTLY AVOCATIONAL STANDPOINT. THE TRADE CENTER COMMUNITY HAS REPLACED THE STEREOTYPED RURAL NEIGHBORHOOD. ANOTHER EMERGENT PATTERN HAS BEEN WITH RESPECT TO RURAL PERSONALITY. TRADITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDEPENDENCE, SELF-RELIANCE, AND THE CONVICTION OF THE SECONDARY ROLE OF EDUCATION HAVE BEEN DISPLACED BY THE STRONG MOTIVATION TO GAIN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POSITION. THIS SPEECH WAS DELIVERED AT THE ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF RURAL EDUCATION, NEA LOUISVILLE, OCTOBER 7-8, 1960). (DA)
- Published
- 1960
71. MEXICAN-AMERICANS, A HANDBOOK FOR EDUCATORS.
- Author
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Far West Lab. for Educational Research and Development, Berkeley, CA. and FORBES, JACK D.
- Abstract
APPROXIMATELY FIVE MILLION PERSONS OF MEXICAN ANCESTRY RESIDE IN THE STATES OF CALIFORNIA, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, TEXAS, AND COLORADO. A LARGE NUMBER HAVE ALSO MADE HOMES IN THE GREATER CHICAGO AREA AND IN OTHER INDUSTRIAL CENTERS. MEXICAN AMERICANS HAVE PLAYED A VITAL ROLE IN THE INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, ARTISTIC, INTELLECTUAL, AND POLITICAL LIFE OF THE SOUTHWEST. FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS MEXICO HAS BEEN A CENTER FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURAL FACTORS AND THE MEXICAN AMERICAN PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES HAVE SERVED AS A CULTURAL BRIDGE FOR THE DIFFUSION NORTHWARD. THE MEXICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY IS DESCRIBED AS BEING PROUD OF ITS MEXICAN BACKGROUND AND IS EXPERIENCING DIFFICULTY IN ACCULTURATION. MEXICAN AMERICAN YOUTH OFTEN MAKE VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCHOOLS BY BRINGING A VARIED BACKGROUND OF EXPERIENCES AND SKILLS, BILINGUALISM, CULTURAL FACTORS, HOMEMAKING SKILLS, AND PRACTICAL WORK EXPERIENCE. SIXTEEN SUGGESTIONS ARE PRESENTED TO TEACHERS AND ADMINISTRATORS THAT WOULD HELP PROVIDE TRANSFER OF TRAINING FOR ALL STUDENTS INTO A MIXED ANGLO MEXICAN CULTURE. THE PUBLICATION CONCLUDES WITH A LISTING OF SUPPLEMENTARY AUDIOVISUAL AIDS AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS WHICH ARE AVAILABLE FOR CLASSROOM USE AT BOTH THE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL. (JS)
- Published
- 1967
72. SOME OBSERVATIONS UPON URBANIZATION IN THE SOUTHWEST.
- Author
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KNOWLTON, CLARK S.
- Abstract
THERE ARE FEW AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES THAT OFFER SUCH ABUNDANT OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH AND STUDY AS DOES THE SOUTHWEST. THIS POTENTIAL IS NOT USED DUE TO A LACK OF RESEARCH FUNDING AND A LACK OF INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM WHICH ENCOURAGES RESEARCH. THE PROGRESS OF THE REGION IS HANDICAPPED BY THE LACK OF NEEDED INFORMATION AND DATA. THE HISTORY OF THE SOUTHWEST'S THREE MAJOR CULTURAL GROUPS, ANGLO-AMERICAN, MEXICAN-AMERICAN AND INDIAN, HAS SHOWN MAJOR CONFLICTS AND HOSTILITIES. MODERN PLANNERS HAVE NOT RECOGNIZED THESE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. COMPETITION BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION FOR LIMITED AND DIMINISHING WATER SUPPLIES AND LACK OF CITY PLANNING ON URBAN PROBLEMS OF ZONING, SLUM FORMATION, STREET PLANNING, EDUCATIONAL NEEDS, AND LACK OF IMPORTANT CULTURAL FACILITIES ARE CITED. THE AUTHOR FEELS THAT THE SOUTHWEST IS A NATURAL SOCIAL LABORATORY IN WHICH THE PROCESSES OF URBANIZATION, ACCULTURATION, ACCOMMODATION, RACE AND CULTURE CONFLICTS, STRATIFICATION, AND SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE CAN BE EXPLORED. (SF)
- Published
- 1965
73. CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE AND ROLES OF SPANISH-AMERICAN FAMILIES OF NORTHERN NEW MEXICO.
- Author
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KNOWLTON, CLARK S.
