70 results on '"industrialization"'
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2. Salarios agrícolas durante la industrialización en Chile: factores económicos e institucionales.
- Author
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CAMPOS, NORA REYES
- Subjects
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AGRICULTURAL wages , *FARMERS , *REAL wages , *AGRICULTURE , *INDUSTRIALIZATION , *WAGES-in-kind , *HISTORY , *WAGES - Abstract
The role of the agricultural sector during the ISI period and the debate about the agricultural wage and the living conditions of the farm workers have a long historiography. But until today there is little information about workers' income in the long run. In this paper we want to reflect about the wage level reached during this period and for that we will present a new wage series for 1934-1973. We seek to analyze their behavior considering the sector labour productivity, its relation with industrial wages and the institutional frame in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
3. Economic Development and the Gender Division of Labor.
- Author
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Sedghi, Hamideh
- Abstract
“Since American military and other aid has brought my country such important direct and indirect benefits,” declared Mohammad Reza Shah in an autobiography written a few years after the CIA returned him to the throne, “I hope I shall not sound ungrateful if I state my conviction that we have been receiving glaringly inadequate amounts of it.” In fact, the Cold War brought American military and economic aid to Iran by the late 1950s, helping the Shah consolidate his power against communism and the secular and religious opposition. He expressed his own preeminence in a 1973 interview with Oriana Fallaci: “Where there's no monarchy, there is anarchy, or an oligarchy or a dictatorship.” Iran's integration into the world market and the ensuing economic growth based on rising oil revenues bolstered the state's power. Unleashing the unpredictable forces of change and expediently defending the throne with either co-optation or repression, the state launched several projects that changed the structure of the economy, the labor force, and the gender division of labor. Urban communities expanded with migration from rural areas, and the enlarging industrial and service sectors absorbed even more workers. More women, unveiled and educated, followed Western fashions and joined the growing labor market. Many began working in gender mixed occupations, while experienced the “double day,” working both inside and outside the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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4. The Gates Come Tumbling Down.
- Author
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Goldman, Wendy Z.
- Abstract
Millions of women – wives and family members of workers and employees, servants, women in handicrafts and artels, landless women, poor peasants, collective farmers, eastern tribal women – this entire mass, once occupied with exhausting and dulling household labor, is now joining the great socialist construction of the country. The composition of the new working class takes its shape in large measure from unused reserves in the working-class family. In the spring of 1929, the Party adopted the first five-year plan. The plan, taking up three volumes and more than two thousand pages, allocated 64.5 billion rubles to investment, 78 percent of which was targeted for heavy industry and 50 percent for new construction. Adoption of the plan, in the words of one economist, was “tantamount to turning the country into a vast construction site.” After a decade of unemployment and exclusion, the gates to the working class came tumbling down. Almost 2.3 million people entered the waged labor force in 1930, followed by 6.3 million more in 1931. Party leaders, labor officials, and planners critically noted at the time that this mass influx of new workers occurred “samotek,” or independent of any state plan or policy. The building of huge new industrial complexes and hydroelectric stations such as Magnitostroi, Kuznetsstroi, and Dneprostroi drew thousands of workers. Hungry town dwellers and dispossessed peasants massed at new construction sites and factory gates in search of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
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5. “The Five-Year Plan for Women”: Planning Above, Counterplanning Below.
- Author
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Goldman, Wendy Z.
- Abstract
The fulfillment of the plan in 1931 and the following years demands a series of maneuvers from the labor force: a group of men must leave work, and women must replace them. Men, after retraining in their positions, will be sent to jobs that would be harmful to the female organism. In the summer of 1930, as hundreds of thousands of unemployed workers, peasants, and women poured through the tumbled gates to the working class, planners quietly tucked away a set of elaborate blueprints for the deployment of women in the files of the Commissariat of Labor (NKT), the State Planning Commission (Gosplan), and the Council of People's Commissars (SNK). The plans, redrafted many times, had resulted in a final, detailed document entitled “The Five-Year Plan for Female Labor.” Never published or publicly discussed, this plan had emerged from countless meetings of NKT, Gosplan, the Committee to Improve the Labor and Life of Women (KUTB), and other commissariats and departments throughout the spring and summer of 1930. Planners based their plan for female labor on intensive research into Soviet industry in 1930. Surveying the advances of rationalization and mechanization in various industries, they set target figures and training quotas for women throughout the economy, specifying their numbers and placement in various sectors, industries, shops, and jobs. The plans, preserved in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), are fully revealed and analyzed for the first time in this chapter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
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6. Young laborers in the population, labor force, and industrial law: structural preconditions of the youth salvation campaign.
- Author
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Linton, Derek S.
- Abstract
The emergence of the youth salvation campaign at the turn of the century was certainly conditioned by middle-class perceptions of young workers' heightened visibility in Germany's flourishing urban centers and of their ever-greater indispensability as a major component of the Empire's economically vital industrial labor force. Young workers became both symbols and symptoms of the rapid social and economic modernization that Germany was undergoing: the massive migration from rural settlements and small towns to large cities, the shift from employment on farms and in handicraft workshops to wage labor in factories and offices, the transformation of Germany from an agrarian to an industrial state. Thus an analysis of youth as a sector of the population and as part of the work force during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries forms a necessary prerequisite for comprehending the anxieties, aspirations, and demands of the youth savers. In this context, it is also worthwhile to examine the legal provisions applying to youth in the Industrial Code. There are several reasons for doing so. First, since factory and apprenticeship regulations determined matters like the length of the workday and safety precautions, they concretely affected the physical and material well-being of young workers. Recognizing this, youth savers could propose amendments to the laws that would, for example, improve the health of young workers, thus safeguarding their fitness for military service or motherhood, as the case might be. Second, the laws embodied widely shared middle-class assumptions about the degree of autonomy youth should have from their families, the role of adults as moral overseers and preceptors, and the nature and importance of learning to labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1991
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7. The transformation of the city: from the Feudal to the Capitalist mode of production and on to the apocalypse.
- Author
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Southall, Aidan
- Abstract
Chapter 7 traces the process of transformation to the Capitalist mode of production, the pitiless tyranny of the formation of capitalist labour, the factors favouring the transformation in European cities, particularly in Britain, culminating in spectacular take-off at Manchester. It shows the special place of London, the horrors of the slums and the eventual outbursts of civic pride, the reform of urban government, flowering of the bourgeoisie and hazardous progress of the working class. It portrays the urban network in Britain and post-war urban rebuilding. Paris and its history are searched and sketched for the sources of urban charm and its modern travails, the drama of the Paris Commune and the Sacré Cœur, the failures and successes in housing the urban poor in post- World War II Paris. The cultural continuity and post-war reconstruction of German cities are illustrated. Urbanization in the United States is traced from the colonial to the industrial cities, the immigrant flood to the cities, the westward expansion of cities and railways, the failure of industrial slavery; the inter-relations of urban transport, technology and class; immigrants and bossrule, the ubiquity of violence and corruption, extreme wealth and exponential city growth. The post-World War I city scene of boom and stubborn depression is delineated, the post-World War II baby-boom and prolonged prosperity; the urban strategies of employers and workers, the dialectics of mass Black urban migration, the automobile age, ghettos and suburbs, the unfolding dynamics of suburban life, ethnicity and class, the farce of urban renewal and the difficulties of small towns. The penetration of the media is emphasized, the revolt of urban youth, social and sexual conventions overturned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1998
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8. Crisis and breakdown in Mexico and Kenya.
- Author
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Grindle, Merilee S.
- Abstract
Prior to the 1980s, Mexico and Kenya had strong reputations for effective state-led economic development and sustained state-dominated political stability in their respective continents. This chapter documents the extent to which expectations based on these reputations eroded and then broke down. The experiences of the two countries differ, yet the combined effect of economic and political change altered the context for state action in similar ways. In Mexico, the interaction of economic and political conditions indicates that economic crisis sharpened and accelerated an emergent political crisis. In contrast, Kenya provides a case of a country whose political crisis contributed significantly to deepening its economic problems. Deep and sustained economic crisis has farreaching consequences, as the case of Mexico explored here demonstrates. Although most frequently measured and discussed in terms of stagnant or declining rates of growth and indices of social welfare, extended economic crises also stimulate critical reassessment of the intellectual underpinnings of national development strategies. Such crises encourage citizens, policy makers, and politicians to question prior growth strategies and policy regimes, even those that had produced positive results in the past. In consequence, long-accepted notions about how development is best achieved become subject to greater skepticism and at times are held responsible for creating current conditions. Along with this questioning of appropriate routes to development, sustained economic crisis also has a profound impact on the economic interests supporting and benefiting from existing policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
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9. Crisis and the state: evidence from Latin America and Africa.
- Author
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Grindle, Merilee S.
- Abstract
The 1980s and 1990s witnessed economic and political crises of historic significance in Latin America and Africa. Throughout both regions, economies that were already fragile were almost destroyed by debt, inflation, low commodity prices, high interest rates, and devastating natural disasters. Political systems faced grave challenges to their right to govern societies that were themselves torn by division and unrest. Regime changes, civil wars, civic protest, and demands for human rights and accountable public officials characterized the political history of this era. The evidence is extensive and unambiguous: economic and political distress were hallmarks of an unsettled and unsettling era. Repeatedly, crisis exposed the weakness of existing state capacities to manage economic and political relationships. This chapter uses data from sixteen countries in Latin America and Africa to explore the scope, nature, and implications of economic and political crisis. It addresses four questions. First, what was the scope of the dual crises of economic and political development facing countries in these regions? Second, what factors explain the nature of the problems that confronted a wide range of governments? Third, what impact did economic and political collapse or near collapse have on various dimensions of state capacity? Finally, what consequences did crisis have for state–economy and state–society relationships? Subsequent chapters deal in greater detail with the same issues in Mexico and Kenya; this chapter indicates the extent to which these two countries shared in region-wide political and economic trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
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10. Did British labor markets fail during the industrial revolution?
- Author
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Williamson, Jeffrey G.
- Abstract
Two competing views Did factor markets fail during the British industrial revolution? Did distortions in capital markets serve to starve industrial firms for finance and suppress accumulation there? Did urban-rural wage gaps, inelastic city-labor supplies and lack of integrated labor markets serve to drive up the cost of labor in the cities, thus choking off the rate of industrialization? With regards to labor-market failure, the literature is of two minds. Labor markets did fail An extensive traditional literature takes the view that migrants were reluctant to move, wage gaps were large, and regional labor markets were fragmented. A century ago, Earnst Ravenstein (1885, 1889) published his classic work on internal migration, subsequently augmented by Arthur Redford (1926) and Alex Cairncross (1949, 1953). Ravenstein asked how many migrated, when they migrated, who migrated, where they migrated from, and where they migrated to. The same questions dominate modern migration studies. Thus, for example, the literature has been busy substantiating Ravenstein's and Redford's observation that the majority of migrants went only a short distance, and often by steps. Such observations have encouraged the belief that workers failed to move to the highest wage areas and thus that the perfect labor-market thesis must fail. There is an equally long tradition among British labor historians that there was a multiplicity of labor markets between 1750 and 1850, that regional labor markets were very poorly integrated, and that local autonomy reigned (Pollard, 1978). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The impact of the Irish on British labor markets.
- Author
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Williamson, Jeffrey G.
- Abstract
Irish immigration and the labor-surplus model: Three questions To add to all the other social problems that Britain's cities had to face during the First Industrial Revolution, they also had to absorb the Irish. Rapid growth after the French wars made the absorption easier, but the Irish immigrants still serve to complicate any assessment of Britain's economic performance up to the 1850s. Would the cities have been able to cope with growth far more easily in their absence? Would common labor's living standards in the city have risen much more rapidly? Was rural out-migration strongly suppressed by Irish competition in Britain's cities? Was migration from the agrarian South deflected from northern cities by a glut of Irish labor? Did British industrialization receive a powerful boost by an elastic supply of cheap Irish labor? Did the Irish depress the standard of living of British labor? Qualitative accounts suggest that Irish immigration into Britain did not really become important until after the French wars, the 1820s often being offered as the benchmark decade. It is also true that unskilled labor's real-wage gains lagged far behind during the otherwise impressive secular boom up to the 1850s (Lindert and Williamson, 1983). Inequality was also on the rise (Williamson, 1985a), suggesting that the Irish glut at the bottom of the distribution may have played an important role. The gross correlation is seductive, lagging living standards and rising inequality coinciding with Irish immigration, but a clear assessment has always been clouded by the difficulty of controlling for everything else. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
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12. Absorbing the city immigrants.
- Author
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Williamson, Jeffrey G.
- Abstract
How did city labor markets work? The Todaro model Debate over Third World urbanization generates the same gloomy pessimism that characterized Britain in the early nineteenth century. Even the rhetoric is the same, Victorian and modern critics both citing urban underemployment, primitive housing, inadequate public services, poverty, and inequality (Williamson, 1988). As we have seen, many modern analysts view the Third World as “overurbanized,” a position shared by many Victorian reformers in nineteenth-century England. According to this view, the cities are too large and too many, and they got that way somehow through perverse migration behavior. Pushed off the land by technological events in agriculture, by famine, and by Malthusian pressure, rural emigrants flood the cities in far greater numbers than modern-sector jobs can be created for them. Attracted by an irrational optimism that they will be selected for those scarce high-wage city jobs, the rural emigrants keep coming. Lacking high-wage jobs in the growing modern sectors, the glut of rural immigrants spills over into low-wage service sectors, unemployment, and pauperism, while their families crowd into inadequate housing blighting an otherwise dynamic city economy. The cities find it difficult to cope with the immigrant influx, and authorities look for ways to close the cities to new immigrants. By focusing on expected rather than current earnings differentials, Michael Todaro (1969) developed a framework that could account for the apparent irrationality of rural immigrants rushing to the city even in the face of unemployment and underemployment. The Todaro framework and its extensions (Harris and Todaro, 1970; Stiglitz, 1974; Corden and Findlay, 1975; Cole and Sanders, 1985; Hatton and Williamson, 1989) has enjoyed considerable popularity over the past decade or so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
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13. The demand for labor and immigrant absorption off the farm.
- Author
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Williamson, Jeffrey G.
- Abstract
Internal migration between farm and nonfarm employment The previous two chapters have focused on migration between city and countryside. What about migration off the farm? After all, the countryside offered nonfarm employment opportunities, and these were quite significant in most parts of England. Under such conditions, rural emigration and off-farm emigration need not have been the same. Not too long ago, Sidney Pollard (1978) offered estimates of emigration from British agriculture over the century following 1751, concluding that “only about one-fifth of the additional working force in nonagrarian occupations was derived from the direct transfer out of agriculture,” and by comparison natural population increase was of “immense importance” (Pollard, 1978, Table 34 and p. 141). Pollard's conclusion would appear to be at variance with Chapter 2, in which we found that immigration contributed to about half of city growth (Table 2.5). However, Pollard made his calculations based on simplifications that matter to his conclusions. First, he ignored external migrations in his calculations, the Irish in particular. In effect, he treated the Irish as part of the nonagricultural natural increase. Second, Pollard assumed that the rate of natural increase was the same everywhere. I am sure that Pollard would be the first to agree that the natural rates were quite different in agriculture and nonagriculture. As we have seen in Chapter 2, the rate of natural increase was much higher in the countryside. The natural rate differentials were, in fact, much higher than in the contemporary Third World, making the problem of matching excess urban labor demand with excess rural labor supply all the more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
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14. Abstracts.
- Subjects
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PLANNING , *RAILROADS , *SOCIAL history , *CITIES & towns - Abstract
Abstracts of articles related to state and national planning are presented which include "Analysis of Rail Transit Project Selection Bias With an Incentive Approach," by Wenling Chen, "Urban History for Planners," by Carl Abbott and "Rebuilding the Modern City After Modernism in Toronto and Berlin," by Douglas Young.
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- 2007
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15. Labour market integration in a pre-industrial economy: Catalonia, 1772-1816.
- Author
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Mora-Sitja, Natalia
- Subjects
LABOR ,LABOR market ,INDUSTRIAL revolution ,WAGES ,AGRICULTURE ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,EMPLOYEES ,INTERNATIONAL economic integration - Abstract
This paper examines labour's reward and labour market integration in Catalonia before the first Industrial Revolution. Using new quantitative evidence on urban wages, it addresses two main issues. First, what was the performance of agricultural and urban wages during the last five decades of the so-called pre-industrial period, and what consequences did wage evolution have for labourers? Second, did wage responses reflect a situation of labour market integration? The findings here support the idea that labour markets worked before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, and find resonance with wider arguments on the overall development of Catalonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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16. Abstracts.
- Subjects
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PLANNING , *CITIES & towns , *URBAN planning , *COMMUNITIES - Abstract
The article presents abstracts of planning. They include "The Fall and Rise of the Local Community: A Comparative and Historical Perspective," by Hellmut Wollman, "The Compact Versus the Dispersed City: History of Planning Ideas on Sofia's Urban Form," by Sonia Hirt, and "A Paradigm for Practice," by Ronald D. Brunner.
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- 2007
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17. Standard of Living in Japan Before Industrialization: From What Level Did Japan Begin? A Comment.
- Author
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Yasuba, Yasukichi
- Subjects
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STANDARD of living , *INDUSTRIALIZATION , *AGRICULTURE , *WAGES - Abstract
Comments on the standard of living before industrialization in Japan. Development in agriculture; Trend of real wages of workers; Substantial increases in the yield of rice.
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- 1986
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18. China's Slowdown and Rebalancing : Potential Growth and Poverty Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa
- Author
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Lakatos, Csilla, Maliszewska, Maryla, Osorio-Rodarte, Israel, and Go, Delfin
- Subjects
MARKET ACCESS ,INVESTMENT ,GROWTH RATES ,CUSTOMS UNION ,DEMOGRAPHIC ,VALUE ADDED ,EXTREME POVERTY ,COMMUNICATION ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,COMMODITIES ,TARIFF BARRIERS ,ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,LABOR FORCE GROWTH ,COMMODITY ,POTENTIAL OUTPUT ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,CONSUMER DEMAND ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,URBANIZATION ,COMPETITIVENESS ,FOOD PRICES ,TRADE RELATIONS ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,SHARES ,DISTRIBUTION ,GOODS ,ECONOMIC RELATIONS ,TRADE POLICY ,DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME ,TRANSPARENCY ,PRICE INCREASES ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,EMERGING MARKETS ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,INVESTMENT POLICIES ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,SUBSIDIES ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,MARKETS ,VALUE‐ADDED ,DEVELOPMENT ,BUSINESS CYCLES ,PRICES ,WAGES ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,DEVELOPMENT FINANCE ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,PRICE DECLINES ,NATURAL RESOURCE ,ELASTICITY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,CONSUMPTION ,GDP PER CAPITA ,FUTURE STUDIES ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,DIVIDEND ,SAVING ,COMMODITY PRICE ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,BUSINESS CLIMATE ,FIXED CAPITAL ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,FREE TRADE ,DEMAND ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE ,CONSUMERS ,ADVANCED ECONOMIES ,WTO ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,TRADE BALANCE ,INVESTMENT POLICY ,LINES OF CREDIT ,EXCHANGE ,TAXATION ,USE VALUE ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,FOREIGN MARKETS ,POSITIVE EFFECTS ,AGGREGATE DEMAND ,PRIVATE SAVING ,CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE ,GOVERNANCE ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,BENCHMARK ,FUTURE GROWTH ,GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS ,CAPITAL STOCK ,OUTPUT ,EXCHANGE RATE ,MIDDLE‐INCOME COUNTRIES ,ECONOMETRIC MODELS ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,INSURANCE ,PRICE ,TAXES ,ECONOMIC MODELS ,FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ,BILATERAL TRADE ,DOUBLE TAXATION ,LDCS ,ECONOMY ,ECONOMIC HISTORY ,CREDIT ,COMMODITY PRICES ,GROWTH RATE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,REAL GDP ,FUTURE ,MARKET SHARE ,EXPOSURE ,GLOBALIZATION ,WORLD ECONOMY ,DATA AVAILABILITY ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,BARRIERS ,INTEREST ,PRICE DISTORTIONS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,INPUTS ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,SAVINGS ,CONSUMER GOODS ,SHARE ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES - Abstract
This paper explores the economic impacts of two related tracks of China's expected transformation—economic slowdown and rebalancing away from investment toward consumption—and estimates the spillovers for the rest of the world, with a special focus on Sub-Saharan African countries. The paper finds that an average annual slowdown of gross domestic product in China of 1 percent over 2016–30 is expected to result in a decline of gross domestic product in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1.1 percent and globally by 0.6 percent relative to the past trends scenario by 2030. However, if China's transformation also entails substantial rebalancing, the negative income effects of the economic slowdown could be offset by the positive changes brought along by rebalancing through higher overall imports by China and positive terms of trade effects for its trading partners. If global supply responds positively to the shifts in relative prices and the new sources of consumer demand from China, a substantial rebalancing in China could have an overall favorable impact on the global economy. Economic growth could turn positive and higher on average, by 6 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa and 5.5 percent globally, as compared with the past trends scenario. Finally, rebalancing reduces the prevalence of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa compared with the isolated negative effects of China's slowdown, which slightly increase the incidence of poverty. Overall, China's slowdown and rebalancing combined are estimated to increase gross domestic product in Sub-Saharan Africa by 4.7 percent by 2030 and reduce poverty, but the extent of this varies by country.