- Abstract
DATA FOR THIS PAPER WERE OBTAINED FROM EXAMINATION OF AVAILABLE LITERATURE AND FROM FIELD WORK IN SAN MIGUEL AND MORA COUNTIES OF NORTHERN NEW MEXICO. THE EXTENDED PATRIARCHAL FAMILY WAS THE PRIMARY SOCIAL SYSTEM AMONG THE SPANISH AMERICANS, OFTEN CONSISTING OF MEMBERS OF THREE OR FOUR GENERATIONS HEADED BY THE GRANDFATHER. THIS FAMILY COOPERATED AS A SINGLE, TIGHTLY KNIT, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL UNIT. DOMINANCE AND AUTHORITY WERE RELATED TO SEX AND AGE -THE MALES WERE DOMINANT OVER FEMALES AND THE OLDER MEMBERS HAD AUTHORITY OVER THE YOUNGER FAMILY MEMBERS. THE PRESSURES OF URBANIZATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND LAND LOSSES HAVE BROKEN THIS TRADITIONAL FAMILY PATTERN IN ALL BUT THE MOST REMOTE VILLAGES. THE ADJUSTMENT OF THE LOWER-CLASS SPANISH AMERICAN FAMILY TO URBAN LIVING DEPENDS UPON THE HUSBAND'S SALARY. IF IT IS NOT ADEQUATE, THE WIFE MUST SEEK EMPLOYMENT, THUS STRENGTHENING HER ROLE AND DIMINISHING THE HUSBAND'S ROLE. THE MORE EDUCATED AND ACCULTURATED SPANISH AMERICAN FAMILIES TEND TO EMULATE THE NUCLEAR FAMILY MODEL OF THE ANGLO AMERICAN. (SF)
- Published
- 1965
74. THE SPANISH AMERICANS IN NEW MEXICO.
- Author
-
KNOWLTON, CLARK S.
- Abstract
THE SPANISH AMERICANS IN NEW MEXICO ARE UNDERGOING GREAT SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE. THEIR VILLAGE CULTURE, FORMED IN ISOLATION NEAR IRRIGATED LAND WHICH HAD REMAINED REMARKABLY STABLE FOR SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS, IS BREAKING DOWN. THE SPANISH AMERICANS ARE LEAVING THEIR VILLAGES AND MIGRATING TO INDUSTRIAL CENTERS. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THIS ARE--(1) LOSS OF MILLIONS OF ACRES THROUGH LAW SUITS, TAX SALES, AND PRECISE LAND REGISTRATION, (2) DECLINE OF THE SHEEP INDUSTRY, THE TRADITIONAL LIVESTOCK OF THE SPANISH AMERICANS, AND (3) EXPANDING PURCHASE OF LAND BY OUTSIDE INTERESTS FOR SUMMER RANGE AND INCOME TAX WRITE-OFF. THE AUTHOR CALLS FOR STUDIES OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN IN THE PROCESS OF CHANGE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION. (SF)
- Published
- 1964
75. Teaching the Commons: Place, Pride, and the Renewal of Community.
- Author
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Theobald, Paul and Theobald, Paul
- Abstract
This book addresses the role that rural schools can play in promoting community and developing a community-oriented world view. Specifically, this book suggests that rural schools, through concerted pedagogical and curricular attention to the dynamics of their particular place, can rekindle community allegiance and can nurture the fulfillment that one finds in meeting community obligations. Part 1, "The Creation of Community from a Historical Perspective," examines the ideas upon which community was built in the past. The chapters in this section propose that intradependence, cyclic time, and the avoidance of risk--three agrarian communal characteristics--were once a vital part of the health and well-being of communities; that these characteristics, though in severe decline, still linger in rural portions of the United States; and that the decline of these characteristics has coincided with the rise of an industrial world view encompassing notions about the self, the economy, the proper role of government, and the role of education as training for successful competition in a global economy. Part 2, "Public Policy and the Subordination of Community," chronicles historical developments that undermined community elements and bolstered cultural infatuation with the individual. In this section of the book, rural history represents an American tragedy perpetrated by urban commercialist interests under the guise of "progress," resulting in the decline of rural communities. Part 3, "Education and the Renewal of Community," addresses the simultaneous renewal of rural schools and communities based on rebuilding rural communities on an educational rather than an economic foundation. The chapters in this section provide examples of ways that this renewal process can be initiated in both the community and schools. Contains references in chapter notes and an index. (LP)
- Published
- 1997
76. The Human Transformation of the Earth's Surface.
- Author
-
Roberts, Neil
- Abstract
Reviews the tremendous transformation that human beings have wrought on the earth's surface from the Holocene to the present. Traces this transformation through various stages: the emergence and development of agriculture, agricultural impact and land degradation, ecological and political imperialism, industrialization, and environmental pollution. (MJP)
- Published
- 1996
77. Grass Roots: The Universe of Home.
- Author
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Gruchow, Paul and Gruchow, Paul
- Abstract
This book consists of 17 essays about living with the land and the importance of reinvigorating the values of rural life. The essays include personal reflections about growing up in rural Minnesota and opinions about the state of neglected rural towns and people. The author grew up during the 1950s on an 80-acre farm that his family rented in Rosewood Township, Minnesota. His father supplied the tools, the labor, and the seeds and kept two-thirds of the crop. His family lived off of the land--every summer his mother canned vegetables, fruits, jams, sauces, and meats for the winter. The book suggests that the industrialization of farming has marginalized rural culture and led to the impoverishment of rural towns and communities. Bread baking provides an example of how industrialization changed everyday life. When store-bought bread replaced home baking, the family abandoned more than a habit of living--they lost a piece of rural culture that influenced various aspects of their quality of life. Since 1910, industrialization has reduced the farm workforce from about 50 percent of the U.S. population to less than 2 percent and led to the development of a handful of huge, agribusiness corporations that dominate the American agricultural economy. The book suggests that individuals should oppose any economy that sees people as an expendable resource, that does not consider the health of communities, and that defines reductions in human labor as efficient regardless of nonpecuniary consequences. It questions what kind of values rural people are teaching their children when they sell themselves, in the name of economic development, as ideally suited to the least attractive kinds of factory work, or when they allow the rest of society to dump its toxic trash on rural land for the sake of a few jobs. Recommendations are offered for education, agriculture, and economic development that will reinvigorate rural communities and a rural way of life. (LP)
- Published
- 1995
78. An American Laboratory: Population Growth and Environmental Quality in California.
- Author
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McConnell, Robert
- Abstract
Describes the cumulative impact of rapid population growth, industrial and military activity, agriculture, and motor vehicles on California's environmental and social fabric. Discusses these problems in California as a forecast for the nation and test to consensus-based U.S. representative government. (Author/ MCO)
- Published
- 1993
79. Modernization, Youth and Educational Policy Issues: A Finish Perspective.
- Author
-
Siurala, Lasse
- Abstract
In Finland, the transition from an agricultural to a service economy was unusually late and rapid. Finns still show high respect for work and formal education. Although Finland has a well-developed educational system and high levels of educational participation, unequal educational opportunities remain and are increasing. Future educational policy must respond to contemporary social modernization challenges. (20 references) (MLH)
- Published
- 1993
80. Industrialization of U.S. and Canadian Agriculture.
- Author
-
Troughton, Michael J.
- Abstract
Agricultural industrialization is the adoption by an agricultural system of an industrial mode in its orientation and operation. Similarities and distinctions between agricultural industrialization in Canada and in the United States are examined. (RM)
- Published
- 1985
81. Human Factor Management in a Region Under Industrialization - A Concept.
- Author
-
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw., Muszynski, Marek, and Kowalewski, Andrzej
- Abstract
Numerous studies conducted by the Committee for Studies on Regions under Industrialization of the Polish Academy of Sciences provide the basis for historical analysis and regional comparison relative to concept formation, program guidelines, and program implementation procedures for rational human factor management. The exhaustion of Poland's agricultural manpower reserves has created labor management problems for both the whole economy and specific industrializing regions. Labor management should aim at ordering phenomena related to occupational migration from agriculture in terms of socio-occupational and spatial systems which exert an active influence upon the development of migration, its scope, and its form via a long term human factor management program. Such a program should aim at ensuring conditions for effective change monitoring which encompass the technical and social environment and permit intensive manpower management relative to the interests of both agriculture and industry. Starting with the individual, his group and social needs, such a program should strive to limit all the negative effects of rapid industrialization/urbanization. A concept of manpower management in the Lublin Coal Basin suggests a model incorporating peasant-worker settlements, intensive agricultural development, and extensive transformations. (JC)