- Published
- 2016
19. Agricultural Productivity and Non-Farm Employment : Evidence from Bangladesh
- Author
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Shilpi, Forhad and Emran, Shahe
- Subjects
MEASURES ,INFORMATION ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,INVESTMENT ,FARM SECTOR ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,NON-FARM SECTOR ,FOOD PRICE ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ,LABOR MIGRATION ,FIRING COSTS ,MEASUREMENT ,EXTERNALITIES ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR REGULATIONS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,POOR ,RURAL ECONOMY ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,REAL WAGE ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,WORKERS ,JOBS ,FARM GROWTH ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,AGRICULTURAL WAGES ,AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,EXPANSION OF IRRIGATION ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,LABOR COST ,GOODS ,OPPORTUNITY COST ,PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,LABOR SUPPLY ,EXPORT MARKET ,TOTAL LABOR FORCE ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,CROP SCIENTISTS ,MARKETS ,UNEMPLOYED ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,DEVELOPMENT ,EMPLOYMENT SITUATION ,PRICES ,CROP YIELD ,RURAL INCOME ,WAGES ,RURAL AREAS ,DOMESTIC MARKETS ,OPTIMIZATION ,WELFARE ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,ELASTICITY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,CONSUMPTION ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,THEORY ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,RURAL VILLAGES ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,IRRIGATION EXPANSION ,DOMESTIC WORKERS ,LABOR DEMAND ,SUPPLY ,LABOR MOBILITY ,EMPLOYMENT SHARE ,MARKET WAGE ,INEQUALITY ,AGRICULTURE ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,RURAL POPULATION ,DEMAND ,FOOD PROCESSING ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,CONSUMERS ,RURAL INEQUALITY ,ECONOMIC CENSUSES ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,UTILITY FUNCTION ,UTILITY FUNCTIONS ,IRRIGATION ,EXCLUSION RESTRICTION ,PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS ,FARM WORKERS ,LABOR ALLOCATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,ACCOUNTING ,UTILITY ,RISK ,MARKET EQUILIBRIUM ,POLICIES ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYMENT LEVEL ,WATER FOR IRRIGATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,EFFECTS ,POOR PEOPLE ,EMPLOYEES ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ECONOMY ,EMPLOYMENT LEVELS ,WAGE RATE ,DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,GROWTH RATE ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,SUPPLY CURVE ,ECONOMICS ,EMPLOYMENT COMPOSITION ,DIVISION OF LABOR ,RURAL ,MOTIVATION ,INCOME GROWTH ,LABOR FORCE ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,CROP YIELDS ,PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE ,INTEREST RATE ,RURAL TOWNS ,PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTS ,ACTIVE LABOR ,NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This paper provides evidence on the impacts of agricultural productivity on employment growth and structural transformation of non-farm activities. To guide the empirical work, this paper develops a general equilibrium model that emphasizes distinctions among non-farm activities in terms of tradable-non-tradable and the formal-informal characteristics. The model shows that when a significant portion of village income is spent on town/urban goods, restricting empirical analysis to the village sample leads to underestimation of agriculture's role in employment growth and transformation of non-farm activities. Using rainfall as an instrument for agricultural productivity, empirical analysis finds a significant positive effect of agricultural productivity growth on growth of informal (small-scale) manufacturing and skilled services employment, mainly in education and health services. For formal employment, the effect of agricultural productivity growth on employment is found to be largest in the samples that include urban areas and rural towns compared with rural areas alone. Agricultural productivity growth is found to induce structural transformation within the services sector with employment in formal/skilled services growing at a faster pace than that of low skilled services.
- Published
- 2016
20. Co-Benefits of Disaster Risk Management
- Author
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Vorhies, Francis and Wilkinson, Emily
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ,INVESTMENT ,VALUATION ,SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,ALLOCATION ,HURRICANE ,CARBON SEQUESTRATION ,PERFORMANCE STANDARD ,EXTERNALITIES ,POLICY MAKERS ,RAINFALL ,LAND USE ,EMISSIONS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,INCOME ,INVESTMENTS ,ECONOMIC LIFE ,NEGATIVE IMPACTS ,POLLUTION PREVENTION ,FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ,DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS ,OPTIONS ,ELECTRIC POWER ,GOODS ,COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY ,COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIES ,INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS ,FISHING ,PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,CAPACITY ,FINANCE ,DEVELOPMENT ,FISH ,POLLUTION ,WAGES ,EXPLOITATION ,DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS ,DECISION MAKING ,ENVIRONMENT ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,CONSUMPTION ,FARMING COMMUNITIES ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,RISKS ,BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ,ECONOMIC BENEFITS ,ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ,SUPPLY ,PAYMENTS ,ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,PROPERTY ,POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES ,COSTS ,COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES ,COST-BENEFIT ,AGRICULTURE ,DIVIDENDS ,RESOURCES ,PUBLIC GOOD ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,CONSUMERS ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,STORMS ,ELECTRICITY ,GDP ,RAINWATER ,CARBON ,ENERGY ,ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES ,CLIMATE EXTREMES ,DROUGHT ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,RESOURCE USE ,POLICIES ,FOREST ,POLICY ,BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,INVESTMENT DECISIONS ,OPPORTUNITY COSTS ,CO2 ,PRICE ,HAZARDOUS WASTE ,EQUITY ,FORECASTS ,ECONOMIC VALUE ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,RETROFITTING ,CREDIT ,TAX REVENUES ,ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ,FINANCIAL COSTS ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS ,SUSTAINABLE USE ,BENEFITS ,DAMAGES ,TOTAL BENEFITS ,FLOODS ,ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ,ECONOMICS ,INPUTS ,PUBLIC GOODS ,LABOR FORCE ,CLIMATE ,REVENUES ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,UNEP ,ECOSYSTEM ,ADVERSE IMPACTS ,PRESENT VALUE ,GHG ,DEFORESTATION ,FISHERIES - Abstract
Many ex ante measures taken to reduce disaster risk can deliver co-benefits that are not dependent on disasters occurring. In fact, building resilience to climate extremes and disasters can achieve multiple objectives. These are secondary to the main objective of disaster risk management of avoiding disaster losses, but identifying and measuring additional co-benefits can enhance the attractiveness of disaster risk management investments. Co-benefits are often economic, such as investment in dams or irrigation to reduce drought risk generating greater productivity; but they can also include significant environmental and social benefits. This paper identifies some of the potential categories of co-benefits associated with disaster risk management investments, expanding on typologies created by agencies seeking to promote social and environmental safeguarding in their work. The paper looks at previous studies on disaster risk management where co-benefits are mentioned but not explored in any detail. The paper examines two new case studies where environmental and socioeconomic co-benefits were uncovered in an irrigation project to reduce drought risk, and an urban flood risk management project, in Jamaica and Mexico, respectively. This review points to several challenges in traditional cost-benefit analysis techniques and puts forward alternative approaches to identify environmental and socioeconomic co-benefits when planning disaster risk management investments. The authors argue that a comprehensive disaster risk management co-benefits framework is needed that includes and categorizes all potential positive environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Co-benefits research focused on revisiting existing cases and developing new case studies could play an important role in this regard.
- Published
- 2016
21. Competitiveness of the Kyrgyz Economy in the Wake of Accession to the Eurasian Customs Union : Selected Issues and Opportunities
- Author
-
Choi, Jieun
- Subjects
AIRPORT ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,INVESTMENT ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,VALUE ADDED ,NATURAL MONOPOLIES ,EXCHANGE RATES ,COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ,TARIFF BARRIERS ,MEASUREMENT ,ROAD ,BOTTLENECKS ,ROUTES ,DRIVERS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,CRITERIA ,EMISSIONS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,MACROECONOMICS ,INVESTMENTS ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,INFLATION RATE ,COMPETITION POLICY ,INCENTIVES ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,DISTRIBUTION ,GOODS ,CONSUMER PROTECTION ,TRADE POLICY ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,TRANSPARENCY ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ,TRANSIT TRADE ,ECONOMIC SECTORS ,MARKETS ,DEVELOPMENT ,FAILURES ,TOTAL COSTS ,WAGES ,ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ,RAILROAD ,TRADE BARRIERS ,PURCHASING POWER ,DEREGULATION ,WELFARE ,PRODUCTION ,RAIL ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,CONSUMPTION ,GDP PER CAPITA ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,INCOME LEVELS ,RISKS ,TRADE ,MOBILITY ,SUPPLY ,TRADE POLICIES ,PAYMENTS ,IMPERFECT SUBSTITUTES ,COMPETITIVE MARKETS ,TRADING BLOCS ,COSTS ,WEALTH ,DIRECT VALUE ,AGRICULTURE ,FREE TRADE ,DEMAND ,PUBLIC GOOD ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CONSUMERS ,TRANSIT ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,WTO ,GDP ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS REFORM ,VARIABLES ,WAGE RATES ,TRADE BALANCE ,CAPITAL ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,AIR ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,POLICIES ,BENCHMARK ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,BENCHMARKS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,FISCAL POLICY ,TRAVEL ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,SAFETY ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,TAXES ,ECONOMIC VALUE ,BILATERAL TRADE ,TRAINING ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ,ECONOMY ,GROSS VALUE ,COMPETITION ,CREDIT ,MONOPOLIES ,GROWTH RATE ,CONSUMER PREFERENCES ,BENEFITS ,FREIGHT ,RAIL FREIGHT ,INCOME GROUPS ,EXPECTATIONS ,AIR TRANSPORT ,TRADE DIVERSION ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,INPUTS ,ITC ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,INSPECTION ,TRANSPORT ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,TRANSPORTATION ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,TRADE COMPETITIVENESS ,FREIGHT TRANSPORT ,BENCHMARKING ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,REGULATORY SYSTEMS - Abstract
This report explores the sectors that will be instrumental for positive CU impact and competitiveness in the medium term. The initial chapter analyzes the gaps and opportunities the Kyrgyz NQI presents for capturing benefits of access to the enlarged common market across sectors. The next three chapters take an in-depth look at three high-growth sectors and identify adaptation priorities and opportunities. Agriculture, services, and garments are a large and growing share of exports and are the sectors most likely to be transformed by accession to the CU and the increased tariffs to countries outside the EEU. Services added 56 percent to GDP in 2013, while agriculture contributed 18 percent, and manufacturing 16 percent. Exports in the garment sector were close to US$200 million in 2013, employing over 150,000 workers. The main findings of each chapter are summarized below followed by a summary of recommendations. This report is relevant to the Kyrgyz experience as it highlights important differences both in terms of regulations and technical requirements. The report highlights differences between the EU and CU regulatory systems in approaches to food safety and legislation, but it also analyzes the differences in infrastructure aspects of the NQI, such as testing laboratories and certification mechanisms between the EU and CU. The Customs Union approach is based on end-product compliance to a specific technical regulation or standard, whereas the European Union relies on preventive measures and minimizing risks associated with each process throughout the complete food chain. In the CU food control system, food control bodies verify that the end-product meets the required technical specifications established by the government; in the EU system, end-product attributes such as size, color, shape, smell, and taste are generally left to the marketplace to judge if they are acceptable. Importantly, the report pinpoints specific technical requirements for EU food safety that differ from the CU requirements (microbiological criteria for foodstuff, contaminants in food; maximum residue limits for residues of pesticides, and pharmacologically active substances).
- Published
- 2016
22. Factory Southern Africa? : SACU in Global Value Chains
- Author
-
Farole, Thomas
- Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,PRODUCERS ,INVESTMENT ,MARKET COMPETITION ,INTERMEDIATE INPUTS ,INVENTORY ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ,MEASUREMENT ,VALUE–ADDED ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,TRADE BLOCS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,POLICY MAKERS ,LAGS ,NATURAL CAPITAL ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,OUTCOMES ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PRODUCTIVITY ,VALUES ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,QUOTAS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,COMPETITION POLICY ,INCENTIVES ,OPTIONS ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,POLITICAL ECONOMIES ,DISTRIBUTION ,PRODUCTION PROCESSES ,GOODS ,AVERAGING ,METALS ,LABOR COSTS ,TRADE POLICY ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,REGULATORY REGIMES ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,SUBSIDIES ,CURRENCY APPRECIATION ,MARKETS ,QUALITY STANDARDS ,INTERMEDIATE GOODS ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS ,ECONOMICS RESEARCH ,DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING ,FAILURES ,PRICES ,WAGES ,TRADE DEFICIT ,ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS ,TRADE BARRIERS ,EXPLOITATION ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES ,NATIONAL INCOME ,WELFARE ,SURPLUS LABOR ,PRODUCTION ,ENVIRONMENT ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,TOTAL OUTPUT ,INFLUENCE ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,PRICING ,SMALL BUSINESS ,THEORY ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,COST SAVINGS ,SUPPLY ,TRADE POLICIES ,PRICE CHANGES ,PROPERTY ,EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ,PROTECTIONISM ,COSTS ,ENVIRONMENTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES ,RESOURCES ,SURCHARGES ,FREE TRADE ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,DEMAND ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,AUTOMOTIVE BATTERIES ,CONSUMERS ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,WTO ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,TRADE BALANCE ,AGGREGATE ANALYSIS ,CAPITAL ,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,EFFECTIVE USE ,ECONOMIES ,TARIFFS ,MONOPOLY ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,BENCHMARKS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,EQUITY CAPITAL ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,TRANSACTIONS COSTS ,REVENUE ,EQUITY ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,BILATERAL TRADE ,ECONOMY ,STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT ,COMPETITION ,PROFITS ,CREDIT ,FIXED COSTS ,EXPENDITURES ,CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ,GROWTH RATE ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,UNDERESTIMATES ,BENEFITS ,LABOR MARKETS ,FORESTRY ,EXPECTATIONS ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ,ECONOMICS ,INTEREST ,RESEARCH AGENDA ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,INPUTS ,ITC ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC GOODS ,LABOR FORCE ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,ECONOMIC CHANGE ,REVENUES ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,FISHERIES - Abstract
Once concentrated among a few large economies, global flows of goods, services, and capital now reach an ever-larger number of countries worldwide. Global trade in goods and in services both increased 10 times between 1980 and 2011, while foreign direct investment (FDI) flows increased almost 30-fold. A value chain is global when some of these stages are carried out in more than one country, most notably when discrete tasks within a production process are fragmented and dispersed across a number of countries. Southern African Customs Union (SACU) - region global value chains (GVCs) are both a new reality and significant opportunity for expanding non-commodity exports to support growth, diversification, and job creation in the region. The task-based nature of GVCs creates opportunities for developing countries to establish very quickly a position in global trade within a sector in which they may have had no previous experience. For South Africa, GVCs are seen as a route to higher manufacturing exports and greater value addition. For other SACU countries, GVCs are seen as a route to diversification and global integration, and to leverage the possibility of greater investment from South Africa itself. The main objectives of the study are as follows: (i) to understand trends of GVC participation and competitiveness of South Africa and the wider SACU region, the outcomes from this participation (exports, jobs, and productivity), and the factors that determine competitiveness; (ii) to map the extent of value chain integration across the region and identify barriers to deeper integration; and (iii) to identify policies and actions that will be required to develop a globally competitive, high value-adding factory Southern Africa.
- Published
- 2016
23. Structural Transformation and Productivity Growth in Africa : Uganda in the 2000s
- Author
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Ahmed, Sabin, Mengistae, Taye, Yoshino, Yutaka, and Zeufack, Albert G.
- Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,INFORMATION ,INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,MEASUREMENT ,PRODUCTIVITY GAP ,JOB ,DRIVERS ,EMPLOYMENT ,PRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,REAL WAGE ,MACROECONOMICS ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PRODUCTIVITY ,PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,WORKERS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,JOBS ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,SHARES ,DISTRIBUTION ,GOODS ,OCCUPATION ,SERVICE SECTOR ,GROUP WORKER ,EXPORT LED GROWTH ,ORGANIZATIONS ,SERVICE INDUSTRIES ,JOB‐CREATION ,AGE‐GROUPS ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,AGE GROUP ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,WORKER ,WAGE GROWTH ,REAL WAGES ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICES ,WAGES ,OPEN ECONOMY ,SMALL BUSINESSES ,TRADE BARRIERS ,PRODUCTIVITY GAINS ,AGE GROUPS ,WELFARE ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT ,MONETARY POLICY ,ELASTICITY ,JOB LOSSES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY ,TRADE ,PRODUCTIVE FIRMS ,EMPLOYMENT SHARE ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ,ECONOMIC RENTS ,AGRICULTURE ,FREE TRADE ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,EMPLOYMENT SIZE ,GDP ,EMPLOYEE ,VARIABLES ,LABOUR ,PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,EXPORT‐LED GROWTH ,PRODUCT MARKETS ,ENTRY COSTS ,UNSKILLED LABOR ,FIRM‐ SIZE ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,RETAIL TRADE ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,HIGH EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYEES ,TAXES ,ECONOMY ,EMPLOYMENT LEVELS ,CREDIT ,GROWTH RATE ,FIRM LEVEL ,MANAGEMENT ,LABOR ,ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ,INCREASING RETURNS ,PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION ,JOB CREATION ,MOTIVATION ,JOB‐DESTRUCTION ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,INPUTS ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,SELF‐EMPLOYMENT ,MANPOWER ,LABOR REALLOCATION ,PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH - Abstract
Uganda’s economy underwent significant structural change in the 2000s whereby the share of non-tradable services in aggregate employment rose by about 7 percentage points at the expense of the production of tradable goods. The process also involved a 12-percentage-point shift in employment away from small and medium enterprises and larger firms in manufacturing and commercial agriculture mainly to microenterprises in retail trade. In addition, the sectoral reallocation of labor on these two dimensions coincided with significant growth in aggregate labor productivity. However, in and of itself, the same reallocation could only have held back, rather than aid, the observed productivity gains. This was because labor was more productive throughout the period in the tradable goods sector than in the non-tradable sector. Moreover, the effect on aggregate labor productivity of the reallocation of employment between the two sectors could only have been reinforced by the impacts on the same of the rise in the employment share of microenterprises. The effect was also strengthened by a parallel employment shift across the age distribution of enterprises that raised sharply the employment share of established firms at the expense of younger ones and startups. Not only was labor consistently less productive in microenterprises than in small and medium enterprises and larger enterprises across all industries throughout the period, it was also typically less productive in more established firms than in younger ones.