- Published
- 1976
82. Changes in the Situation of Country Women in Poland.
- Author
-
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. and Tryfan, Barbara
- Abstract
In the Polish Peoples Republic, all citizens have become fully equalized in terms of political and social rights, but there are still both external and internal barriers to female emancipation, particularly in the country. While women, in general, find it difficult to juggle their increasing roles, women living in the country have additional burdens. There is currently very little sociological research on country women, but the 1,200 diaries of country women submitted in a 1970 competition constitute a good basis for comparative analysis in terms of the woman's family, professional, and citizen roles. Migration, industrialization, the modernization of agriculture, and increased educational opportunities have all contributed to the phenomenon of "feminization" of manpower on individual farms in Poland where there are currently 65 males to every 100 females working on farms. While the social position of contemporary country women is high, their working and living conditions remain very difficult; they are working longer hours (15-18 hour days) to absorb the work once handled by men and children (the men are working more in industry, and the children are being given more educational and cultural advantages). Urbanization and modernization have increased the material wants of rural people, resulting in a changing social structure wherein the woman also is assuming more political responsibilities and adding another dimension to her many roles. (JC)
- Published
- 1976
83. The Consequence of Economic Growth for Human and Natural Resource Development: Case Study in Japan.
- Author
-
Ninomiya, Tetsuo
- Abstract
Before being included in Kanazawa City in 1954, all villages in the Yasuhara district of Japan might have been called model village communities, for these farming communities were built around common utilization of naturally-flowing ground water, and the rice farmers worked communally exhibiting principles of closeness and equality. When Yasuhara was included in Kanazawa City, the natural balance between the urban and rural society was disturbed, and the natural environment was destroyed. Some 350,000 square meters of farm land were diverted to factory use via construction of a large scale M. apartment development (1969), a dye work factory (1969-70), and a factory complex (1971-74). As urbanization progressed, the water supply began to decrease, since Yasuhara and neighboring districts were using air conditioning in offices and homes and the factories were using large quantities of water for industry. As a result, many professional farmers were forced to take side jobs and the village community consisting of farmers was destroyed. In its place, a community composed of an industrial system, an urban system, and an agricultural system was established. Yasuhara district is only one of many rural districts currently suffering from Japan's 1960-70 policy of intensified industrialization and the resulting imbalance between nature and man. (JC)
- Published
- 1976
84. International Development and the Human Environment. An Annotated Bibliography.
- Abstract
Most of the material in this annotated bibliography has been selected from the literature published between 1968 and 1972. Each annotation and citation is indexed by author, subject, and publisher. Entries are organized into 11 chapters: Environment, Development, and Conservation of Natural Resources; The Third World: Development and Economic Growth; Agricultural Development; People, Food, and Nutrition; Environmental Health in the Third World; Development and Pollution; Science, Technology, Man, and Nature; Natural Resources and Industrialization; The Urban Environment; International and Intercultural Aspects of the Human Environment; and Social Transformation, Public Policy, and Environmental Planning. (DT)
- Published
- 1974
85. The Development Puzzle: A Sourcebook for Teaching About the 'Rich World/Poor World' Divide, and Efforts Towards 'One World' Development. Fourth Edition.
- Author
-
Voluntary Committee on Overseas Aid and Development, London (England). Education Unit. and Fyson, Nance Lui
- Abstract
The sourcebook contains background information, suggestions, and resources on teaching about developing countries at the elementary and secondary levels. The main objective is to provide guidelines for teachers. Among the approaches suggested and discussed are readings, classroom discussions, a Third World Week Conference and Other projects, classroom discussions, and the use of case studies, simulations, films, music, and art. The publication has 6 major sections: (1) background information on developing countries; (2) how trade, aid, population growth, health, food and agriculture, industrialization, education, attitudes and values fit in with development; (3) ideas and suggestions for teaching; (4) teaching about the Third World in geography, history, English, music, art, biology, and domestic science; (5) games, conferences, and speakers on development; and (6) materials for classroom use. (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1974
86. Anglo Poverty in the Rural South.
- Author
-
Balliet, Lee Spangler
- Abstract
Seeking to trace both the nature and the extent of ceremonial (regressive) resistance to the progressive forces of technology and industrialization, the origins and consequences of economic, political, and social institutions in the Southern United States were investigated. Data were derived from the following sources: (1) Southern regional studies from various academic disciplines; (2) U.S. census figures on the socioeconomic characteristics of the poor by race and residence for the U.S., South, and non-South; (3) over 100 interviews with a cross section of Southerners regarding the present status of the rural poor. The following predominantly Southern institutions were analyzed in terms of their effect on common Southerners of all racial backgrounds: (1) slavery and plantation agriculture; (2) one-party system, poll tax, and county seat government; and (3) racial superiority, womanhood, agrarian romanticism, fundamentalist religion, and individualism. Emphasizing the case of the Anglo, the current state of technological industrialization was examined in view of efforts to overcome traditional barriers to economic and human resource development. It was concluded that the prevasiveness of Southern rural poverty among both Anglos and minorities was causally related to institutional rigidity and conflict arising from the region's specialized agricultural and industrial development. (JC)
- Published
- 1974
87. Adult Education and the Human Environment: Transactions of a Celebration.
- Author
-
Ghana Univ., Legon. Inst. of Adult Education. and Jones-Quartey, K. A. B.