- Published
- 2015
24. City Analytics : Competitive Cities for Jobs and Growth, Companion Paper 1
- Author
-
Fikri, Kenan and Zhu, T. Juni
- Subjects
URBAN SERVICES ,DIFFERENTIALS ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,INVESTMENT ,CITIES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,VALUE ADDED ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,MEASUREMENT ,INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE ,EASE OF DOING BUSINESS ,EXTERNALITIES ,CRITERIA ,POLICY MAKERS ,NATIONAL ECONOMIES ,SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,NATIONAL OUTPUT ,INCOME ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURES ,DISPOSABLE INCOME ,MARKET TOWNS ,EMPLOYMENT IN CITIES ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,CITY ECONOMIES ,URBANIZATION ,COMPETITIVENESS ,TOWNS ,POVERTY ,CITY RESIDENTS ,SAL ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,DISTRIBUTION ,GOODS ,AVERAGING ,TRANSPARENCY ,CITY ,LIVING STANDARDS ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,METROPOLITAN AREAS ,MARKETS ,ECONOMICS RESEARCH ,DEVELOPMENT ,REGRESSION ANALYSIS ,WAGES ,CORRELATION ANALYSES ,INDUSTRIAL” SECTOR ,CITY PERFORMANCE ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES ,NATIONAL INCOME ,WELFARE ,SECONDARY CITIES ,PRODUCTION ,TOWN ,CITY LEADERS ,NATIONAL ECONOMY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,THEORY ,LARGE CITIES ,TRENDS ,PATENTS ,INCOME LEVELS ,URBAN COMPETITIVENESS ,TRADE ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,WEALTH CREATION ,COEFFICIENTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,DIVIDENDS ,CITY SIZE ,MAYORS ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,CAPITALS ,FISCAL AUTONOMY ,ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION ,CORRELATION COEFFICIENT ,CAPITAL ,GROWTH POTENTIAL ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,CITY COMPETITIVENESS ,BUSINESS SERVICES ,CITY PRODUCTIVITY ,CITY DEVELOPMENT ,URBANIZATION PROCESS ,ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ,REVENUE STREAMS ,GOVERNANCE ,DECENTRALIZATION ,COMMUNITY ,CITY SIZES ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,MAYOR ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,REVENUE ,FORECASTS ,INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ,ECONOMY ,GROSS VALUE ,CREDIT ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ,TAX REVENUES ,EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,GROWTH RATE ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,CORRELATION ANALYSIS ,UTILITIES ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,URBAN TRANSITION ,SUBNATIONAL ,SUBNATIONAL REGIONS ,ECONOMICS ,INPUTS ,PUBLIC EMPLOYEES ,CITY PROFILES ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,REVENUES ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,BENCHMARKING ,EXPENDITURE ,URBAN ECONOMICS - Abstract
interest in studying city competitiveness has skyrocketed in the past few years, although the topic itself is far from new. Mayors and city leaders have long worried about the obstacles to job creation, competitiveness, and economic growth that plague their cities. The objective of this paper is to present key findings from the quantitative analysis of the drivers of competitiveness in cites around the world.
- Published
- 2015
25. Ethiopia’s Great Run : The Growth Acceleration and How to Pace It
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,RESERVE REQUIREMENTS ,RETURNS TO SCALE ,VALUATION ,RENT SEEKING ,MARGINAL PRODUCT ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY ,VALUE ADDED ,GROWTH MODELS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,BANKING SUPERVISION ,EXCHANGE RATES ,GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION ,NOMINAL INTEREST RATE ,MEASUREMENT ,ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,INFLATION ,EXTERNALITIES ,CRITERIA ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ,BANK LENDING ,LAGS ,LENDING ,SAFETY NETS ,OUTCOMES ,INCOME ,MACROECONOMICS ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PRODUCTIVITY ,REAL INTEREST RATE ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,STOCK ,INFLATION RATE ,INCENTIVES ,BONDS ,SHARES ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,DISTRIBUTION ,EXTERNALITY ,ASSETS ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,ECONOMIC BOOM ,RENT ,CONSUMPTION INCREASES ,TRADE POLICY ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,MARGINAL COST ,AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,LIVING STANDARDS ,SUBSIDIES ,MARGINAL COSTS ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC SECTORS ,MARKETS ,CURRENCY APPRECIATION ,DEVELOPMENT ,MARGINAL BENEFITS ,BANK DEPOSITS ,FAILURES ,EXCESS DEMAND ,WAGES ,OPEN ECONOMY ,PURCHASING POWER ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,OPTIMIZATION ,DEVALUATION ,NATIONAL INCOME ,SURPLUS LABOR ,WELFARE ,ECONOMIC SITUATION ,PRODUCTION ,EXCESS SUPPLY ,MONETARY POLICY ,ELASTICITY ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,MONEY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,CONSUMPTION ,TELEPHONE COVERAGE ,INFLUENCE ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,LIQUIDITY ,PRICING ,INTEREST RATES ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,DEBT ,FUNCTIONAL FORMS ,DISCOUNT RATE ,INCOME LEVELS ,TRADE ,RISKS ,ECONOMIC BENEFITS ,SUPPLY ,CREDIT RATIONING ,PAYMENTS ,INTEREST RATE EFFECT ,TRADE REFORMS ,LEADING INDICATORS ,COSTS ,WEALTH ,MONETARY POLICIES ,CENTRAL BANK ,GROWTH POLICIES ,AGRICULTURE ,DEMAND ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CONSUMERS ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,WTO ,TREASURY BILLS ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,UTILITY FUNCTIONS ,DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS ,MONEY SUPPLY ,TRADE BALANCE ,ECONOMIC TRENDS ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,CAPITAL ,OPEN ECONOMIES ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,MIXED ECONOMY ,EXCHANGE ,TAXATION ,SAVINGS INCREASES ,UTILITY ,DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,POSITIVE EFFECTS ,AGGREGATE DEMAND ,MONOPOLY ,ECONOMETRICS ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,BENCHMARK ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,CHOICE ,RISK PREMIUM ,BENCHMARKS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,MARGINAL PRODUCTS ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ,TAXES ,FORECASTS ,ECONOMIC MODELS ,INFLATION RATES ,SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE ,ECONOMY ,GROSS VALUE ,ECONOMIC FORECASTING ,COMPETITION ,SECURE PROPERTY RIGHTS ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,CREDIT ,TAX REVENUES ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,REAL GDP ,ECONOMIC SIZE ,INCOME GROUPS ,EXPECTATIONS ,ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,INTEREST ,OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS ,INPUTS ,CENTRAL BANK LENDING ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,SUBSIDY ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,SAVINGS ,UNDERVALUATION ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,INTEREST RATE ,DIMINISHING RETURNS ,BENCHMARKING - Abstract
This report addresses two questions: what explains Ethiopia’s growth acceleration?; and how can it be sustained? In brief, the authors find that Ethiopia’s rapid economic growth, concentrated in agriculture and services, was driven by substantial public infrastructure investment and supported by a conducive external environment. To sustain high growth, three policy adjustments are presented: identifying sustainable ways of financing infrastructure, supporting private investment through credit markets, and tapping into the growth potential of structural reforms.
- Published
- 2015
26. Cambodia Economic Update, October 2015 : Adapting to Stay Competitive
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
PRODUCERS ,INVESTMENT ,MARKET COMPETITION ,INTERMEDIATE INPUTS ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,BANKING SUPERVISION ,EXCHANGE RATES ,GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION ,INFLATION ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,BROAD MONEY ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,INCOME ,MACROECONOMICS ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PRODUCTIVITY ,VALUES ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,OIL ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,CREDIT GROWTH ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,GUARANTEE ,RESERVES ,GOODS ,AVERAGING ,PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES ,LABOR COSTS ,TRADE POLICY ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,TIME CONSTRAINTS ,PRIVATE SECTOR CREDIT ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,SUBSIDIES ,DEPOSITS ,MARKETS ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,LAND PRODUCTIVITY ,FINANCE ,DEVELOPMENT ,BANK DEPOSITS ,FARMS ,PRICES ,WAGES ,COST ANALYSIS ,PRODUCTION ,ENVIRONMENT ,MONETARY POLICY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,MONEY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INCOME TAXES ,CONSUMPTION ,LIQUIDITY ,INTEREST RATES ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,DEBT ,ECONOMIC EXPANSION ,RISKS ,TRADE ,BANKING SECTOR ,MARKET ,DURABLE ,PAYMENTS ,DOMESTIC CREDIT ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,PROPERTY ,COSTS ,FIXED CAPITAL ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CENTRAL BANK ,RETURN ,AGRICULTURE ,NATIONAL BANK ,RESOURCES ,FREE TRADE ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,DEMAND ,PUBLIC GOOD ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,INPUT USE ,CORPORATE INCOME TAXES ,DISBURSEMENTS ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,CURRENCIES ,GDP ,POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,COAL ,TRADE BALANCE ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,PROPERTY TAXES ,CAPITAL ,EXCHANGE ,BOND SPREADS ,VALUE ,CAPITAL GROWTH ,EXPORTS ,ECONOMIES ,TARIFFS ,MONOPOLY ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,GROSS MARGIN ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,FISCAL POLICY ,OIL PRICES ,EQUIPMENT ,REVENUE ,CURRENCY ,TAXES ,BOND ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,DIRECT INVESTMENT ,ECONOMY ,PROFITS ,CREDIT ,EXPENDITURES ,GROWTH RATE ,REAL GDP ,FUTURE ,PROFIT MARGINS ,FORESTRY ,INTEREST ,TRADE TAXES ,INPUTS ,ITC ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,PUBLIC GOODS ,LABOR FORCE ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,REVENUES ,CAPITAL INFLOWS ,DEFICIT ,SHARE ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,INTEREST RATE ,FISHERIES ,ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Robust GDP growth continues, and real growth for 2014 has been revised up by the authorities to 7.1 percent from an earlier estimate of 7.0 percent. Strong domestic demand, boosted by a construction boom and accommodated by high domestic credit growth, helps offset the moderation in export growth with the slowdown of the garment, tourism and agriculture sectors observed in the first half of 2015. As an oil importer, the country benefits from the slump in oil prices, contributing to savings on petroleum imports. In this setting, growth is projected to ease slightly, to 6.9 percent in 2015. Downside risks to this outlook include potential renewed labor discontent, further appreciation of the US dollar, a delay in economic recovery in Europe, and a hard landing of the Chinese economy.
- Published
- 2015
27. The Middle-Income Trap Turns Ten
- Author
-
Gill, Indermit S. and Kharas, Homi
- Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,INVESTMENT ,GROWTH RATES ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,MIDDLE- INCOME COUNTRIES ,DEMOGRAPHIC ,VALUE ADDED ,GROWTH MODELS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,STARTUPS ,EXCHANGE RATES ,EXTERNALITIES ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,SAFETY NETS ,ADVANCED COUNTRIES ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,INVESTMENTS ,PRODUCTIVITY ,FEDERAL RESERVE ,MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY ,TRADE NEGOTIATIONS ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURES ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,URBANIZATION ,POLITICAL POWER ,COMPETITIVENESS ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,ADVANCED COUNTRY ,INCENTIVES ,INVESTORS ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,GOODS ,GROWTH THEORY ,CLOSED ECONOMIES ,ENTRY POINT ,RENT ,TRADE POLICY ,RAPID GROWTH ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,INCOMES ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,DEMOCRACY ,MARKETS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,WAGE GROWTH ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,DEVELOPMENT ,MIDDLE- INCOME COUNTRY ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ,PRICES ,WAGES ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,DEREGULATION ,BANKING ,NATIONAL INCOME ,LABOR MARKET ,CARBON EMISSIONS ,BALANCE SHEET ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,MONETARY POLICY ,ELASTICITY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,LIQUIDITY ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,PATENTS ,INCOME LEVELS ,MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,TRADE ,DIVIDEND ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,PROTECTIONISM ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CENTRAL BANK ,ECONOMIC RENTS ,AGRICULTURE ,MIC TRAPS ,FREE TRADE ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,MARKET PRICES ,CAPITAL FLOW ,ECONOMIC PROGRESS ,WTO ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIES ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,CUSTOMERS ,CAPITAL ,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ,BANKRUPTCY ,OPEN ECONOMIES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EXCHANGE ,LIBERALIZATION ,GROWTH POTENTIAL ,EFFICIENT CAPITAL ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,FOREIGN MARKETS ,KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY ,MIDDLE- INCOME ECONOMIES ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,GOVERNANCE ,BENCHMARK ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,BENCHMARKS ,GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS ,DECENTRALIZATION ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,CURRENCY RISK ,EXCHANGE RATE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,CURRENCY ,PRICE ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ,FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,CAPITAL ACCOUNT ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ,ECONOMY ,COMPETITION ,PUBLIC POLICY ,GROWTH RATE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,FUTURE ,MONEY MARKET ,VENTURE CAPITAL ,MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES ,GROWTH THEORIES ,INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,GLOBALIZATION ,LABOR MARKETS ,EXPECTATIONS ,REAL ESTATE ,ECONOMICS ,BARRIERS ,INTEREST ,EXTERNAL FINANCE ,TRADE DIVERSION ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,SHARE ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,VOLATILITY - Abstract
Since we introduced the term “middle-income trap” in 2006, it has become popular among policy makers and researchers. In May 2015, a search of Google Scholar returned more than 3,000 articles including the term and about 300 articles with the term in the title. This paper provides a (non-exhaustive) survey of this literature. The paper then discusses what, in retrospect, we missed when we coined the term. Today, based on developments in East Asia, Latin America, and Central Europe during the past decade, we would have paid more attention to demographic factors, entrepreneurship, and external institutional anchors. We would also make it clearer that to us, the term was as much the absence of a satisfactory theory that could inform development policy in middle-income economies as the articulation of a development phenomenon. Three-quarters of the people in the world now live in middle-income economies, but economists have yet to provide a reliable theory of growth to help policy makers navigate the transition from middle- to high-income status. Hybrids of the Solow-Swan and Lucas-Romer models are not unhelpful, but they are poor substitutes for a well-constructed growth framework.
- Published
- 2015
28. Impact of Property Rights Reform to Support China’s Rural-Urban Integration : Household-Level Evidence from the Chengdu National Experiment
- Author
-
Deininger, Klaus, Jin, Songqing, Liu, Shouying, and Xia, Fang
- Subjects
AFFORDABILITY ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,INFORMATION ,INVESTMENT ,RIGHTS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,MEASUREMENT ,EDUCATIONAL LEVELS ,JOB OPPORTUNITIES ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,EXTERNALITIES ,EMPLOYMENT ,PHYSICAL ASSETS ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,LAND BANKS ,INCENTIVES ,REGISTRATION SYSTEM ,COOPERATIVE ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,BANK ,ASSETS ,RENT ,ENDOWMENT ,STANDARDS ,FARMERS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,MEDICAL EXPENSE ,LABOR SUPPLY ,LIVING STANDARDS ,SUBSIDIES ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,FINANCE ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICES ,WAGES ,TRANSFERS ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,WELFARE ,SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,ENTERPRISES ,SAFETY NET ,WAGE STRUCTURE ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,HOUSEHOLD ,CONSUMPTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,SUPPLY ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,LAND MARKET ,PROPERTY ,DEBTS ,INEQUALITY ,PROFITABILITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,FEES ,PHYSICAL CAPITAL ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,FUTURE RESEARCH ,LAND MARKETS ,INCENTIVE PROBLEMS ,VARIABLES ,PROPERTIES ,LOC ,PROPERTY TAXES ,CAPITAL ,LABOR MARKET ISSUES ,START-UP ,TAXATION ,FACTOR MARKETS ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,RISK ,POSITIVE EFFECTS ,PRICE DISCOVERY ,POLICIES ,VILLAGES ,ENDOWMENTS ,VILLAGE ,SMALL ENTERPRISES ,SOURCE OF INCOME ,FAMILY ,DECENTRALIZATION ,NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,BIAS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,SAFETY ,EFFECTS ,INSURANCE ,ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ,REVENUE ,HOUSEHOLDS ,DIVERSIFICATION ,TAXES ,BANKS ,BARGAINING ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,EFFICIENCY ,LAND RIGHTS ,SECURE PROPERTY RIGHTS ,PROFITS ,LAND REGISTRATION ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,GROWTH RATE ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,PEOPLE ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,REAL ESTATE ,ECONOMICS ,INTEREST ,RECEIPTS ,CORRUPTION ,JOB CREATION ,AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ,MOTIVATION ,INPUTS ,SUBSIDY ,REVENUES ,TRANSACTION COST ,VALUE OF OUTPUT ,URBAN AREAS ,GENDER ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,LAW ,ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
As part of a national experiment in 2008, Chengdu prefecture implemented ambitious property rights reforms, including complete registration of all land together with measures to ease transferability and eliminate migration restrictions. A triple difference approach using the Statistics Bureau’s regular household panel suggests that the reforms increased consumption and income, especially for less wealthy and less educated households, with estimated benefits well above the cost of implementation. Local labor supply increased, with the young shifting toward agriculture and the old toward off-farm employment. Agricultural yields, intensity of input use, and diversity of output also increased. Improving property rights in peri-urban China appears to have increased investment and diversification.
- Published
- 2015
29. Fourth Ethiopia Economic Update : Overcoming Constraints in the Manufacturing Sector
- Author
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World Bank Group
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ,REAL INCOME ,AGRICULTURE ,DIVIDENDS ,FREE TRADE ,REGIONAL PRODUCTIVITY ,DEMAND ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CONSUMERS ,INVENTORY ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,TREASURY BILLS ,ENTRY BARRIERS ,INFLATION ,POTENTIAL OUTPUT ,CAPITAL ,TOTAL REVENUE ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,CRITERIA ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EXCHANGE ,LAGS ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,SAFETY NETS ,UTILITY ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,VALUE ,INCOME ,EXPORTS ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PRODUCTIVITY ,DISPOSABLE INCOME ,MONOPOLY ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,COMPETITIVENESS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,INCENTIVES ,FISCAL POLICY ,BONDS ,OIL PRICES ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,RENT ,TAXES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,LIVING STANDARDS ,ECONOMY ,MARKETS ,CREDIT ,FIXED COSTS ,TAX REVENUES ,FINANCE ,DEVELOPMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,REAL GDP ,FAILURES ,FUTURE ,WAGES ,TRADE DEFICIT ,GOVERNMENT REGULATION ,OIL PRICE ,DEVALUATION ,NET EXPORTS ,WELFARE ,EXPECTATIONS ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ,PRODUCTION ,PRICE DECLINES ,MONETARY POLICY ,NATIONAL ECONOMY ,MONEY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,CONSUMPTION ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,LIQUIDITY ,INPUTS ,SMALL BUSINESS ,TRENDS ,DEBT ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,INCOME LEVELS ,MOV ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,PAYMENTS ,BENCHMARKING ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,COSTS - Abstract
The Ethiopian economy continued its strong expansion in FY14 with real GDP growing by 10.3 percent. Growth was driven mainly by the services sector from the supply side and public investment from the demand side. At the same time, inflation has remained in single digits for the last two years on account of tighter monetary policy and lower international commodity prices. However, in recent months in 2015, domestic food prices are increasing partially as a result of shortage rainfall during the short rainy season. On the fiscal side, the budgetary stance at the general government level has been cautious. In an effort to adjust for the rising cost living, the FY15 budget incorporates an increase in public sector salaries after years of no increases which could also be the first step to adjust the balance between capital and recurrent expenditure. The salary increase accompanied by a supplementary budget in the middle of the fiscal year could potentially increase the budget deficit. The current account balance weakened. The deterioration is on account of a worsening trade deficit which was driven by weak export performance and large imports of capital goods for public investment programs. Goods exports showed positive growth in 2013-14 but rates remained far below their historical growth; furthermore, export growth fell into negative territory again in the last quarter of 2014 and first quarter of 2015. The strong economic growth in the past decade helped to reduce poverty significantly. The poverty headcount, measured by the national poverty line, fell from 38.7 percent in 2005 to 29.67 percent in 2011. Measured with the international poverty line (US$1.25 per day) Ethiopia saw the second fastest rate of reduction in Africa. Economic growth, particularly in agriculture, has been an important driver of poverty reduction in the last decade. Favorable weather conditions and improving terms of trade for rural producers have been reasons of this past trend supported by strong improvements in access to basic services and rural safety nets. Low levels of inequality have been maintained with the Gini coefficient remaining stable at 0.30.
- Published
- 2015
30. Firms’ Locational Choice and Infrastructure Development in Rwanda
- Author
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Iimi, Atsushi, Humphrey, Richard Martin, and Melibaeva, Sevara
- Subjects
COMMUNICATIONS ,INFORMATION ,INVESTMENT ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,NESTED LOGIT MODEL ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,ROAD ,PORT ACCESS ,COMMODITY ,EXTERNALITIES ,FIRM SIZE ,CRITERIA ,ELASTICITIES ,MANUFACTURERS ,LAGS ,INVESTMENTS ,PRODUCTIVITY ,COMPETITIVENESS ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,INVESTORS ,BUSINESS ,FIRM ,RELIABILITY ,GOODS ,FOSSIL FUELS ,TECHNOLOGIES ,AGGLOMERATION BENEFITS ,COMPANIES ,FIRMS ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,MARKETS ,DEVELOPMENT ,PHONE ,SANITATION ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,PRICES ,WAGES ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS ,PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,PRODUCTION ,ENTERPRISES ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,POLICY SUPPORT ,RAIL ,ROAD NETWORK ,ELASTICITY ,ROAD USE ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRADE ,GOOD TRANSPORT ,MARKET ,RAIL STATIONS ,GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS ,POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES ,COSTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,DATA ,INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ,AGRICULTURE ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,ELECTRICITY ,ACCESSIBILITY ,VARIABLES ,CONNECTIVITY ,MANUFACTURING ,CUSTOMERS ,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,NETWORK ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,ROADS ,BUSINESS ACTIVITIES ,OPEN ACCESS ,RESULT ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,SOCIAL SERVICE ,ECONOMETRICS ,POLICIES ,USES ,CHOICE ,LARGE ENTERPRISES ,SEE ,WEB ,PHYSICAL DISTANCE ,PRIVATE INVESTORS ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ,DIVERSIFICATION ,SIZE OF FIRM ,SERVICE PROVISION ,FUELS ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,MOBILE PHONE ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,MARKET DEMAND ,RESULTS ,PORT FACILITIES ,INCREASING RETURNS ,GROWTH PATH ,COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES ,TRANSPORT ,BUSINESSES ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,FOREIGN COMPANIES ,ICT ,CONSUMER GOODS ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTS ,AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES ,INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
Agglomeration economies are among the most important factors to increase firm productivity. However, there is little evidence supportive of this in Africa. By applying the conditional and nested logit models, this paper examines the relationship between firm locations and infrastructure accessibility in Rwanda. It is found that agglomeration economies matter to even one of the smallest countries in Africa. It is also found that infrastructure availability has an important role in affecting the firm location decision. Electricity access and transport connectivity to the domestic and international markets are found to be important to attract new investment. In addition, the quality of local labor supplied, measured by educational attainment, is found as an important determinant of firm location, while the effect of labor costs remains inconclusive.
- Published
- 2015
31. The Consumption, Income, and Wealth of the Poorest : Cross-Sectional Facts of Rural and Urban Sub-Saharan Africa for Macroeconomists
- Author
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De Magalhaes, Leandro and Santaeulalia-Llopis, Raul
- Subjects
MEASURES ,LAND QUALITY ,VALUATION ,GROWTH MODELS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS ,CREDIT MARKET CONSTRAINTS ,FOOD PRICE ,EXCHANGE RATES ,MEASUREMENT ,INEQUALITY MEASURES ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,POOR COUNTRIES ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,RURAL CREDIT ,SAFETY NETS ,INCOME ,MACROECONOMICS ,OUTCOMES ,DISPOSABLE INCOME ,FOOD PRICES ,ALTERNATIVE USE ,INCENTIVES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,LAND LAW ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,SHARES ,DISTRIBUTION ,FARM WORK ,ASSETS ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEXES ,RENT ,CONSUMPTION INCREASES ,FOOD ITEMS ,FARMERS ,CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING ,LIVING STANDARDS ,RURAL COUNTERPARTS ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,INHERITANCE ,ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICES ,RURAL INCOME ,WAGES ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,WELFARE ,RURAL MIGRANTS ,PRODUCTION ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,CONSUMPTION ,THEORY ,SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,DEBT ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,RISKS ,TRADE ,CALORIE INTAKE ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,PAYMENTS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,COSTS ,PRICE INDEXES ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,RURAL POPULATION ,LAND VALUE ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,VARIABLES ,IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS ,PORTFOLIO ,CAPITAL ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,RISK SHARING ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,VALUE ,RURAL RESIDENTS ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,FOOD SECURITY ,DEATH ,RURAL SETTINGS ,BENCHMARK ,AGRICULTURAL INPUTS ,FOOD TRANSFERS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,INSURANCE ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,FORECASTS ,RURAL AREA ,ECONOMIC STATISTICS ,LOTTERY ,LAND DISTRIBUTION ,INCOME MEASURES ,AGRICULTURAL SHOCKS ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR ,INCOME GAP ,RURAL GAP ,CREDIT ,GROWTH RATE ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,UNDERESTIMATES ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,CONSUMPTION INSURANCE ,INCOME GROUPS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,FOOD SHARE ,RURAL ,HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,INPUTS ,INCOME QUINTILE ,RURAL MIGRATION ,SAVINGS ,PUBLIC WORKS ,INFORMAL INSURANCE ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,INTEREST RATE ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,CALORIC INTAKE ,RURAL POPULATIONS - Abstract
This paper provides new empirical insights on the joint distribution of consumption, income, and wealth in three of the poorest countries in the world — Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda — all located in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The first finding is that while income inequality is similar to that of the United States (US), wealth inequality is barely one-third that of the US. Similarly, while the top of the income distribution (1 and 10 percent) earns a similar share of total income in SSA as in the US, the share of total wealth accumulated by the income-rich in SSA is one-fifth of its US counterpart. The main contributions of the paper are to document: (i) this dwarfed transmission from income to wealth, which suggests that SSA households face a larger inability to save and accumulate wealth compared with US households; and (ii) a lower transmission from income to consumption inequality, which suggests the presence of powerful institutions that favor consumption insurance to the detriment of saving. These features are more relevant for rural areas, which represent roughly four-fifths of the total population. The paper identifies the few successful pockets of the SSA population that are able to accumulate wealth by exploring sources of inequality such as age, education, migration, borrowing ability, and societal systems.
- Published
- 2015
32. Ethiopia’s Growth Acceleration and How to Sustain It : Insights from a Cross-Country Regression Model
- Author
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Moller, Lars Christian and Wacker, Konstantin M.
- Subjects
INVESTMENT ,VALUATION ,GROWTH RATES ,ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ,MARGINAL PRODUCT ,VALUE ADDED ,GROWTH MODELS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTERNAL FACTORS ,RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ,MEASUREMENT ,INFLATION ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,POLICY PERSPECTIVE ,CAPITAL ACCOUNTS ,ERROR TERM ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,BANK LENDING ,LAGS ,INCOME ,MACROECONOMICS ,OUTCOMES ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PRODUCTIVITY ,BASKET OF GOODS ,STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,TRADE OPENNESS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,INFLATION RATE ,GROWTH REGRESSIONS ,POVERTY ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,GOODS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,AVERAGING ,GROWTH ,OPPORTUNITY COST ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,ECONOMIC BOOM ,DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS ,CONSUMPTION INCREASES ,TRADE POLICY ,POLICY REFORMS ,HIGH INFLATION ,MARGINAL COST ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,MACROECONOMIC OUTCOMES ,INDIVIDUAL POLICIES ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,GROWTH PROJECTIONS ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICES ,WAGES ,GROWTH PERFORMANCE ,COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICS ,DEVALUATION ,NATIONAL INCOME ,PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,TELEPHONE COVERAGE ,INFLUENCE ,CONSUMPTION ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,LIQUIDITY ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,DEBT ,INCOME LEVELS ,GLOBAL CONDITIONS ,TRADE ,CREDIT RATIONING ,INTEREST RATE EFFECT ,LEADING INDICATORS ,HIGH GROWTH ,CENTRAL BANK ,FACTOR PRICES ,GROWTH POLICIES ,AGRICULTURE ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,FUTURE RESEARCH ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,ECONOMIC TRENDS ,BASE YEAR ,CAPITAL ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EXCHANGE ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,POSITIVE EFFECTS ,EXTERNAL CONDITIONS ,EMPIRICAL GROWTH MODEL ,MONOPOLY ,STANDARD DEVIATION ,ECONOMETRICS ,BENCHMARK ,REAL INTEREST RATES ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,OVERVALUATION ,BENCHMARKS ,EXCHANGE RATE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ,POPULATION SHARE ,TAXES ,FORECASTS ,INVESTMENT RATE ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,PER CAPITA GROWTH ,CREDIT ,POLICY RESEARCH ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,GROWTH RATE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,REAL GDP ,EMPIRICAL RESULTS ,GROWTH POLICY ,GROWTH REGRESSION ,FINANCIAL POLICIES ,GROWTH MODEL ,FIXED EFFECTS ,ECONOMICS ,INTEREST ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS ,INPUTS ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,CENTRAL BANK LENDING ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,INTEREST RATE ,LONG RUN ,STABILIZATION POLICIES ,BENCHMARKING - Abstract
Ethiopia has experienced a growth acceleration over the past decade on the back of an economic strategy emphasizing public infrastructure investment and supported by heterodox macro-financial policies. To analyze the country’s growth performance during 2000–13, the paper employs a neoclassical cross-country System Generalized Method of Moments regression model. The analysis finds that accelerated growth was driven by public infrastructure investment and restrained government consumption, and supported by a conducive external environment. Macroeconomic challenges arising from declining private credit, real currency overvaluation, and relatively high inflation held back some growth. The model accurately predicts Ethiopia’s growth over the period of analysis and is robust to country-specific parameter heterogeneity and alternative infrastructure variables. Looking ahead, model simulations under alternative policy scenarios are indicative that growth may decelerate in the coming decade, making it challenging for Ethiopia to attain its middle-income country target by 2025. Although simulated growth rates do not vary much by policy scenario, the paper discusses some of the emerging risks associated with a continued reliance on the current infrastructure financing model and potential future adjustments.
- Published
- 2015
33. Firm Productivity and Infrastructure Costs in East Africa
- Author
-
Iimi, Atsushi, Humphrey, Richard Martin, and Melibaeva, Sevara
- Subjects
COMMUNICATIONS ,RETURNS TO SCALE ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,INVENTORY ,RENTAL FEES ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,COMMUNICATION ,CONGESTION ,MEASUREMENT ,ROAD ,COMMODITY ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,EXTERNALITIES ,GENERATORS ,ELASTICITIES ,PRODUCTION INPUTS ,INVESTMENTS ,VEHICLE ,PRODUCTIVITY ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,COMPETITIVENESS ,TRANSPORT MODES ,HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,BUSINESS ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,BACK-UP ,WATER INFRASTRUCTURE ,ELECTRIC POWER ,GOODS ,INSTITUTIONS ,GENERATION CAPACITY ,PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ,PRODUCTION INCREASES ,ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ,COMPUTER ,HIGHWAY INVESTMENT ,FAILURES ,PRICES ,TOTAL COSTS ,WAGES ,MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS ,INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS ,PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES ,PRODUCTION ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,WATER SERVICES ,INTERNATIONAL BUSINESSES ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,ELASTICITY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS ,THEORY ,PERFORMANCE ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRADE ,PRICE ELASTICITIES ,HIGHWAYS ,POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES ,COSTS ,GENERATION ,TELEPHONE ,DATA ,AGRICULTURE ,AGGLOMERATION ,PRICE ELASTICITY ,FUEL ,ELECTRICITY ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,ELECTRICITY GENERATION ,MANUFACTURING ,PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,NETWORK ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,ROADS ,OPEN ACCESS ,RESULT ,BUSINESS SERVICES ,POSITIVE EFFECTS ,TARIFFS ,ECONOMETRICS ,LOCALIZATION ,DRIVING ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,HIGHWAY ,USES ,WEB ,FACTOR DEMAND ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,EQUIPMENT ,COMPUTER PROGRAM ,VEHICLE OPERATING ,QUALITY OF TRANSPORT ,INTERNATIONAL ENERGY ,ECONOMIC ORDER ,PRICE ,FUEL COST ,DATABASE ,ASSET REPLACEMENT ,POWER ,INEFFICIENCY ,PROFITS ,AGGLOMERATION EFFECTS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,FREIGHT ,TECHNOLOGY ,MATERIAL ,HIGHWAY CONGESTION ,RESULTS ,ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ,DAYS OF INVENTORY ,INPUTS ,TRANSPORT ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,BUSINESSES ,TRANSPORTATION ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,PORTS ,ICT ,COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES ,ROAD TRANSPORT ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
Infrastructure is an important driving force for economic growth. It reduces trade and transaction costs and stimulates the productivity of the economy. Africa has been lagging behind in the global manufacturing market. Among others, infrastructure is an important constraint in many African countries. Using firm-level data for East Africa, the paper reexamines the relationship between firm performance and infrastructure. It is shown that labor costs are by far the most important to stimulate firm production. Among the infrastructure sectors, electricity costs have the highest output elasticity, followed by transport costs. In addition, the paper shows that the quality of infrastructure is important to increase firm production. In particular, quality transport infrastructure seems to be essential. The paper also finds that agglomeration economies can reduce firm costs. The agglomeration elasticity is estimated at 0.03–0.04.
- Published
- 2015
34. Firms’ Locational Choice and Infrastructure Development in Tanzania : Instrumental Variable Spatial Autoregressive Model
- Author
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Iimi, Atsushi, Humphreys, Richard Martin, and Melibaeva, Sevara
- Subjects
CUSTOMS ,INVESTMENT ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM ,GLOBAL MARKET ,CARGO HANDLING ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,ECONOMIC ZONES ,NESTED LOGIT MODEL ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS ,COMMODITIES ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT ,MEASUREMENT ,RAILWAYS ,ROAD ,COMMODITY ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,DRIVERS ,EXTERNALITIES ,EMPLOYMENT ,CRITERIA ,ELASTICITIES ,INVESTMENTS ,VEHICLE ,PRODUCTIVITY ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,COMPETITIVENESS ,TRANSPORT MODES ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,HIGHWAY SYSTEM ,RAILWAY ,BUSINESS ,RENT ,USERS ,ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ,COMPUTER ,FIRMS ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,TAX REVENUE ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,PRICES ,WAGES ,PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES ,PRODUCTION ,ENTERPRISES ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,POLICY SUPPORT ,RAIL ,ROAD NETWORK ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,ELASTICITY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS ,THEORY ,PERFORMANCE ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRADE ,GOOD TRANSPORT ,RESIDENTIAL USERS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE ,RAIL STATIONS ,HIGHWAYS ,HISTORIC CITIES ,TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES ,TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS ,COSTS ,GENERATION ,DATA ,AGRICULTURE ,AGGLOMERATION ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,ELECTRICITY ,ACCESSIBILITY ,VARIABLES ,CONNECTIVITY ,ROUTE ,MANUFACTURING ,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ,ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,NETWORK ,AUTOREGRESSION ,ROADS ,BUSINESS ACTIVITIES ,OPEN ACCESS ,TAXATION ,RESULT ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,ECONOMETRICS ,POLICIES ,HIGHWAY ,CHOICE ,ROAD CONDITIONS ,WEB ,VEHICLE OPERATING ,DIVERSIFICATION ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,DATABASE ,POWER ,MATERIALS ,ADMINISTRATION ,AGGLOMERATION EFFECTS ,CREDIT ,CARGO ,MARKET ACCESSIBILITY ,RAIL LINE ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,TECHNOLOGY ,TRANSPORT ACCESS ,RESULTS ,LOCAL CONNECTIVITY ,COST OF POWER ,INCREASING RETURNS ,PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION ,GROWTH PATH ,INPUTS ,MARKET POTENTIAL ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,TRANSPORT ,BUSINESSES ,TRANSPORTATION ,AGGLOMERATION EFFECT ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,PORTS ,RAILROADS ,REGISTRY ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTS ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES ,INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
Agglomeration economies are among the most important factors in increasing firm productivity. However, there is little evidence supportive of this in Africa. Using the firm registry database in Tanzania, this paper examines a new application of the logit approach with two empirical issues taken into account: spatial autocorrelation and endogeneity of infrastructure placement. The paper finds significant agglomeration economies. It is also found that firms are more likely to be located where local connectivity and access to markets are good. The paper finds that dealing with infrastructure endogeneity and spatial autocorrelation in the empirical model is important. According to the exogeneity test, infrastructure variables are likely endogenous. The spatial autoregressive term is significant. As expected, therefore, there are positive externalities of firm location choice around the neighboring areas.
- Published
- 2015
35. Transport Infrastructure and Welfare : An Application to Nigeria
- Author
-
Ali, Rubaba, Barra, Alvaro Federico, Berg, Claudia N., Damania, Richard, Nash, John, and Russ, Jason
- Subjects
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,INVESTMENT ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,INVENTORY ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,MEASUREMENT ,RAILWAYS ,ROAD ,ROUTES ,TRIP ,TOTAL REVENUE ,ROAD IMPROVEMENT ,CARS ,ELASTICITIES ,TRANSPORTATION COST ,HIGHWAY CAPITAL ,TRANSPORTATION COSTS ,INCOME ,INVESTMENTS ,OUTCOMES ,VEHICLE ,PRODUCTIVITY ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE ,CAR ,HIGHWAY SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE REHABILITATION ,SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ,GOODS ,COST ELASTICITIES ,OPPORTUNITY COST ,FREIGHT SERVICES ,WALKING ,LIVING STANDARDS ,ROAD QUALITY ,MODE OF TRANSPORTATION ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,MARKETS ,DEVELOPMENT ,SANITATION ,REGRESSION ANALYSIS ,WAGES ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES ,ROAD PROJECTS ,ROUND TRIP ,WELFARE ,VEHICLE SPEED ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,DECISION MAKING ,ROAD NETWORK ,ELASTICITY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRUE ,TRADE ,ECONOMIC BENEFITS ,TRAVEL SPEED ,HIGHWAYS ,TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS ,COSTS ,WEALTH ,TRAVEL TIMES ,AGRICULTURE ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,FUEL ,ACCESSIBILITY ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,TRAVEL DISTANCE ,VEHICLE COST ,TRAVEL COSTS ,ROUTE ,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ,URBAN ROAD ,IMPACT OF TRANSPORT ,ROADS ,TRAVEL TIME ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT ,ROAD USER ,BENCHMARK ,HIGHWAY ,INFRASTRUCTURE REFORM ,IMPACT OF TRANSPORT COSTS ,ROAD INVESTMENT ,TRAVEL ,INFRASTRUCTURES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,LENGTH OF ROAD ,REVENUE ,URBAN ROADS ,FORECASTS ,PRICE OF FUEL ,FUEL COST ,TRANSPORT SERVICES ,RURAL ROADS ,TRANSPORT INVESTMENT ,CREDIT ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,UNDERESTIMATES ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,ROAD TYPE ,BENEFITS ,FREIGHT ,EXPECTATIONS ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,TRANSPORT FACILITIES ,MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION ,INTEREST ,STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ,TRANSPORT ,HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION ,TRANSPORTATION ,RAILROADS ,ROAD TYPES ,DIRECT ROUTES ,AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES ,PUBLIC ROAD ,FREIGHT TRANSPORT ,ROAD TRANSPORT ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS - Abstract
Transport infrastructure is deemed to be central to development and consumes a large fraction of the development assistance envelope. Yet there is debate about the economic impact of road projects. This paper proposes an approach to assess the differential development impacts of alternative road construction and prioritize various proposals, using Nigeria as a case study. Recognizing that there is no perfect measure of economic well-being, a variety of outcome metrics are used, including crop revenue, livestock revenue, non-agricultural income, the probability of being multi-dimensionally poor, and local gross domestic product for Nigeria. Although the measure of transport is the most accurate possible, it is still endogenous because of the nonrandom placement of road infrastructure. This endogeneity is addressed using a seemingly novel instrumental variable termed the natural path: the time it would take to walk along the most logical route connecting two points without taking into account other, bias-causing economic benefits. Further, the analysis considers the potential endogeneity from nonrandom placement of households and markets through carefully chosen control variables. It finds that reducing transportation costs in Nigeria will increase crop revenue, non-agricultural income, the wealth index, and local gross domestic product. Livestock sales increase as well, although this finding is less robust. The probability of being multi-dimensionally poor will decrease. The results also cast light on income diversification and structural changes that may arise. These findings are robust to relaxing the exclusion restriction. The paper also demonstrates how to prioritize alternative road programs by comparing the expected development impacts of alternative New Partnership for Africas Development projects.