- Abstract
The document comprises a collection of speeches and seminar reports arising from the 25th anniversary celebration of the Institute of Adult Education at the University of Ghana. The theme of the celebration, introduced in the first chapter, was Adult Education and Man's Environment--the Next Quarter-Century. The second chapter comprises the following speeches: A Quarter of a Century: Past and Future, A. A. Kwapong; The Nation and the Institute, I. K. Acheampong; The Role and Objectives of the Environmental Protection Council of Ghana, E. A. Boateng; The Human Environment; Letitia Obeng; and The Relevance of Adult Education, R. K. A. Gardiner. The third chapter contains reports from seminars on: utilization of wildlife, forestry and agriculture, water resources, urbanization, industrial development, rural development, tradition and modernization, and the population explosion. A paper is included reporting a study which grew out of a symposium: Adult Education and Man's Environment: The Uganda Case, by D. N. Okunga. The final contribution is The Ghana Institute of Adult Education: 1948-1973, by K. A. B. Jones-Quartey. (PR)
- Published
- 1974
88. Production and Space. The Global System, Level 3.
- Author
-
Spicer, Brian and Spicer, Brian
- Abstract
Part of a geography series which stresses understanding of the environment through mastery of specific skills and concepts, the secondary level textbook investigates the interrelationships between humans and the goods they produce. The book is presented in 26 chapters organized around five main themes: (1) agricultural production, (2) manufacturing production, (3) difficulties that men of different backgrounds experience in living and producing together, (4) the relationship between living standard and health, and (5) interactions between men and specific environments. Cognitive, affective, and psychomotor objectives are listed in the introduction, and a final chapter suggests questions and activities for measuring student mastery of the objectives. Chapter format generally includes background information, illustrations, maps, graphs, and discussion questions. Some chapters also include learning activities such as library research, map work, essay assignments, and model construction. The major learning activities, however, are presented in the final chapter in which students are directed to apply analytic skills developed throughout the global system series to hypothetical farm and factory data. Specifically, students are expected to construct a map and systems diagram of the farm and factory from information presented, explain the layout of each site, and determine whether the uses to which men are putting the site are suitable in terms of suggested variables. (Author/DB)
- Published
- 1974
89. Rapid Population Growth and Rural Community Change: A Focus on Land Use Issues.
- Author
-
Kentucky Univ., Lexington. Agricultural Experiment Station. and Garkovich, Lorraine
- Abstract
Land use controls are often a major point of conflict between recent migrants and long-term residents of rapidly growing communities. Such conflict was noted in a case study of a rural community undergoing rapid population growth. The revision of a comprehensive land use plan for the community provided the opportunity to evaluate citizen perceptions of the consequences of growth and their attitudes on land use controls and zoning. Responses of oldtimers and newcomers on these issues were compared. Data was gathered from two sources: a 20% sampling of county residents received a mailed closed-ended questionnaire on citizen's concerns and needs; 50% responded. Additional data was provided by observations of a series of public forums and citizens advisory committee meetings designed to develop goals and objectives for the land use plan. Both newcomers and oldtimers valued the rural qualities of the area, supported management of population growth, and expressed concern about the public costs of growth, especially the ability of the community to provide public services to an exploding population. Although noneducational public services (especially water and sewage disposal) had been seriously strained, it was within the area of educational services that the pressure of numbers was most apparent. Newcomers and oldtimers, however, differed significantly in their views on continued industrial development, urban development of agricultural lands, and the limits on public infringement on private property rights. (Author/DS)
- Published
- 1979
90. Human Resource Dimensions of Rural Development.
- Author
-
Texas Univ., Austin. Bureau of Business Research., Marshall, Ray, Marshall, Ray, and Texas Univ., Austin. Bureau of Business Research.
- Abstract
The papers in this volume are concerned with rural development, with emphasis on the problems of low-income groups. Stephen McDonald explores economic factors in farm outmigration. Virgil Christian, Jr. and Adamantios Pepelasis discuss the extent and importance of economies of size in agriculture. Thomas Till analyzes the nature and extent of nonmetropolitan industrialization, especially in the South. In his analysis of economic growth, poverty, and race in the nonmetropolitan Deep South, James Walker makes it clear that poverty in the U.S. is disproportionately a nonmetropolitan Southern phenomenon. Niles Hansen defines the growth center concept, evaluates the experiences of the Appalachian Regional Commission and the Economic Development Administration, and concludes with a defense of a human resource development and growth center strategy. Ray Marshall summarizes the issues and concludes that economic development depends heavily on the quality of human resource development; public policy should make it possible for those who elect to remain in rural areas to develop themselves to the point where they can at least earn enough to elevate themselves out of poverty. Marshall suggests that the kinds of activities likely to promote rural human resource development should include improvements in the quality and quantity of rural education (especially vocational-technical education) to prepare people for nonfarm as well as farm jobs. (BR)
- Published
- 1977
91. The Heritage of Mexico. Volume 3: Revolution to Present.
- Author
-
Burton, Paul C.