- Published
- 2015
36. Agricultural Technology Choice and Transport
- Author
-
Ali, Rubaba, Barra, A. Federico, Berg, Claudia N., Damania, Richard, Nash, John D., and Russ, Jason
- Subjects
COSTS PER VEHICLE ,INFORMATION ,RETURNS TO SCALE ,INVESTMENT ,CITIES ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,MEASUREMENT ,PRICE INCENTIVES ,ROAD ,EXTERNALITIES ,DECISIONS ,ELASTICITIES ,TRANSPORTATION COST ,TRANSPORTATION COSTS ,CODES ,INCOME ,INVESTMENTS ,OUTCOMES ,VEHICLE ,PRODUCTIVITY ,TRANSPORTATION NETWORK ,INCENTIVES ,HIGHWAY SYSTEM ,GOODS ,PURCHASE PRICE ,TECHNOLOGIES ,COSTS OF TRAVEL ,WALKING ,TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ,ENGINEERS ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,LIVING STANDARDS ,MODELS ,ROAD QUALITY ,BASIC ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,MARKETS ,DEVELOPMENT ,FAILURES ,WAGES ,RAILROAD ,GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT ,DIGITAL ,WELFARE ,PRODUCTION ,VEHICLE SPEED ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,DECISION MAKING ,ROAD NETWORK ,ELASTICITY ,LITERACY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,LIQUIDITY ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE ,FUNCTIONAL FORMS ,TRADE ,IT ,CULTURAL CHANGE ,PEDESTRIANS ,TRAVEL SPEED ,AT ,COMPETITIVE MARKETS ,TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY ,COSTS ,PIXELS ,WEALTH ,TRAVEL TIMES ,DATA ,AGRICULTURE ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,RESEARCH ,FUEL ,ACCESSIBILITY ,VARIABLES ,UTILITY FUNCTION ,VEHICLE COST ,CONNECTIVITY ,TRAVEL COSTS ,ROUTE ,PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS ,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ,ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,IMPACT OF TRANSPORT ,ROADS ,TRAVEL TIME ,UTILITY ,VALUE ,ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ,POLICIES ,HIGHWAY ,POLICY ,CHOICE ,IMPACT OF TRANSPORT COSTS ,TRAVEL ,ATTRIBUTES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,TRANSACTIONS COSTS ,REVENUE ,PRICE OF FUEL ,FUEL COST ,UNDERDEVELOPMENT ,PARTICIPATION ,NEW TECHNOLOGY ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,LEARNING ,INNOVATIONS ,CREDIT ,FIXED COSTS ,ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ,SYSTEMS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,ROAD TYPE ,FREIGHT ,KNOWLEDGE ,TECHNOLOGY ,ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ,INCREASING RETURNS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,INPUTS ,RADAR ,TRANSPORT ,TRANSPORTATION ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,NEW TECHNOLOGIES ,DIMINISHING RETURNS ,FREIGHT TRANSPORT ,SYSTEM - Abstract
This paper addresses an old and recurring theme in development economics: the slow adoption of new technologies by farmers in many developing countries. The paper explores a somewhat novel link to explain this puzzle -- the link between market access and the incentives to adopt a new technology when there are non-convexities. The paper develops a theoretical model to guide the empirical analysis, which uses spatially disaggregated agricultural production data from Spatial Production Allocation Model and Living Standards Measurement Study survey data for Nigeria. The model is used to estimate the impact of transport costs on crop production, the adoption of modern technologies, and the differential impact on returns of modern versus traditional farmers. To overcome the limitation of data availability on travel costs for much of Africa, road survey data are combined with geographic information road network data to generate the most thorough and accurate road network available. With these data and the Highway Development Management Model, minimum travel costs from each location to the market are computed. Consistent with the theory, analysis finds that transportation costs are critical in determining technology choices, with a greater responsiveness among farmers who adopt modern technologies, and at times a perverse (negative) response to lower transport costs among those who employ more traditional techniques. In sum, the paper presents compelling evidence that the constraints to the adoption of modern technologies and access to markets are interconnected, and so should be targeted jointly.
- Published
- 2015
37. Labor Productivity and Employment Gaps in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Author
-
McCullough, Ellen B.
- Subjects
DOWNWARD BIAS ,INFORMATION ,INVESTMENT ,DISSAVINGS ,RURAL INDUSTRY ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,LABOR ORGANIZATION ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,NON-FARM SECTOR ,MEASUREMENT ,PRODUCTIVITY GAP ,JOB ,EMPLOYMENT ,PERMANENT INCOME ,LAGS ,INCOME ,PRODUCTIVITY ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,WORKERS ,JOBS ,GOVERNMENTS ,INCENTIVES ,OCCUPATIONS ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,SHARES ,BANK ,GOODS ,OCCUPATION ,SERVICE SECTOR ,STANDARDS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,STRATEGIES ,LABOR SUPPLY ,AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,WORKER ,INDUSTRY ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,FINANCE ,ECONOMICS RESEARCH ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICES ,WAGES ,PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES ,RURAL POVERTY ,PURCHASING POWER ,PRODUCTIVITY GAINS ,AGE GROUPS ,HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS ,WELFARE ,GROSS REVENUES ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,ENTERPRISES ,SAFETY NET ,INCOME EARNING ,CONSUMPTION LEVELS ,RURAL WORKERS ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,CONSUMPTION ,PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,SERVICES ,INTEREST RATES ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,TRADE ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,COUNTRY COMPARISONS ,EARNING ,LABOR DEMAND ,SUPPLY ,SAVING ,PAYMENTS ,WORK FORCE ,EMPLOYMENT SHARE ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,NET VALUE ,INDUSTRY WAGE ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,CLERKS ,CONTRACTING ,AGRICULTURE ,DEMAND ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CONSUMERS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,FUTURE RESEARCH ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,ECONOMIC MOBILITY ,LABOR ALLOCATION ,ACCOUNTING ,FACTOR MARKETS ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,RISK ,LABORERS ,LABOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS ,ECONOMETRICS ,POLICIES ,GOVERNANCE ,LABOR SHARE ,BENCHMARK ,WAGE EMPLOYMENT ,TOTAL WAGES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,SAFETY ,EFFECTS ,RETAIL TRADE ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ,TRANSACTIONS COSTS ,REVENUE ,EMPLOYEES ,SERVICE SECTORS ,GROSS SALES ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,MIGRATION ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,EMPLOYMENT LEVELS ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,WAGE RATE ,FIRM LEVEL ,MANAGEMENT ,EXPECTED RETURNS ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,ECONOMICS ,INTEREST ,MARGINAL REVENUE ,INPUTS ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LABOR FORCE ,TRANSPORT ,SAVINGS ,VALUE OF OUTPUT ,SERVICES CATEGORY ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH - Abstract
Drawing on a new set of nationally representative, internationally comparable household surveys, this paper provides an overview of key features of structural transformation—labor allocation and labor productivity—in four African economies. New, micro-based measures of sector labor allocation and cross-sector productivity differentials describe the incentives households face when allocating their labor. These measures are similar to national accounts-based measures that are typically used to characterize structural changes in African economies. However, because agricultural workers supply far fewer hours of labor per year than do workers in other sectors, productivity gaps disappear almost entirely when expressed on a per-hour basis. What look like large productivity gaps in national accounts data could really be employment gaps, calling into question the prospective gains that laborers can achieve through structural transformation. These employment gaps, along with the strong linkages observed between rural non-farm activities and primary agricultural production, highlight agricultures continued relevance to structural change in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Published
- 2015
38. Maximizing Opportunities from Global Supply Chains : An Agenda for Reform
- Author
-
Soejachmoen, Moekti P.
- Subjects
COMMUNICATIONS ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,MARKET ACCESS ,CUSTOMS ,PHONE CONNECTIONS ,PROTOTYPE ,INFORMATION ,INVESTMENT ,COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE ,VALUE ADDED ,COMMUNICATION ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,CONSUMER ELECTRONICS ,CAPABILITY ,TARIFF BARRIERS ,TELECOMMUNICATION ,COMMODITY ,GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS ,INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ,LAGS ,PRODUCTIVITY ,BUYERS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ,TRADE FACILITATION ,INCENTIVES ,CONSUMER MARKET ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,BUSINESS ,TRANSACTIONS ,PRODUCTION PROCESSES ,GOODS ,PROCUREMENT ,TECHNOLOGIES ,MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ,TRADE POLICY ,OUTSOURCING ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ,APPLICATION OF INFORMATION ,LINKS ,ONE-STOP SERVICE ,AUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT ,PHONE ,PRICES ,WAGES ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,VALUE CHAIN ,PRODUCTION ,ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY ,PRODUCT DESIGN ,SUPERVISION ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,THEORY ,PERFORMANCE ,TRENDS ,DEBT ,COPYRIGHT ,TRADE ,FAX ,SUPPLY ,TRADE POLICIES ,COSTS ,MARKETING ,RD ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,OWNERSHIP ,AGRICULTURE ,INNOVATION ,CONSUMERS ,PRODUCTION PROCESS ,TAX INCENTIVES ,GDP ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,MANUFACTURING ,CUSTOMERS ,COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ,GOVERNMENT FUNDING ,BANKRUPTCY ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,NETWORK ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ,RESULT ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,EXPORTS ,GROSS MARGIN ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,NETWORKS ,GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN ,TARGET ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,EQUIPMENT ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,SUPPLY CHAIN ,TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ,CUSTOM ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES ,JOINT VENTURE ,DATABASE ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,MATERIALS ,ADMINISTRATION ,INNOVATIONS ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ,JOINT VENTURES ,TRADITIONAL MARKETS ,SUPPLY CHAINS ,LOW TARIFFS ,BUYER ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,TARGETS ,CONSUMER PREFERENCES ,AUTOMOBILES ,TECHNOLOGY ,MATERIAL ,LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,GLOBALIZATION ,MARKET OPPORTUNITY ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,LOW TARIFF ,RADIO ,RESULTS ,PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT ,WWW ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,INPUTS ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,ICT ,CONSUMER GOODS ,LINK ,COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,HUMAN RESOURCE - Abstract
The pattern of global trade in goods has changed substantially over the last two decades with a rapid increase in trade in intermediate inputs, such as parts and components, and a significant increase in the role of services inputs. Indonesia can benefit greatly from increasing its participation in global supply chains. With GDP expected to grow 5-6 percent annually, Indonesia will by 2030 have an additional 90 million middle class consumers, while 70 percent of the population will be of working age. At present, Indonesia is not reaping gains from economic globalization to the fullest extent due to weak integration into global supply chains. Better integration would allow Indonesia to further diversify its economy. To do so, however, Indonesia needs to improve its infrastructure, the business environment and education levels in order to better participate in, and reap the benefits from, global supply chains.
- Published
- 2015
39. Leveraging Oil and Gas Industry for the Development of a Competitive Private Sector in Uganda
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
DIESEL ENGINES ,GAS POLICY ,DOMESTIC OIL ,WAXES ,WASTE ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,POLLUTION CONTROL ,APPROACH ,PLASTICS ,CHEMICAL PRODUCTS ,VESSELS ,PETROL ,EMPLOYMENT ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,LAND USE ,PETROLEUM INDUSTRY ,ASSESSMENT PROGRAM ,OFFSHORE DRILLING ,NATIONAL OIL ,INCOME ,OIL COMPANY ,CRUDE OIL ,DIESEL ,OIL PRODUCERS ,ORGANIC MATERIAL ,CONCESSION ,HYDROGEN ,OIL ,GAS INDUSTRY ,OIL AND GAS SECTOR ,TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ,BALANCE ,LICENSEE ,OIL FIELD ,GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ,EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES ,OIL DISCOVERY ,PRICE COMPETITIVENESS ,OIL EXPLORATION ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,PIPELINE ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ,MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS ,REFINERY ,LUBRICANTS ,OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES ,PIPES ,DEMAND FOR ENERGY ,GAS OPERATIONS ,RAW MATERIAL ,OIL PRODUCTS ,POLLUTION ,EXPLORATION PROCESS ,OIL RESERVES ,WAGES ,PETROLEUM ,NATIONAL INCOME ,REFINERIES ,DEVELOPMENT DRILLING ,FUEL OIL ,AQUACULTURE ,OIL INDUSTRY ,SUBSOIL USERS ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,NATIONAL ECONOMY ,GAS EXPLORATION ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,DRILLING ACTIVITY ,OIL EXTRACTION ,LNG ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,PETROLEUM SECTOR ,WEALTH CREATION ,OIL PRODUCER ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,FIELD DEVELOPMENT PLAN ,OIL SPILL ,CONSUMERS ,WIND POWER ,FUEL ,ELECTRICITY ,WTO ,DISASTER PREVENTION ,GDP ,TAX INCENTIVES ,CARBON ,OIL FIELDS ,PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACTS ,CARBON DIOXIDE ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,GAS OIL ,PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,TAXATION ,GROWTH POTENTIAL ,PETROLEUM LEGISLATION ,OIL RESOURCES ,HYDROGEN SULFIDE ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,OIL PRODUCING ,OIL REFINERY ,PETROCHEMICALS ,ENERGY SECURITY ,VEHICLES ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,CARBON ATOMS ,GAS PIPELINES ,BILATERAL TRADE ,LDCS ,OIL SECTOR ,GAS SUPPLIERS ,REFINING ,INEFFICIENCY ,GASOLINE ,URUGUAY ROUND ,NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION ,EFFICIENT USE ,KEROSENE ,SHIPS ,SOURCE OF ENERGY ,NATURAL GAS ,OIL AMP ,GAS ,CEMENT ,NDP ,OIL DISCOVERIES ,OIL REVENUES ,MOTOR FUEL ,GAS COMPANY ,GAS FIELD ,PETROLEUM COKE ,PETROLEUM EXPLORATION ,BIRDS ,PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION ,MILLION TONS OF OIL ,AVAILABILITY ,OFFSHORE OIL ,INTERNATIONAL OIL COMPANIES ,OIL PRODUCTION ,WIND ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,MINERAL ,ADVERSE EFFECTS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,OIL RIGS ,OIL AND GAS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE ,DEVELOPMENT POLICIES - Abstract
The study represents a background study for the proposed Uganda Country Economic Memorandum (CEM), which seeks to address the issue of efficient use of oil resources and examine synergies between the oil industry and the rest of the economy, through growth poles or linkages. The oil industry can help Uganda to promote robust growth in the economy. However, it is important to keep in mind that it will take a number of years until oil revenues start flowing into Uganda s economy. After the Final Investment Decision (FID) is reached, it will take time to develop the oil fields and start oil production. In the meantime, there are immediate opportunities opening up for Uganda s businesses to supply the oil industry with goods and services. In most cases, Uganda s suppliers, especially micro, small and medium enterpises (MSMEs), are not expected to become first tier contractors to the International Oil Company (IOCs). The main objective of this study is to provide recommendations to the Government of Uganda (GoU) on policies and strategies of leveraging the oil discoveries for the development of the national economy in order to transform the oil resources into sustained growth. The study reviews the typology of policies for local sourcing used in the world. It includes ample examples of other countries experiences with developing their local content policies and providing support to priority sectors to boost local content which could be useful for Uganda from the standpoint of lessons learned. The study conducts a detailed analysis of the binding constraints faced by domestic oil and gas suppliers in Uganda, takes stock of existing national content support initiatives and identifies areas which are in urgent need of further support. The study examines how the oil sector can be used as a driver of agriculture and fisheries sectors in the Albertine Region and other regions of Uganda from the standpoint of food supply to the oil camps.
- Published
- 2015
40. China and Africa : Expanding Economic Ties in an Evolving Global Context
- Author
-
Pigato, Miria and Tang, Wenxia
- Subjects
GROWTH RATES ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,WORLD TRADE ,AMOUNT OF CAPITAL ,CREDIT PROGRAMS ,COMMODITIES ,GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION ,MULTINATIONALS ,INFLATION ,DIRECT ACCESS ,RENEWABLE ENERGY ,INCOME ,EXPORT GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL SECTORS ,URBANIZATION ,BACKED FINANCING ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,PRIVATE ENTERPRISES ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,CREDIT LINES ,DEVELOPMENT BANKS ,OUTSOURCING ,TRANSPARENCY ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,PRICE INCREASES ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,PENSIONS ,LOAN PROGRAMS ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,HOLDING ,NEW BUSINESS ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS ,OIL RESERVES ,TRADE BARRIERS ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,CONSUMPTION RATES ,INTEREST RATES ,LARGE-SCALE INVESTMENT ,INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY ,LOAN SIZE ,CAPITAL REQUIREMENT ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,FIXED CAPITAL ,INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING ,LOCAL MARKET ,TAX RATE ,CONSUMERS ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,INVESTMENT PROJECTS ,GDP ,REGISTRATION PROCESS ,OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTERS ,TRADE BALANCE ,BASE YEAR ,PORTFOLIO ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTER ,RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,INCOME TAX ,EXPORT CREDITS ,FINANCIAL NETWORK ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,BILATERAL TRANSACTIONS ,CAPITAL STOCK ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,EXCHANGE RATE ,EQUIPMENT ,FOREIGN CAPITAL ,CURRENCY ,DIVERSIFICATION ,FORECASTS ,MERGERS ,UNION ,LOAN ,REAL EXCHANGE RATES ,COMMODITY PRICES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,SECURITIES ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,PRIVATE MARKETS ,EXPOSURE ,GLOBALIZATION ,LABOR MARKETS ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,REAL ESTATE ,BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,TRADING ,ECONOMIC POWERS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,PROFIT MARGIN ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,BANKING LAWS ,EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ,STABILIZATION POLICIES ,FINANCIAL FLOWS ,VOLATILITY ,TAX SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,INITIAL INVESTMENT ,TRANSACTION ,FOREIGN TRADE ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,EXCHANGE RATES ,PRIVATE INVESTMENTS ,FREE LOANS ,TRUST FUND ,COMMODITY ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE ,MACROECONOMICS ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY ,INVESTING ,INVESTMENT FLOWS ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT ,REGISTRATION SYSTEM ,BACKED LOANS ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,LARGE-SCALE INVESTMENTS ,FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE ,COUNTRY MARKETS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,GLOBAL EXPORTS ,EXPORTERS ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,WAGES ,DEVELOPMENT FINANCE ,LINE OF CREDIT ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES ,EXPORTER ,NATURAL RESOURCE ,LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRY ,APPROVAL PROCESS ,CREDIT LINE ,PRODUCTION CAPACITY ,COMMODITY PRICE ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ,COMMERCIAL LOANS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,AGRICULTURE ,DIVIDENDS ,FREE TRADE ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,DEVELOPING ECONOMIES ,POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,HOME COUNTRY ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,WAGE RATES ,PRIVATE ENTERPRISE ,INVESTMENT POLICY ,ACCOUNTING ,LIBERALIZATION ,FINANCES ,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT ,COMMERCIAL LENDING ,BANK FINANCING ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,BENCHMARK ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,OUTPUT ,PRIVATE INVESTORS ,RATE OF RETURN ,INSURANCE ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ,RATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL ,TRADE PROTECTIONS ,CREDIT ACCESS ,TRANSITION ECONOMIES ,DOUBLE TAXATION ,COMPETITION POLICIES ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ,FINANCIAL BENEFITS ,GROWTH RATE ,JOINT VENTURES ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,INVESTMENT CONTRACTS ,MONETARY FUND ,FOREIGN OWNERSHIP ,TRANSFER PAYMENTS ,WORLD ECONOMY ,SCHOLARSHIPS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,JOB CREATION ,FIXED INVESTMENT ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,CONSUMER GOODS ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,GLOBAL INVESTMENT ,OPERATING COSTS - Abstract
Economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has averaged roughly 5 percent per year over the past decade, improving living standards and bolstering human development indicators across the continent. Stronger public institutions, a supportive, private sector focused policy environment, responsible macroeconomic management, and a sustained commitment to structural reforms have greatly expanded opportunities for countries in SSA to participate in global markets. In recent years, many countries in the region have benefited from an increasingly favorable external environment, high commodity prices, and an especially strong demand for natural resources by emerging economies, particularly China. Over the longer term, leveraging Chinese investment to support broad-based growth will require policies designed to boost the competitiveness of sectors in which China s economic rebalancing may create a comparative advantage for SSA. To date, few African countries have been able to benefit from large-scale Chinese investment outside the resource sector. However, as China s growth slows and its economy shifts toward a more consumption-driven model, it is likely that global demand for resource imports will slow as well. Countries with the most heavily concentrated export mix, particularly in the mineral and oil sectors are the most vulnerable to China s economic rebalancing and should be ready to adopt measures to mitigate the impact of negative terms-of-trade shocks. By contrast, as wage rates in China continue to rise and firms refocus their attention on domestic demand, countries in SSA will be well positioned to exploit emerging opportunities for investment in export-oriented manufacturing. Ethiopia provides an instructive example, as its inexpensive yet relatively skilled labor force, coupled with the government s proactive efforts to court Chinese investors, have enabled Ethiopia to attract substantial investments in labor-intensive industries. Infrastructure enhancement, workforce development, and good-governance reforms offer a promising strategy for many countries in the region. Although the establishment of industrial zones has yielded mixed results, several salient success stories warrant careful attention. This report discusses how Africa could take advantage of the untapped opportunities offered by China s progressively intensifying investment and trade ties with SSA. It is hoped that this analysis will enrich the ongoing dialogue between policy makers, private firms, and civil society regarding China s increasingly important role in the growth and development of Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Published
- 2015
41. Kenya Economic Update, December 2014, No. 11 : Anchoring High Growth
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
REAL INCOME ,TRANSMISSION OF MONETARY POLICY ,TOTAL DEBT ,GROWTH RATES ,NATIONAL TREASURY ,VALUE ADDED ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,WORLD TRADE ,CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ,DEPOSIT ,INFLATION ,POTENTIAL OUTPUT ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,POLICY MAKERS ,HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT ,EXPORT GROWTH ,FEDERAL RESERVE ,PUBLIC BORROWING ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,COMPETITIVENESS ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,DEBT SERVICE ,CREDIT GROWTH ,TAX REFORMS ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURE ,RISK FACTORS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,PENSIONS ,PRIVATE SECTOR CREDIT ,DEBT LEVELS ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,AUCTION ,BUDGET SURPLUSES ,BASIS POINTS ,LENDING INTEREST RATE ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,MONETARY POLICY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,LIQUIDITY ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,INTEREST RATES ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,PUBLIC DEBT ,CASH MANAGEMENT ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,SHORT-TERM INTEREST RATES ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES ,SECURITIES EXCHANGE ,SOVEREIGN BOND ,DEVOLUTION ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CONSUMERS ,INTEREST RATE SPREAD ,INVESTMENT PROJECTS ,WTO ,GDP ,TREASURY BILLS ,FISCAL AUTONOMY ,INFLATIONARY PRESSURE ,TREASURY BILL RATE ,ELECTRICITY GENERATION ,TRADE BALANCE ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,BASE YEAR ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,TAXATION ,CONSOLIDATION ,INCOME TAX ,EXPORTS ,DOMESTIC FINANCIAL MARKETS ,DOMESTIC BORROWING ,CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,FISCAL POLICY ,INVESTMENT DECISIONS ,BOND MARKET ,EQUIPMENT ,PRIVATE CREDIT ,CAPITAL ACCOUNT ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET ,CAPITAL GOODS ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,EXTERNAL BORROWING ,ECONOMISTS ,LOAN ,MARKET DISTORTIONS ,TAX REVENUES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,SECURITIES ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,BANK RATE ,MARKET SHARE ,TAX LAWS ,ACCESS TO CAPITAL ,EQUALIZATION ,TRADING ,WATER SUPPLY ,TRANSPORT ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ,INVESTMENT SPENDING ,SHARE OF CREDIT ,TREASURY BILL ,EXPORT PERFORMANCE ,ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY ,TAX SYSTEM ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,COMMERCIAL TERMS ,CAPITAL FLOWS ,TAX ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,STOCK MARKET ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,TARIFF BARRIERS ,COMMODITY ,MATURITIES ,STOCKS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,TOTAL REVENUE ,DEBT REPAYMENT ,LONG-TERM INTEREST RATES ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,TERRORISM ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,INVESTING ,CROWDING OUT ,INFLATION RATE ,OIL ,LONG-TERM CAPITAL ,COMMON MARKET ,RESERVES ,RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ,FUNDS FLOW ,TRADE POLICY ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,TREASURY BONDS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,FISHING ,CONSUMER DURABLES ,GROWTH PROJECTIONS ,EXPORTERS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS ,TAX REVENUE ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,WAGES ,CAPITAL GAINS ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,NATIONAL INCOME ,LEVIES ,LABOR MARKET ,SHORT-TERM CAPITAL ,GDP PER CAPITA ,DEBT PAYMENTS ,DEBT ,MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ,EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS ,TRADE POLICIES ,COMMODITY PRICE ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,FIRM PERFORMANCE ,CENTRAL BANK ,MONETARY POLICIES ,AGRICULTURE ,PRIVATE CONSUMPTION ,CAPITAL OUTFLOWS ,DOMESTIC DEBT ,M1 ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,M3 ,M2 ,FISCAL DISCIPLINE ,MONEY SUPPLY ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,MARKET LAWS ,ACCOUNTING ,AGGREGATE DEMAND ,REMITTANCES ,MARKET ANALYST ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,FUTURE GROWTH ,LONG-TERM INTEREST RATE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,OIL PRICES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,INSURANCE ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURES ,SAVINGS RATE ,LONG-TERM INTEREST ,EUROBOND ,TREASURY ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,INEFFICIENCY ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,PUBLIC POLICY ,GROWTH RATE ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,COMPETITIVE MARKET ,NEW ENTRANTS ,MONETARY FUND ,EQUITY FUNDS ,FORESTRY ,RISK AVERSE ,JOB CREATION ,NATIONAL SECURITY ,ITC ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LABOR FORCE ,LACK OF COMPETITION ,SAVINGS ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,DEBT BURDEN ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,INTEREST RATE ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,EXPENDITURE ,HUMAN RESOURCE ,OPERATING COSTS - Abstract
This is the eleventh edition of the Kenya Economic Update. The special focus of this update examines the structural factors underpinning the poor performance of the manufacturing sector. Drawing on recent firm-level data from the 2010 Industrial Census and the 2013 Enterprise Survey. It investigates the extent to which the sector's lack of dynamism reflects problems in Kenya's business environment, which compares poorly to regional neighbors' on several manufacturing-relevant dimensions. The report has four main messages: First, Kenya begins 2015 in a sound economic position. After growing an estimated 5.4 percent in 2014, its economy is poised to be among the fastest growing in the region, with growth projected at 6.0 percent in 2015, 6.6 percent in 2016, and 7.0 percent in 2017. Second, the external sector remains weak and vulnerable, as import growth continue to outpace export growth and short-term flows finance the current account deficit. The large deficit points to underlying structural weaknesses in Kenya's economy, which need to be addressed. Third, Kenya needs to increase the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector so that it can grow, export, and create much-needed jobs. As a share of GDP, Kenya's manufacturing sector has been stagnant in recent years, and it has lost international market share; lastly, the weak business environmentis a key constraint for the manufacturing sector. Obstacles to doing business affect this sector more than many others because manufacturing needs access to capital for investments, infrastructure to import inputs and export and distribute finished products, affordable and reliable electricity to produce, labor to man operations, and fair and streamlined regulations and trade policies that allow firms to compete.
- Published
- 2014
42. China Economic Update, June 2014
- Author
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Smits, Karlis, Hu, Bingjie, Luo, Binglie, Ollero, Tony, Vashakmadze, Ekaterine, Rohland, Klaus, Shetty, Sudhir, Hoftman, Bert, and Goh, Chorching
- Subjects
RESERVE REQUIREMENTS ,REAL INCOME ,WARRANTS ,GLOBAL MARKET ,GROWTH RATES ,MARGINAL PRODUCT ,VALUE ADDED ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,INFLATIONARY PRESSURES ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES ,GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION ,ENTRY BARRIERS ,PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT ,INFLATION ,EXTERNAL POSITION ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,BROAD MONEY ,SUPPLY SIDE ,health care economics and organizations ,WEAK DEMAND ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,EXPORT GROWTH ,TRADE NEGOTIATIONS ,BANK LOAN ,DISPOSABLE INCOME ,GOVERNMENT BORROWING ,COMPETITIVENESS ,RETURNS ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,CREDIT GROWTH ,BONDS ,SHORTFALLS ,DEBT RATIOS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES ,LIQUIDITY CONDITIONS ,TRANSPARENCY ,DOMESTIC SAVINGS ,PRICE INCREASES ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,SECTOR REFORMS ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,ASSET VALUES ,DEMAND GROWTH ,ASSET PORTFOLIOS ,PURCHASING POWER ,OPTIMIZATION ,STATE BANKS ,INDEBTEDNESS ,EXCESS SUPPLY ,ELASTICITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,IMPLICIT GUARANTEES ,SLOWDOWN ,LIQUIDITY ,CREDIT EXPANSION ,INTEREST RATES ,PUBLIC DEBT ,ARREARS ,CONTINGENT LIABILITIES ,INCOME LEVELS ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,MARKET DYNAMICS ,PRICE CHANGES ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,SHORT MATURITIES ,GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION ,LENDING PRACTICES ,FIXED CAPITAL ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,BANK DEBT ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CONSUMERS ,FULL EMPLOYMENT ,GDP ,TRADE BALANCE ,PORTFOLIO ,DISTORTIONS ,DEBT BURDENS ,GOVERNMENT REVENUES ,INCOME TAX ,REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT ,ECONOMIC INEFFICIENCY ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,OUTSTANDING BANK LOANS ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,CAPITAL STOCK ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,FISCAL POLICY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,MARKET FORCES ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,CURRENCY ,BOND ,STABLE GROWTH ,CAPITAL ACCOUNT ,DOMESTIC DEMAND ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,FOREIGN CURRENCIES ,TAX REVENUES ,NONPERFORMING LOANS ,REAL GDP ,SPOT RATE ,LABOR MARKETS ,INCOME GROUPS ,REPAYMENT ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,TIGHT PEG ,HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES ,TRADING ,ACCUMULATION OF DEBT ,OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,INCOME GROWTH ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,TAX POLICIES ,DECLINE IN INVESTMENT ,INVESTMENT SPENDING ,MARKET ECONOMY ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,EXTERNAL BALANCE ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,MARKET ACCESS ,CAPITAL FLOWS ,TAX ,BANKING SYSTEM ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,DEBT-SERVICE ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,BANKING UNION ,IMPLICIT GOVERNMENT GUARANTEES ,OPEN MARKET ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,PRODUCTIVITY ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,INVESTING ,PUBLIC INVESTMENTS ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,FOOD PRICES ,REGISTRATION SYSTEM ,BALANCE SHEETS ,ASSETS ,MARKET REFORMS ,DRAG ON GROWTH ,TRADE DATA ,CONSUMPTION INCREASES ,GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS ,MEASURE OF INVESTMENT ,TAX COLLECTION ,REAL ESTATE INVESTMENTS ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,TREASURY BONDS ,DEBT PER CAPITA ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS ,SURPLUSES ,SUPPLY CONSTRAINTS ,TRADE DEFICIT ,WAGES ,SOFT BUDGET CONSTRAINTS ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,NET EXPORTS ,BUFFERS ,EXPORTER ,LABOR MARKET ,SAFETY NET ,CONSUMPTION LEVELS ,GOVERNMENT FINANCING ,GDP PER CAPITA ,DEBT ,CUSTOMS DUTIES ,BOND MARKETS ,FIXED ASSET ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CENTRAL BANK ,MONETARY POLICIES ,RETURN ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,AGRICULTURE ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,M2 ,CORPORATE DEBT ,FISCAL DISCIPLINE ,TAX INCENTIVES ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,EXTERNAL DEMAND ,FINANCIAL RISKS ,GLOBAL TRADE ,SPECULATIVE CAPITAL INFLOWS ,DEBT STOCK ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,PRICE RISKS ,RESERVE ,FINANCIAL STABILITY ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,CORPORATE BONDS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,BANK LOANS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT ,TREASURY ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,DEBT MANAGEMENT ,IMPORTS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUS ,GROWTH RATE ,TRANSFER PAYMENTS ,CONSUMPTION GROWTH ,IMBALANCES ,DOMESTIC ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,CAPITAL INFLOWS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,CONSUMER GOODS ,INTEREST RATE ,LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Chinas economic growth is gradually slowing as the structural transformation of the economy continues. Output grew by 7.7 percent in 2013, matching its 2012 growth rate and exceeding the governments 7.5 percent indicative target. In recent months economic activity, including industrial production, started to show signs of acceleration. The recent acceleration, expected to continue into the next two quarters, is partly reflecting the effect of new growth-supporting measures, robust consumption, and a recovery of external demand. Chinas growth will continue to moderate over the medium term, and the structural shifts will become more evident. Growth in China is expected to decrease marginally to 7.6 percent in 2014 and 7.5 percent in 2015, from 7.7 percent in 2013. Fiscal and financial sector reforms are needed to address financial stability risks in the medium run. The first task involves effectively managing the process of rapid credit growth, including less well-regulated shadow banking system. The second involves gradual and orderly deleveraging of large stock of local government debt accumulated through off-budget and quasi-fiscal platforms.
- Published
- 2014
43. Republic of India Manufacturing Plan Implementation : A New Agenda--Improving the Competitiveness of the Textiles and Apparel Value Chain in India
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
WAREHOUSE ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,PRODUCERS ,MARKET ACCESS ,TAX RATES ,INVESTMENT ,INVENTORY ,POLLUTION CONTROL ,EXCHANGE RATES ,MARKET FRAGMENTATION ,RETAILING ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,CRITERIA ,STOCKS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,SUBSTITUTE ,INCOME ,INVESTMENTS ,OUTCOMES ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PRODUCTIVITY ,VALUES ,MIDDLEMEN ,SUBSTITUTION ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,STOCK ,COMPETITIVENESS ,INCENTIVES ,BONDS ,PRICE ADVANTAGES ,GOODS ,LABOR COSTS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,REGULATORY REGIMES ,TYING ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ,EXPORT MARKET ,INVENTORIES ,SUBSIDIES ,ECONOMIC SECTORS ,MARKETS ,QUALITY STANDARDS ,AUCTION ,MARKET STRUCTURE ,DEVELOPMENT ,FAILURES ,POLLUTION ,PRICES ,WAGES ,TRADE BARRIERS ,COST ANALYSIS ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,ENVIRONMENT ,SUPPLIER ,PURCHASING ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,CONSUMPTION ,THEORY ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,TRENDS ,INCOME LEVELS ,MARKET FAILURE ,PRODUCTS ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,MARKET ,SUPPLY ,BRAND EQUITY ,PAYMENTS ,IMPORT BARRIERS ,EXCISE TAXES ,UNFAIR COMPETITION ,SPOT PRICES ,COSTS ,MARKETING ,ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ,AGRICULTURE ,DEMAND ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,BRAND ,SURPLUS ,WTO ,PRODUCT ,GDP ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,CAPITAL ,TAXATION ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY ,ECONOMIES ,TARIFFS ,BENCHMARK ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,BENCHMARKS ,EFFECTIVE STRATEGY ,SUPPLIERS ,SUPPLY CHAIN ,REVENUE ,TURNOVER ,PRICE ,SPREAD ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,FORECASTS ,COTTON PRICES ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,COMPETITION ,BRANDS ,DUMPING ,CREDIT ,GROWTH RATE ,SECURITIES ,SUPPLY CHAINS ,MARKET SHARE ,MARKET FAILURES ,DAMAGES ,SALES ,BRAND NAMES ,ECONOMICS ,INTEREST ,INPUTS ,SUBSIDY ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,OLIGOPOLY ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,RETAIL ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,INTEREST RATE ,SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT ,VOLATILITY ,BENCHMARKING - Abstract
This set of reports on manufacturing plans implementation in India includes the following: (1) A new agenda. Improving the competitiveness of the textiles and apparel value chain in India report is structured as follows: section one sets out the context, describing trends in global markets and in the textiles and apparel supply chain in India; section two analyzes in detail the choke points that are hindering the growth of the latter; section three sets out a reform agenda to address them; and section four concludes. (2) Fast tracking Indias electronics manufacturing industry. Business environment and industrial policy examines the prospects for India to meet its potential. Drawing on extensive survey questionnaires and interviews with key industry players (both domestic and foreign) and relevant government agencies, this study identifies major challenges India-based companies face in engaging in electronics manufacturing. The analysis culminates in detailed policy suggestions for regulatory reform and support policies needed to unblock barriers to investment in this industry and to fast-track it’s upgrading through innovation. (3) Supply chain delays and uncertainty in India. The hidden constraint on manufacturing growth report provides the context of the freight and logistics industry in India; describes the headline impacts of its performance on manufacturing firms; explores variations in this impact and causes thereof; and concludes with a more detailed look at the reform agenda this motivates.