- Abstract
The last book in a three-volume series designed to aid teachers in the presentation of historical and cultural background of the Mexican people addresses the period from 1910 to the present. Illustrated text, in both English and Spanish and suitable for supplementary reading, traces the revolutionary period through the activities of Francisco Madero, Emiliano Zapata, Victoriano Huerta, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, and Alvaro Obregon, and includes information about the 1917 Constitution, women of the revolution, and the corridos. Post World War II Mexico is described in terms of its political, industrial, and agricultural development; art, architecture, and crafts; and education. Bilingual learning activities include a time line, matching exercises, vocabulary exercises, identifications, a history game, a guide to the pronunciation of Spanish and Nahuatl, a glossary, and questions related to each page of text. A bibliography and a list of additional activities are included. The series, designed for grades 4-12, is suitable for the Inquiry Method of teaching and may be reproduced for classroom use. (SB)
- Published
- 1977
92. A Bibliography on Rural Development in Tanzania. MSU Rural Development Paper No. 3.
- Author
-
Kocher, James E. and Fleisher, Beverly
- Abstract
Rural development is understood to mean both the increased productivity of agriculture and other rural economic activities and the enhancement of the material well-being of the rural people (who comprise about 90% of Tanzania's 16 million population) through education, improved health, and better nutrition. Seven hundred and sixty-one books, articles, research papers, and theses published in English by scholars of many nationalities between 1963 and 1968 are listed in this bibliography for teachers, researchers, policy-makers, donor agencies, and rural development practitioners. Entries are arranged under the subjects: historical perspective; background information; ideology and policy; physical geography and land use; demography; social stratification, participation and modernization; planning and finance; land tenure; agricultural policy and planning; rural policy and problems; Ujamma; villigization and settlement; health; nutrition; education; labor, employment and manpower; women in rural development; income distribution; water supply, housing and transportation; farm management; savings and credit; rural co-operatives; crop production; livestock; mechanization and adoption of innovation; rural industry; marketing and price policy; and extension and diffusion of innovations. Entries are cross-referenced and an author index is provided. Tanzanian addresses are given for obtaining those publications not available at larger American university libraries. (NEC)
- Published
- 1979
93. Forging a Nation: Through Indian Eyes, Volume 2. Revised Edition.
- Author
-
Center for International Training and Education, New York, NY., Johnson, Donald J., and Johnson, Jean E.
- Abstract
An Indian view of India and the world is presented in this book, which is the second of two volumes intended for use with secondary and college level students. The reality of everyday life as experienced by the Indian people is recreated in the series. Almost all of the material in both volumes has been written by Indians and has been taken from a variety of sources: autobiographies, fiction, poetry, newspaper and magazine articles, and historical documents. Each primary source selection is preceded by an editor's introduction which provides background information and a few questions for class discussion. Volume two deals with the topic of nation building, discussing such issues as Hindu-Muslim relations, the impact of British colonial rule, and the influence of Mahatma Gandhi on the independence movement. The last section of the book examines the broad areas of national unity, political philosophy, and economic development. It includes material on the language question, the Indian constitution and parliamentary system, agriculture, and industrialization. The interaction of tradition and change underlies the entire volume. (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1981
94. Environment and Development in a Developing Nation: India. Environmental Education Curriculum Infusion Units, Social Studies for Grade 9.
- Author
-
New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of General Education Curriculum Development.
- Abstract
This instructional unit about environment and socioeconomic development in India is a supplement to the publication "Environmental Education Curriculum Infusion Units for Grades 7-12," ED 137 056. This specific unit is designed to increase students' understanding of Indian society and traditions as they relate to global problems and to help students identify the environmental concerns of a developing nation. A brief introduction suggests instructional strategies including comparison of information about India and other nations; an inductive learning approach using photographs as the basis for hypothesis and research; and lessons based on single concepts such as underemployment. Five "topic chapters" comprise the main part of the document. Each chapter identifies specific objectives (such as illustrating the diversity of Indian lifestyle), provides background information through readings and photographs, poses a problem for discussion, suggests questions and activities, and lists related resources. The five chapters discuss the problems of sharing one planet, India's geography and people, population problems, industrialization in a developing country, and meeting human needs. The units encourage students to discuss issues such as allocation of funds for industrial progress versus agricultural development. (AV)
- Published
- 1977
95. Social Studies. Grade Ten. Interim Guide.
- Author
-
Manitoba Dept. of Education, Winnipeg. Curriculum Development Branch.