- Published
- 2014
44. Kazakhstan - On the Crest of the Oil Wave : Kazakhstan Economic Update, Spring 2013
- Author
-
Sarsenov, Ilyas and Madani, Dorsati
- Subjects
CONSUMER CHOICE ,FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,REAL INCOME ,INVESTMENT ,TAX EXEMPTIONS ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,PENSION FUNDS ,NATURAL MONOPOLIES ,MEASUREMENT ,INFLATION ,DISCOUNT ,CURRENCY REGULATIONS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,COMPETITIVENESS ,STOCK ,INCENTIVES ,POVERTY ,INVESTORS ,PENSION ,SHARES ,NON-PERFORMING LOANS ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,INTERESTS ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,PRICE INCREASES ,NPL ,PENSIONS ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,DEPOSITS ,MARKETS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES ,OIL RESERVES ,BUDGET SURPLUSES ,FISCAL YEAR ,PURCHASING POWER ,TRADE BARRIERS ,INDEBTEDNESS ,PRODUCTION ,ASSET MANAGEMENT ,BALANCE SHEET ,BASIS POINTS ,EXCESS SUPPLY ,SWAP ,BUDGET SURPLUS ,MONETARY POLICY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,MONEY ,MERITOCRACY ,CONSUMPTION ,LIQUIDITY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,PUBLIC DEBT ,DEBT RESTRUCTURING ,MARKET ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,DOMESTIC CREDIT ,LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS ,PENSION REFORM ,PROPERTY ,FIXED CAPITAL ,WEALTH ,LOAN PORTFOLIO ,DEMAND ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,WTO ,GDP ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS ,TRADE BALANCE ,PORTFOLIO ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,INCOME TAX ,SECURITY ,BALANCE DUE ,EXPORTS ,MARKET PARTICIPANTS ,MARKET SIZE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,OUTSTANDING CREDIT ,INSOLVENCY REGIME ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,DECENTRALIZATION ,FISCAL POLICY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,GOOD ,EQUIPMENT ,REVENUE ,CURRENCY ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET ,LOAN ,COMMODITY PRICES ,MATURITY ,FUTURE ,MARKET INFORMATION ,REAL GDP ,JUDICIAL SYSTEM ,MICROFINANCE ,CREDIT RATING ,POOR ASSET QUALITY ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,CONTRACTS ,HOUSING ,CAPITALIZATION ,TRADING ,GOVERNMENT INVESTMENTS ,TRADE DIVERSION ,BUDGETING ,RESERVE FUND ,PENSION SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,REVENUES ,MARKET ECONOMY ,TAX RATES ,BANKING SYSTEM ,BUDGET ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,PENSION FUND ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,TARIFF BARRIERS ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,PRIVATE INVESTMENTS ,FINANCIAL ASSETS ,CREDITOR ,TOTAL REVENUE ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,RISK AVERSION ,BANK LENDING ,LENDING ,INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING ,MACROECONOMICS ,OUTCOMES ,INSTRUMENT ,INVESTING ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,INVESTMENT FUND ,RULE OF LAW ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,INFLATION RATE ,ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ,MARKET INDEX ,OPTIONS ,GUARANTEE ,RESERVES ,GOODS ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,PUBLIC ASSETS ,TRADE POLICY ,CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,TARIFF ,LIVING STANDARDS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,INDUSTRY ,INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS ,GROWTH PROJECTIONS ,PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS ,FINANCE ,FOREIGN INVESTOR ,EXPORTERS ,DOMESTIC SECURITIES ,ACCESS TO FINANCING ,WAGES ,PENSION RIGHT ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,NET EXPORTS ,LIABILITIES ,ENTERPRISES ,EXPORTER ,LABOR MARKET ,CIVIL SERVICE ,INFLUENCE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,INSTRUMENTS ,SERVICES ,ECONOMIC EXPANSION ,BANKING SECTOR ,CAPITAL ADEQUACY ,IPO ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,CENTRAL BANK ,MONETARY POLICIES ,RELIGIOUS SOCIETY ,AGRICULTURE ,NATIONAL BANK ,FREE TRADE ,DOMESTIC DEBT ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,DIRECT INVESTMENTS ,MONEY SUPPLY ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,EXCHANGE ,GROWTH POTENTIAL ,UTILITY ,CONFLICT OF INTEREST ,REMITTANCES ,TARIFFS ,GOVERNANCE ,WITHDRAWALS ,OIL PRICES ,RESERVE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,INSURANCE ,PENSION SYSTEM REFORM ,RATE OF RETURNS ,INSURANCE CORPORATION ,EQUITY ,PRIVATE BANK ,TAXES ,TRUSTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,DEMAND DEPOSITS ,MIGRATION ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,LOCAL BANKS ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,EXPENDITURES ,CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUS ,LEGISLATION ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,PROBLEM LOANS ,BANK LIQUIDITY ,RATES OF RETURN ,OIL PRICE ,LABOR ,INTEREST ,FIXED INVESTMENT ,INPUTS ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,SAVINGS ,CAPITAL INFLOWS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,SHARE ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,FOREIGN CURRENCY ,INTEREST RATE ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Economic growth slowed in 2012 due to capacity constraints in the oil sector, weaker global demand for metals, and unfavorable weather conditions affecting crop production. Overall, industrial output expanded by 0.5 percent in 2012, with negligible contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth for the year. Against the decline of agriculture, and little change in industry overall, real GDP growth was supported by a 10 percent year/year growth of the services sector in 2012. Higher export revenues supported strong domestic demand for trade and transportation, as well as for other non-tradable services. High oil prices continued spurring domestic consumption while fixed capital investments remained depressed. Private consumption remains the main contributor to GDP growth as it has been growing by 9-10 percent a year since 2010, supported by favorable commodity prices and high oil export revenue. Exports of oil largely influence the composition of Kazakhstans trading partners, while membership in the customs union appears to be affecting composition of imports. The European Union (EU) maintains the first place among trading partners of Kazakhstan, mainly due to large imports of oil and other mineral resources from Kazakhstan. Overall, employment creation continues to be driven by the services sector. Kazakhstan growth has been pro-poor, driven by job creation and real income gains. However, income disparity, which had improved up to 2009, has worsened slightly due to the crisis.
- Published
- 2013
45. Ethiopia Economic Update, November 2012 : Overcoming Inflation, Raising Competitiveness
- Author
-
Geiger, Michael and Goh, Chorching
- Subjects
PRICE LEVELS ,REAL INCOME ,VALUE ADDED ,EXTREME POVERTY ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,WORLD TRADE ,FOOD PRICE ,INFLATIONARY PRESSURES ,GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION ,NOMINAL INTEREST RATE ,INFLATION ,NOMINAL ANCHOR ,FISCAL BALANCE ,RESERVE MONEY ,CONSUMER PRICES ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,EXPORT MARKETS ,EXPROPRIATION ,BROAD MONEY ,REGIONAL INFLATION ,SHORTFALL ,SERVICES MARKET ,INCOME ,INPUT PRICES ,NATIONAL FINANCES ,REAL INTEREST RATE ,IMPORT ,COMPETITIVENESS ,PERSONAL INCOME ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,RETURNS ,DEBT SERVICE ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,CREDIT GROWTH ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,MARKET ENVIRONMENT ,CAPITAL INCOME ,RATE OF GROWTH ,HIGH INFLATION ,DOMESTIC SAVINGS ,AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY ,CONSUMPTION BASKETS ,PRICE INFLATION ,PURCHASING POWER ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,DEVALUATION ,ECONOMIC SITUATION ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,ELASTICITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,SLOWDOWN ,LIQUIDITY ,PRICE INCREASE ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,PUBLIC DEBT ,LEVELS OF EXPORTS ,PRIVATE SAVINGS ,CAPITAL REQUIREMENT ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,CONSUMER PRICE INFLATION ,FIXED CAPITAL ,CURRENCY DEVALUATION ,FINANCING REQUIREMENTS ,PRICE OF GOOD ,CONSUMERS ,MARKET PRICES ,RETAIL PRICES ,SURPLUS ,WTO ,GDP ,PRIVATE PROPERTY ,TRADE BALANCE ,DISTORTIONS ,FINANCIAL PRESSURE ,INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES ,PRICE INDICES ,TAXATION ,EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION ,INCOME TAX ,EXPORTS ,EXTERNAL TRADE ,POSITIVE EFFECTS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE ,FISCAL POLICY ,CENTRAL BANK POLICY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,INVESTMENT DECISIONS ,MARKET FORCES ,CURRENCY ,FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ,INVESTMENT RATE ,CAPITAL GOODS ,BALANCE OF PAYMENT ,DEBT FINANCING ,FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,REAL GDP ,EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE RATE ,INVESTMENT PATTERNS ,MONETARY TRANSMISSION ,ECONOMIC SIZE ,GLOBALIZATION ,INCOME GROUPS ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,MARKET INTEGRATION ,INVESTMENT LEVELS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,IMBALANCE ,INCOME GROWTH ,RELATIVE PRICE ,BUDGETING ,FINANCIAL HEALTH ,INFLATION EXPECTATIONS ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,LEVERAGE ,TOTAL RESERVES ,TRANSACTION ,BANK POLICY ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,MONETARY CONDITIONS ,TAX ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,BANKING SYSTEM ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,DEPRECIATION ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,PRICE DYNAMICS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,POPULATION GROWTH ,PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION ,SUBSTITUTION ,INFLATION RATE ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,COMMON MARKET ,RESERVES ,ASSETS ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,PRODUCER PRICES ,CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ,TAX COLLECTION ,TOTAL EXPORT ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ,LIVING STANDARDS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,TAX REFORM ,REAL EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE RATE ,TOTAL IMPORT ,TRADE DEFICIT ,WAGES ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,GOLD ,LABOR MARKET ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRY ,NATIONAL ECONOMY ,REAL INTEREST ,GDP PER CAPITA ,DEBT ,ECONOMIC EXPANSION ,DURABLE ,NATIONAL INVESTMENT ,FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ,MARKETING ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,CENTRAL BANK ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,RESERVE REQUIREMENT ,AGRICULTURE ,NATIONAL BANK ,PRICE CHANGE ,FREE TRADE ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,INFLATION TARGET ,TARIFF INCREASES ,DEFICITS ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,PRIVATE BANKS ,RETAIL PRICE ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,GLOBAL TRADE ,REAL INTEREST RATES ,RESERVE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,PRIVATE INVESTORS ,INSURANCE ,SAVINGS RATE ,CENTRAL BANK BILLS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,CEREAL PRICE ,PRICE VOLATILITY ,MARKETIZATION ,GROWTH RATE ,ADVERSE SHOCK ,CORE INFLATION ,RESERVE ACCUMULATION ,MONETARY FUND ,CONSUMPTION GROWTH ,GOVERNMENT DEFICIT ,DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION ,NATIONAL SAVING ,CASH FLOWS ,LABOR FORCE ,SAVINGS ,RETAIL ,CONSUMER GOODS ,EXPERIENCE OF COUNTRIES ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Since 2004 (Ethiopian Fiscal Year (EFY) 1997), Ethiopia has experienced strong and generally broad-based real economic growth of around 10.6 percent on average between then and 2011. Growth over the last nine years was far beyond the growth rates recorded in aggregate terms for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which on average only reached 5.2 percent, less than half of Ethiopia's average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate during that period. Inspired by the East Asian experiences for a comparison of selected indicators and policies of Ethiopia and China/Korea), growth was induced through a mix of factors including agricultural modernization, the development of new export sectors, strong global commodity demand, and government-led development investments. The initial double digits growth rates have now manifested slightly lower but remain at high single-digit levels. The economy is expected to stabilize at around seven to eight percent in 2012, largely owing to improved performance in the agriculture sector. GDP growth is likely to stay around that margin up until 2016 (EFY 2008) driven by rising foreign investment and exports (Economist Intelligence Unit 2012). High inflation persists, but is on a slightly decreasing trend. Economic growth brought with it positive trends in reducing poverty, in both urban and rural areas. Ethiopia follows a strategy of increasing exports to facilitate growth. This is appropriate given the currently limited size of its domestic market and it is consistent with the development experience of some of the recently successful countries, particularly in East Asia. Export of goods growth is to a good extent driven by volume growth across a variety of product groups, which indicates that this growth is a result of recent efforts to increase and diversify the export base. Overall export and import developments result in a significantly increased trade deficit by 43 percent, up from US$5.5 billion in 2010/11 to US$7.9 billion.
- Published
- 2012
46. The Double Burden of Malnutrition : A Review of Global Evidence
- Author
-
Shrimpton, Roger and Rokx, Claudia
- Subjects
SNACK FOODS ,PROTEIN ,CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ,FOOD SUBSIDIES ,SEAFOOD ,AGING ,CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ,FOOD POLICY ,LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH ,LOW BIRTH WEIGHT ,LOW FERTILITY ,DIETARY FAT ,PRESERVATIVES ,FRUITS ,EMISSIONS ,FOOD ADDITIVES ,CHILD MARRIAGE ,BREASTFEEDING ,FOOD DEFICIT ,FREEZING ,INFECTIOUS DISEASES ,URBANIZATION ,MALNUTRITION ,INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUTRITION ,STABILIZERS ,DEMAND FOR FOOD ,MOTHER ,POTATOES ,EXISTING CAPACITY ,RESTAURANTS ,RISK FACTORS ,HORMONES ,AGED ,BUTTER ,SUGAR ,MEASLES ,CHILD DEVELOPMENT ,PATIENT ,FAST FOOD ,VITAMIN ,CARBOHYDRATE ,FERTILITY ,HUMAN BODY ,PASTEURIZATION ,HEALTH EFFECTS ,TOLERANCE ,DEREGULATION ,FOOD SUPPLY ,VEGETABLES ,ELDERLY ,HEALTH RISKS ,FRUIT ,INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ,SWEETENERS ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,PLANS OF ACTION ,PHYSICAL WORK ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,YOUNG CHILDREN ,VITAMIN A ,UNDERNUTRITION ,MICRONUTRIENTS ,HUNGER ,NUTRITION PROGRAMS ,WORKPLACE ,FOOD DEMAND ,COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ,VEGETABLE OILS ,PEER PRESSURE ,FOOD PROCESSING ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,MARKET PRICES ,WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ,NUTRIENT ,NUTRIENTS ,TV ,PESTICIDES ,NUTRITION RESEARCH ,PRICE CURVES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,IRON DEFICIENCY ,FOODS ,FERMENTATION ,IRON ,NUTRITION POLICY ,RESPIRATORY DISEASES ,BABY ,PREGNANCY ,HEALTH CARE ,NUTRITION ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,DEATH RATES ,MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION ,SOFT DRINKS ,INTERFERON ,NUTRIENT INTAKE ,PROTEINS ,EARLY DEATH ,WHEAT ,MARGARINE ,METABOLISM ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,FOOD DISTRIBUTION ,POLICY FRAMEWORK ,YOUNG CHILD ,MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE ,RICE ,WORKFORCE ,CEREALS ,GLOBAL POPULATION ,DIARRHEA ,NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS ,CHILD MORTALITY ,MAIZE ,PRODUCERS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,DIETARY ENERGY ,SNACKS ,FAMILIES ,COOKING ,PHYSICIANS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,BREAD ,POPULATION GROWTH ,DIETARY CHANGES ,FOOD AVAILABILITY ,FOOD BASKET ,WORLD POPULATION ,STAPLE FOODS ,MATERNAL NUTRITION ,CONVENIENCE FOODS ,FOOD PRICES ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,FOLIC ACID ,OIL ,BAKING ,LEGUMES ,GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION ,OVERNUTRITION ,DIETS ,POLICY DECISIONS ,STARCH ,SMOKING ,INTERVENTION ,WALKING ,GRAINS ,HUMAN HEALTH ,GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT ,FAMILY SIZE ,LEADING CAUSES ,CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ,IODINE ,PROCESSED FOODS ,SUGARS ,DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION ,LIPOPROTEINS ,MALARIA ,FISH ,SANITATION ,WAGES ,BABIES ,CONFECTIONERY ,RURAL AREAS ,FOOD MARKETING ,FOOD IMPORTS ,NATIONAL INCOME ,PROGRESS ,FOOD SAFETY ,FOOD CHAINS ,HYPERTENSION ,VITAMIN B12 ,MORTALITY ,BOTTLING ,FIRST MARRIAGE ,FATS ,CEREAL PRODUCTION ,ADEQUATE DIET ,NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES ,NUTS ,PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ,IMMUNE SYSTEM ,NATIONAL PLANS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,ENVIRONMENTS ,GREEN REVOLUTION ,CORN ,AGRICULTURE ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,ANTIOXIDANTS ,SUPERMARKETS ,UNFPA ,CULTURAL PRACTICES ,DIABETES ,SUPERMARKET ,DURATION OF BREASTFEEDING ,MEAT ,VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ,STREET FOODS ,CARBOHYDRATES ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,FOOD SECURITY ,IODINE DEFICIENCY ,POTATO ,CANCER ,FLAVORING AGENTS ,IMMUNIZATION ,HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ,OIL PRICES ,OBESITY PREVALENCE ,MEATS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,OBESITY ,LAND RESOURCES ,CHILD GROWTH ,MEAL ,MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES ,HYGIENE ,AGING POPULATIONS ,CREAM ,LIPIDS ,FLAVOR ENHANCERS ,DAIRY ,SOCIAL MARKETING ,UNPROCESSED FOODS ,REFINING ,EXPENDITURES ,CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ,DIET ,COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES ,LEISURE TIME ,MORBIDITY ,EPIDEMIC ,PEDIATRICS ,SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ,BAKED GOODS ,POLICY GUIDANCE ,DIETING ,ANEMIA ,FISCAL POLICIES ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ,FOOD PRODUCTS ,RESEARCH AGENDA ,EATING HABITS ,FOOD CHAIN ,CURING ,URBAN POPULATIONS ,HEALTH SERVICES ,PRESCHOOL CHILDREN ,FOOD INDUSTRY ,PRACTITIONERS ,NUMBER OF PEOPLE ,URBAN AREAS ,FAST FOOD RESTAURANTS ,REPRODUCTIVE AGE ,NURSES ,NATIONAL COUNCIL ,FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION ,RURAL POPULATIONS - Abstract
The Double Burden of Malnutrition (DBM) is the coexistence of both under nutrition and over nutrition in the same population across the life course. 'Across the life course' refers to the phenomenon that under nutrition early in life contributes to an increased propensity for over nutrition in adulthood. The DBM affects all countries, rich and poor, and is a particular concern in countries with high stunting rates. The consequences of the DBM are enormous; early life under nutrition is an underlying cause associated with about a third of young child deaths. Among the survivors who become stunted during the first two years of life, their capacity to resist disease, to carry out physical work, to study and progress in school, are all impaired across the life course. Later in the life course, diet and nutrition, and especially obesity, are important underlying causes of many Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including hypertension, diabetes, cancer, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. The causes of the DBM are related to a series of changes occurring in the world called the nutrition transition, the demographic transition, and the epidemiological transition of countries. The variables associated with the nutrition transition and obesity epidemic can be grouped into four cross-cutting themes, which include: (i) the health/biological environment; (ii) the economic/food environment; (iii) the physical/built environment; and (iv) the socio/cultural environment. The solutions for the DBM problems are reasonably well recognized in each of its parts: under nutrition and over nutrition. However, the solutions have not been combined into an overarching policy and program framework, which together with raising awareness about the serious future implications for the low-and middle income countries is the aim of this paper.
- Published
- 2012
47. East Java Growth Diagnostic : Identifying the Constraints to Inclusive Growth in Indonesia's Second-Largest Province
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
GROWTH RATES ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,CREDIT GUARANTEE ,DEPOSIT ,INFLATION ,MICRO FINANCING INSTITUTIONS ,EXTERNALITIES ,LAND ISSUES ,MINIMUM WAGES ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,EXPORT GROWTH ,ECONOMIC ADMINISTRATION ,UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,POLICY OPTIONS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,COMPETITIVENESS ,URBANIZATION ,POVERTY RATES ,EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY ,BUSINESS OWNERS ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,FARMERS ,SKILLED WORKERS ,TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ,DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS ,ECONOMIC SECTORS ,HIGH GROWTH RATE ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,RURAL POOR ,OPTIMIZATION ,REGIONAL ACCOUNTS ,BUSINESS ENTERPRISES ,ELASTICITY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,CREDIT ALLOCATION ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,WORKING CAPITAL ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,MINIMUM WAGE ,HIGH GROWTH ,FIXED CAPITAL ,INFORMATION ON INVESTMENT ,PHYSICAL CAPITAL ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,EMPOWERMENT ,UNIVERSAL ACCESS ,URBAN POVERTY ,EMPLOYEE ,GDP ,REGISTRATION PROCESS ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,TRAINING CENTER ,URBAN POOR ,GREATER ACCESS ,AVERAGE GROWTH ,EXPORTS ,PAWNSHOPS ,UNSKILLED LABOR ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,VILLAGES ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,HEALTH CARE ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ,HOUSEHOLDS ,DIVERSIFICATION ,INVESTMENT RATE ,PER CAPITA GROWTH ,LAND REGISTRATION ,LOAN ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,MARKET FAILURES ,EDUCATION LEVEL ,COOPERATIVES ,ECONOMIC SIZE ,LABOR MARKETS ,ENROLLMENT ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ,ECONOMICS ,CORRUPTION ,EDUCATED WORKERS ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,POVERTY LINE ,TRANSPORT ,CPI ,USER CHARGES ,ENROLMENT RATE ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,AVERAGE GROWTH RATE ,HIGH CONCENTRATION ,POOR POPULATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EMPLOYERS ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,URBAN AREA ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ,PRIVATE INVESTMENTS ,TRAINING CENTERS ,TERMS OF TRADE ,BANK OF INDONESIA ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,MICRO FINANCING ,POPULATION GROWTH ,CREDIT BANK ,BUSINESS ASSOCIATION ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,ENROLMENT RATES ,OIL ,ABSOLUTE TERMS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,BANK OFFICIALS ,MARKET CONSTRAINTS ,RAPID GROWTH ,BANK OFFICE ,MFI ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,GUARANTEE SCHEME ,INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,INTERMEDIATE GOODS ,ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ,GROWTH PROCESS ,WAGES ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POVERTY ,GROWTH PERFORMANCE ,NET EXPORTS ,LABOR MARKET ,REGISTRATION PROCESSES ,SAFETY NET ,GDP PER CAPITA ,UNEQUAL ACCESS ,DEBT ,FACILITATION ,MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,LABOR MOBILITY ,MFIS ,CREDITS ,LAND SUPPLY ,EQUALITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,ACCESS TO FINANCE ,AUTONOMY ,CENTRAL BANK ,AGRICULTURE ,PRIVATE CONSUMPTION ,DATA ISSUES ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,SELF EMPLOYMENT ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,MICRO ENTERPRISES ,ACCESS TO EDUCATION ,WOMAN ,MICRO CREDIT ,FARMER ,BENCHMARK ,VILLAGE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,INSURANCE ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,LOW ENTRY BARRIERS ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,BUSINESS ACTIVITY ,INEFFICIENCY ,ACCESS TO CREDIT ,GROWTH RATE ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,VENTURE CAPITAL ,COST OF CREDIT ,GROWTH POLICY ,GROWTH PATTERN ,LIMITED ACCESS ,BANK INDONESIA ,POVERTY LEVELS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,MICRO FINANCING INSTITUTION ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,JOB CREATION ,LABOR FORCE ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,SAVINGS ,ADB ,HEALTH SERVICES ,PUBLIC WORKS ,URBAN AREAS ,INTEREST RATE ,POVERTY RATE ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
East Java is the second largest contributor to Indonesia's economy with a growth rate similar to national level and other major provinces in Java. Nevertheless, for a province that is expected to be a major economic center in the country, there has been very little change in the region's economic structure in the past 10 years. Since 1995, the share of industry and agriculture in the economy is almost unchanged. Furthermore, the growth in both of these two sectors has been low, despite the fact that industry was once the main driver of the East Java economy. This report analyzing the economic conditions of East Java shows that the province offer many economic advantages for investors, such as its geographical location, adequate credit facilities, an abundant and competitively priced workforce, conducive security conditions, and an overall robust macroeconomic condition. The report also finds a number of constraints that, if prioritized and effectively addressed, could boost East java's growth rate to higher level. The main binding constraints to growth in East Java are infrastructure, particularly related to business operations, and the business climate.
- Published
- 2011
48. India Economic Update, June 2010
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES ,TOTAL DEBT ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,INFLATIONARY PRESSURES ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES ,DEPOSIT ,INFLATION ,EMERGING MARKET ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,REPO RATE ,PRICE STABILITY ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,EXPORT GROWTH ,REAL INTEREST RATE ,CONVERTIBLE BONDS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,RETURNS ,VALUATION CHANGES ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,CREDIT GROWTH ,BONDS ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,DEBT RATIOS ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,WHOLESALE PRICES ,TRANSPARENCY ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,EMERGING MARKETS ,PRICE INCREASES ,REPO ,PENSIONS ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,DEPOSITS ,INVESTMENTS IN EQUITIES ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,EXCESS DEMAND ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,FIXED INCOME ,BASIS POINTS ,BANK INTEREST RATES ,ELASTICITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,LIQUIDITY ,INTEREST RATES ,PUBLIC DEBT ,PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS ,ARREARS ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION ,DOMESTIC CREDIT ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,AUCTIONS ,BUDGET DEFICIT ,CAPITAL MARKET LIBERALIZATION ,FIXED CAPITAL ,PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CONSUMERS ,MARKET PRICES ,FULL EMPLOYMENT ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,GDP ,PORTFOLIO FLOWS ,INFLATIONARY PRESSURE ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CRISES ,DEPOSIT ACCOUNT ,PORTFOLIO ,NATIONAL SAVINGS ,GOVERNMENT REVENUES ,INCOME TAX ,EXPORTS ,WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX ,MARKET SIZE ,FIXED INCOME SECURITIES ,FINANCIAL CRISES ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,FISCAL POLICY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ,DEBT RELIEF ,CURRENCY ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,RURAL COOPERATIVE BANKS ,ECONOMIC SURVEYS ,PREPAYMENT ,INFLATION RATES ,CAPITAL ACCOUNT ,FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET ,DIRECT INVESTMENT ,EQUITY MARKET ,EXTERNAL BORROWING ,CONFIDENCE INDEX ,DEBT CRISIS ,COMMODITY PRICES ,BANK CREDIT ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,MATURITY ,IMPLICIT SUBSIDIES ,REAL GDP ,MICROFINANCE ,CENTRAL BANKS ,EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,LOW INTEREST RATES ,TRADING ,CASH RESERVE RATIO ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,PROFIT MARGIN ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,CASH TRANSFER ,DEPOSITORS ,CASH RESERVE ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL ,TRANSACTION ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,CAPITAL FLOWS ,VALUATION ,MATURITY STRUCTURE ,TAX ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,BANKING SYSTEM ,STOCK MARKET ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,RURAL BANKS ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,FINANCIAL ASSETS ,BRANCH NETWORK ,INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS ,OPEN MARKET ,STOCKS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,EXCESS LIQUIDITY ,RISK AVERSION ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,INVESTING ,INVESTMENT FLOWS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,INFLATION RATE ,BANK BRANCH ,GOVERNMENT BONDS ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,RESERVES ,CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ,TAX COLLECTION ,DEBT CRISES ,CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING ,COMPENSATION FUND ,INVENTORIES ,GOVERNMENT BANK ,CONSUMER DURABLES ,PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,WAGES ,DEVELOPMENT FINANCE ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,SHORT-TERM CAPITAL ,DEBT INSTRUMENTS ,REAL INTEREST ,PROVISION OF CREDIT ,COMMODITY PRICE ,EXCISE TAXES ,RESERVE BANK ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,RETURN ,AGRICULTURE ,NATIONAL BANK ,CAPITAL OUTFLOWS ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,M3 ,CAPITAL MARKET ,FISCAL DISCIPLINE ,END USE ,CREDIBILITY ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,DEFICITS ,MONEY SUPPLY ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,CAPITAL GROWTH ,GLOBAL TRADE ,AGGREGATE DEMAND ,LEVEL OF DEBT ,REAL INTEREST RATES ,GOVERNMENT FINANCES ,OIL PRICES ,RESERVE ,FINANCIAL STABILITY ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,CAPITAL ACCOUNT LIBERALIZATION ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ,HOLDINGS ,MARKET PRICE ,MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS ,ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,EXPENDITURES ,GROWTH RATE ,EXTERNAL COMMERCIAL BORROWING ,REPO RATES ,INFLATIONARY EXPECTATIONS ,FISCAL POLICIES ,OIL PRICE ,TRADE CREDITS ,GOVERNMENT DEFICIT ,CONFIDENCE INDICES ,STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ,HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS ,HOME MARKET ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO ,CAPITAL INFLOWS ,CONSUMER GOODS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,FOREIGN CURRENCY ,EXPENDITURE ,BUYBACKS - Abstract
India's economic performance in FY2009/10 shows that the recovery from the slowdown during the global financial crisis is well underway. India's Gross domestic Product (GDP) growth in FY2009/10 has beaten expectations by reaching 7.4 percent compared with 6.7 percent in the previous year. In particular, agricultural sector growth was better than feared with a slightly positive growth rate despite the worst monsoon shortfall in three decades. Strong growth in the fourth quarter pushed annual GDP growth to 7.4 percent in 2009-10. Fourth quarter growth reached 8.6 percent (y-o-y), the highest quarterly growth rate since the end of FY2007/08. The industrial sector's robust recovery beat expectations. Growth in the last quarter of fiscal year FY2009/10 was an unexpectedly high 13.3 percent resulting in over 12 percent growth in the second half of year, nearly double the 6 percent growth witnessed in the first half. Higher inflation mars the bright picture, but there are clear indications of moderation. Inflation as measured by the wholesale price index (WPI) averaged 10 percent during February-May 2010. India's recovery after the slowdown seems well underway. Growth is projected to climb to 8-9 percent in the next two years. These growth rates are achievable without a renewed build-up of inflationary pressure as long as agricultural growth returns to trend, infrastructure constraints are alleviated, and international prices remain stable. Over the next year, sources of growth will shift from fiscal stimulus to manufacturing and, possibly a recovering agriculture.
- Published
- 2010
49. Sudan Investment Climate Assessment
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
CUSTOMS ,CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ,GLOBAL MARKET ,INTERMEDIATE INPUTS ,VALUE ADDED ,LABOR COMPETITIVENESS ,EMPLOYMENT ,RISK AVOIDANCE ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,INCOME ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,FRAUD ,OPPORTUNISTIC BEHAVIOR ,BUSINESS CLIMATES ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ,LABOR COSTS ,SKILLED WORKERS ,AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,ETHNIC GROUPS ,CURRENCY APPRECIATION ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,QUALITY STANDARDS ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,STATE OWNED BANKS ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,TRADE BARRIERS ,BANKING INDUSTRY ,DEFLATORS ,PUBLIC ENTERPRISES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,LIQUIDITY ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,PUBLIC DEBT ,INCOME LEVELS ,WHITE COLLAR WORKERS ,WORKING CAPITAL ,GOVERNMENT POLICIES ,BUSINESS REGISTRATION ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,CASH FLOW ,ABSENTEEISM ,MERCHANTS ,WEALTH ,ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGIES ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,STATE ENTERPRISES ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,GDP ,CARBON ,DISTRIBUTION SERVICES ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,FREE PRESS ,NETWORK CONNECTIONS ,TAXATION ,OVERVALUED EXCHANGE RATES ,RESULT ,INFORMATION GAP ,EXPORTS ,OUTPUTS ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,DECENTRALIZATION ,NETWORKS ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,FISCAL POLICY ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,SAFETY ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ,EQUIPMENT ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,DAYS OF INVENTORIES ,BANKS ,FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ,OIL SECTOR ,PRIVATIZATION ,ECONOMISTS ,INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS ,FAIR COMPETITION ,MARKET INFORMATION ,POLICY FRAMEWORK ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,MARKET SHARE ,UNDERESTIMATES ,MICROFINANCE ,MARKET FAILURES ,GLOBALIZATION ,REVENUE SOURCES ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,ECONOMICS ,RESULTS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ,PUBLIC GOODS ,BUSINESSES ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,INSPECTIONS ,ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY ,TRANSACTION ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,PRODUCERS ,LABOR ORGANIZATION ,BANKING SYSTEM ,INVENTORY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,BOOK VALUE ,HANDICRAFTS ,ECONOMIC COMPLEMENTARITIES ,TELECOMMUNICATION ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,INTERNATIONALIZATION ,MANDATES ,PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ,BUYERS ,CROWDING OUT ,LICENSES ,OIL ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ,OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY ,TECHNICAL SUPPORT ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,USERS ,EXPORT MARKET ,ENTERPRISE SECTOR ,INVENTORIES ,FARMS ,WAGES ,GROWTH STRATEGY ,NATIONAL ECONOMY ,DEBT ,ENTERPRISE SURVEYS ,BANKING SECTOR ,COUNTRY COMPARISONS ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ,MARKETING ,CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,AUTONOMY ,CENTRAL BANK ,AGRICULTURE ,INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ,INNOVATION ,ELECTRICITY ,CONNECTIVITY ,DEFICITS ,MANUFACTURING ,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ,ACCOUNTING ,FACTOR MARKETS ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,PRODUCT MARKETS ,EXPORT BASE ,HIGH WAGES ,USES ,SUPPLIERS ,ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ,OIL PRICES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,LAND DEGRADATION ,INSURANCE ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,ECONOMIC POWER ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTION ,MIGRATION ,BUSINESS FORMATION ,COMMERCE ,COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS ,EXPENDITURES ,GROWTH RATE ,LEGISLATION ,SUPPLY CHAINS ,LABOR UNIONS ,PROPRIETORSHIP ,PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,MARKET DEMAND ,EXPORT SECTORS ,MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,DAYS OF INVENTORY ,LABOR FORCE ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,SAVINGS ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,VALUE CHAINS ,INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS ,MARKET SHARES ,DEFORESTATION ,PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP ,LEVEL PLAYING FIELD ,OPERATING ENVIRONMENT - Abstract
This report on Sudan's Investment Climate Assessment (ICA) provides a baseline assessment of challenges to productivity, diversification and inclusion. Chapter 1 describes some of the questions underlying the three issues of competitiveness, diversification and broad-based growth. Chapter 2 analyzes firm performance and competitiveness. Chapter 3 discusses markets and trust. Chapter 4 describes the role of the financial sector. Chapter 5 analyses the informal sector. Chapter 6 discusses the conflict-affected private sector development. Chapter 7 discusses regional inclusion, and Chapter 8 makes some preliminary conclusions and recommendations.
- Published
- 2009
50. Impacts of Trade Liberalization on Poverty and Inequality in Argentina
- Author
-
Cicowiez, Martín, Díaz-Bonilla, Carolina, and Díaz-Bonilla, Eugenio
- Subjects
GROWTH RATES ,CURRENCY BOARD ,VALUE ADDED ,EXTREME POVERTY ,WORLD TRADE ,FOOD PRICE ,RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ,COMMODITIES ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,INFLATION ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,EXPORT MARKETS ,HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,ECONOMIC STAGNATION ,RESIGNATION ,TRADE NEGOTIATIONS ,EXTERNAL DEBTS ,DOMESTIC CURRENCY ,MARGINAL PROPENSITY ,TRADE OPENNESS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,POVERTY RATES ,EMPLOYMENT MULTIPLIER ,RETURNS ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,SECTORAL COMPOSITION ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,PRIMARY PRODUCTS ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,POLICY REFORMS ,MULTIPLIER EFFECTS ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,PRICE INCREASES ,RETIREMENT SYSTEM ,POVERTY IMPACT ,DEPOSITS ,POLICY CHANGE ,REAL WAGES ,UNEMPLOYED ,UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,DEMAND CURVE ,RETIREMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,DEVALUATION ,ECONOMIC SITUATION ,INDEBTEDNESS ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,ELASTICITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INCOME TAXES ,INTEREST RATES ,REFORM PROGRAM ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,PUBLIC DEBT ,MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,LABOR DEMAND ,MARKET WAGES ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,DEBTS ,MULTILATERAL TRADE ,HIGH GROWTH ,FACTOR PRICES ,TAX RATE ,DEMAND CURVES ,MARKET PRICES ,POLICY INTERVENTIONS ,FULL EMPLOYMENT ,EXTERNAL SHOCKS ,INCOME DATA ,WTO ,GDP ,MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS ,TAX REGIME ,TRADE BALANCE ,BASE YEAR ,PRO-POOR ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,OVERVALUED EXCHANGE RATES ,INCOME TAX ,MICRO MODEL ,EXPORTS ,EXTERNAL TRADE ,POSITIVE EFFECTS ,ECONOMIC CRISES ,GDP DEFLATOR ,HOUSEHOLD DATA ,UNSKILLED LABOR ,MONOPOLY ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,OVERVALUATION ,GROWTH EFFECT ,POLICY DEBATE ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,EXCHANGE RATE ,SAFETY ,EQUIPMENT ,INCOME EFFECT ,CURRENCY ,MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ,NEGATIVE IMPACT ,SEMISKILLED LABOR ,ECONOMIC HISTORY ,BANKING CRISES ,COMMODITY PRICES ,REDUCING INEQUALITY ,TAX REVENUES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,REAL GDP ,POVERTY LINES ,GLOBALIZATION ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS ,ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ,CAPITAL THEORY ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,POLICY ANALYSIS ,INEQUALITY RESULTS ,CASH TRANSFERS ,DEVALUATIONS ,VOLATILITY ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,TAX RATES ,TAX ,BANKING SYSTEM ,DEMOGRAPHIC ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,INCREASE POVERTY ,DOMESTIC PRICE ,COMMODITY ,HIGH VOLATILITY ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,TRADE LAW ,SAFETY NETS ,INSTRUMENT ,PRODUCTIVITY ,TRADE TAX ,DEVELOPMENT PATH ,FOOD PRICES ,MACROECONOMIC CRISES ,IMPORT TARIFFS ,LEVEL OF INFLATION ,PRO-POOR GROWTH ,RESERVES ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,AGRICULTURAL TRADE ,AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS ,TRADE POLICY ,OVERVALUED EXCHANGE ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,WAGES ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,EXPORTER ,LABOR MARKET ,WORLD MARKET ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,RENEGOTIATION ,DEBT PAYMENTS ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,RELATIVE PRICES ,SMALL COUNTRY ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,TRADE POLICIES ,TRADE REFORMS ,POVERTY INCREASES ,CENTRAL BANK ,AGRICULTURE ,INNOVATION ,FREE TRADE ,GROWTH ELASTICITY ,PARTIAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS ,ACCOUNTING ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,COMPETITIVE EXCHANGE ,FACTOR MARKETS ,GLOBAL TRADE ,AGGREGATE DEMAND ,COMPETITIVE EXCHANGE RATE ,OIL PRICES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,TURNOVER ,HOLDINGS ,TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,CURRENCY BOARD ARRANGEMENT ,NOMINAL WAGES ,POLICY RESEARCH ,EXPENDITURES ,NEGATIVE EFFECT ,LIBERALIZATIONS ,PRICE DISTORTIONS ,FISCAL CONSOLIDATION ,SAVINGS ,CONVERTIBILITY PLAN ,DOMESTIC PRICES ,MACROECONOMIC VULNERABILITY ,TRUST FUNDS ,URBAN AREAS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,EXPORT TAXES - Abstract
Using the most recent estimates of agricultural price distortions, this chapter studies the economic, poverty, and income inequality impacts of both global and domestic trade reform in Argentina, with a special focus on export taxes. Argentina offers an interesting case study as the only large agricultural exporter that has, at many points in its history, applied export taxes to several of its agricultural products. The chapter combines results from a global economy-wide model (World Bank's linkage model), a national computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, and micro-simulations. The results suggest that liberalization of world trade (including subsidies and import taxes, but not export taxes), both for agricultural and non-agricultural goods, reduces poverty and inequality in Argentina. However, if only agricultural goods are included, indicators for poverty and inequality do not improve and even deteriorate somewhat. This is particularly the case if export taxes are eliminated. The chapter discusses the possible reasons for those results, offers some caveats, and suggests some lines for further research.
- Published
- 2009
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