- Abstract
This social studies curriculum guide for grade 10 in Manitoba, Canada, examines the characteristics of the physical and social environments of North America and analyzes the interrelationships among them. The primary focus is on Canada and the United States with a secondary focus on Central America. The study has been divided into the following units and themes: Unit I, "Overview of North America" (regionalization of North America); Unit II, "The Agricultural Interior"; Unit III, "The North" (resource development and management); Unit IV, "Western Cordillera" (impact of topography); Unit V, "Atlantic Canada and Appalachia" (regional economic differences); Unit VI, "The Industrial Heartland and the Megalopolis" (industrialization and urbanization); Unit VII, "The American South" (the changing culture and economy of the South); and Unit VIII, "Canadian, Continental, and World Issues," (Central American and Canadian issues with a continental or world scope). Each unit begins with an overview of its main theme. Major topics within each theme are then outlined. Objectives, teaching strategies, learning activities, and discussion questions are provided for each topic. The appendix contains excerpts from the social studies K-12 interim guide. (RM)
- Published
- 1984
96. A Discussion of Strategies for Appropriate Technology Transfer to Developing Countries.
- Author
-
Gor, Christopher O.
- Abstract
The ongoing flow of monetary assistance and technological transfer from developed to developing countries is examined and its success gauged. Two examples are cited: "The Mumias Sugar Company--A Success Story in Kenya," and, "The Sao Francisco River Power Development in Brazil--A Disaster along the River." The paper also discusses what appropriate technology means, its role in development, and means of strengthening this role and/or effectiveness. Definitions used in reference to appropriate technology are listed. Four strategies for transferring technology to developing countries are identified and discussed: top-down strategy (in which technology is transferred to the educated elite with the aim that it will trickle-down to the poor); intermediate technology strategy (which provides a step to bridge the gap between indigenous and advanced technology); use of multinational corporations strategy (in which large corporations are used to transfer technology); and basic needs strategy (the transfer of only that technology appropriate to the specific needs of the indigenous population). The shortcomings of the strategies are investigated, followed by plans for strengthening technology transfer strategies and their major components: needs assessment, target group involvement, evaluation/follow-up, and relevance of technology transfer in developing projects. Brief conclusions/recommendations address definitions, strategy shortcomings, and indigenous technologies. (JMM)
- Published
- 1987
97. The Future of Working Wisconsin. Proceedings from 'The Future of Working Wisconsin' Conference (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, February 24-26, 1987).
- Author
-
Wisconsin Univ., Madison. Vocational Studies Center. and Wacker, Gabrielle Banick
- Abstract
The following are among the 45 papers included in this proceedings: "Labor Force Changes in the United States: Implications for Education and Training" (Kutscher); "Industry, Employment, and Family Income: Wisconsin's Status" (Stoner); "Future Demographic and Social Trends" (Zach); "International Business in Wisconsin's Future" (Shank); "Wisconsin's Economy in the Global Marketplace" (Somersan); "Changing American Economy" (Zempel); "The Role of Wisconsin Electric Power Company in State Economic Development" (Berman); "Manufacturing in Wisconsin: Times Are Changing" (Kinney); "Future Skill Needs as Seen by Harnischfeger Industries, Inc." (DeMaster); "Agriculture in Transition: Educational Challenges of the New Farm Management" (Grossi); "Biotechnology and Its Effect on Agriculture" (Brill); "Prospectus of Wisconsin Agriculture: 1987 and in the Future" (Gunderson); "Educating for Change" (Weisensel); "Home Health Care: The Future Is Now" (Barmore); "Current Health Care Issues in Wisconsin: HMO Provider Perspective" (Brady); "Health Care Must Change if It Is to Survive" (Hanser); "Role of Services in the U.S. Economy" (Duncan); "Economic Development Potential of Service Sector Industries in Wisconsin" (Wade); "Insurance Industry" (Johnson); "Importance of Foodservice to Future of Working Wisconsin" (Lump); "Innovations in Education: 30 Years after Sputnik. Implementation and Inertia" (Bransford); "Communications Technology: Implications for Wisconsin" (Bornstein); "Structuring Expectations: Telecommunications in the 1990s" (Weston); "Computers, Schools, and the Work Place" (Long); "Computer Technology in the Next 20 Years" (Beetem); "Impact of the Computer Industry on Working in Wisconsin" (Groom); "Manufacturing Must Key-in to Advancing Computer Technology" (Lauer); "Space Station: The Next Logical Step" (Cook); "Wisconsin's Space Future" (Rice); "A Retrospective and Prospective Look at Some of the Nation's Resource Issues" (Frederick); "Energy and Wisconsin's Economy" (Brand); "Timber Resources and Products" (Lange); "Environmental Management: A Global Profit Center" (Braun); "Outlook for Work, Productivity, and Labor/Management Relations" (Oswald); "Changing Nature of Work, the Work Place, Managerial Behaviors and Implications for Wisconsin's Economy" (Witte); "High School/Technical College Connection" (Parnell); "Human Resource Development" (Broomfield); and "Future of Education and Training" (Bellman). Summaries, assumptions and issues, and additional resources are included. (MN)
- Published
- 1987
98. The Limits of Subsistence: Agriculture and Industry in Central Appalachia.
- Author
-
Pudup, Mary Beth
- Abstract
Current interpretations of central Appalachia's chronic poverty focus on the region's economic dependence on the bituminous coal industry, controlled by absentee investors and serving an external market. Such theories overlook the ways in which the agricultural sector shaped subsequent industrial development. By analyzing the farm economy of 16 southeastern Kentucky counties during the 19th century, this report illuminates the developmental links between central Appalachia's agrarian and industrial sectors. During the 1830s and 1840s a market for mountain livestock existed in the newly opened cotton areas of the deep South. Nevertheless, by 1850 Appalachian farm production was organized around simple subsistence rather than commercial production. With cheap land and abundant family labor, mountain farmers were not compelled to produce for the commercial market. External conditions also affected the direction taken by Appalachia's farm economy as productivity-enhancing farm equipment, emerging transportation systems, and newly established agricultural colleges aimed at the commercially competitive flatland farmer. When pitted against assured prospects elsewhere, the mountain region could not sustain the interest of investors. Further, the supply and demand conditions characteristic of subsistence farming precluded the development of industries producing farm inputs or processing farm surpluses. This inhibition of industrial capital formation meant that local capital was not available to develop the region's timber and coal resources for export. When the bituminous coal industry arrived to satisfy the resource demands of distant industry, absentee investors met with little competition for control of Appalachia's modern industrial economy. This report contains 48 references. (SV)
- Published
- 1989
99. Agriculture and Locality Interrelationships: Perspectives of Local Officials and Farmers.
- Author
-
Moxley, Robert L. and Liles, James
- Abstract
The focus of this study is the impact of urban activities (such as industry) and local governments on agriculture and the impact of agriculture on localities. This report is based on a qualitative study of an agricultural county, and interviews with community and county officials and farmers. The perceptions and opinions of officials are compared with those of the farmers. Because of the lack of research on this topic, open-ended questions were used to provide the widest opportunity for each group to select their own responses. This approach yields results which reflect significant differences of opinion of these three groups and the differences in the meaning the groups ascribe to such common terms as "agricultural activities." Increased non-agricultural development appears to have produced a shift toward commercial development efforts in local communities and county industrial development (including agribusiness) at the county level. These trends appear to give reduced importance to policies that might assist the average farmer. These findings may portend a shaky future for collaboration among the groups studied. Included are 3 tables and 19 references. (TES)
- Published
- 1987
100. The Geography of the Netherlands 1964-1984. I.D.G. Bulletin 1983/84.
- Author
-
Information and Documentation Centre for the Geography of the Netherlands, Utrecht. and Meijer, Henk
- Abstract
The 20th anniversary of the establishment of the information and Documentation Center for the Geography of the Netherlands (IDG) occurred on September 21, 1984. To mark this anniversary, the 1983/84 issue of the "IDG Bulletin" is devoted to a review of the past 20 years. The first section consists of four review articles by specialists: (1) "Demography" (F. van Poppel); (2) "Twenty Years of Physical Planning" (J. M. L. K. Kits Nieuwenkamp); (3) "Agriculture and Horticulture: The Age of Specialization" (A. van Dijk); and (4) "From Industrial Emancipation to Restructuring" (M. de Smidt). The second section, "Statistics," concerns statistics in a number of areas that occur frequently in geography education lessons: population and area, working population, agriculture and horticulture, mineral extraction and industry, foreign trade, and environment. The third section, "Brief Notes," gives information about the latest developments in and around the port of Rotterdam, the Delta Project, and the Zuiderzeeworks. It further describes the revision (1983) of the Urbanization Report, some aspects of the production of energy, and pollution of the Rhine. The bulletin concludes with an article by H. S. Verduin-Muller, chairman of the IDG board, describing activities of the IDG over the past 20 years. Appendices provide a bibliography and a sheet index to topographic maps. (LH)
- Published
- 1984
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