68 results on '"industrialization"'
Search Results
2. [Internal migration in Bulgaria and its impact on demographic development in rural areas (1956-1985)].
- Author
-
Zlatanova V
- Subjects
- Behavior, Bulgaria, Demography, Developed Countries, Economics, Emigration and Immigration, Europe, Europe, Eastern, Health Workforce, Population, Population Characteristics, Agriculture, Employment, Industry, Life Style, Population Dynamics, Rural Population, Technology
- Published
- 1990
3. Belize.
- Subjects
- Americas, Belize, Central America, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, North America, Agriculture, Demography, Economics, Employment, Government, Health Workforce, Industry, Politics, Population, Population Dynamics, Social Planning
- Published
- 1987
4. [The evolution of employment in Mexico: 1895-1980].
- Author
-
Rendon T and Salas C
- Subjects
- Americas, Central America, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Latin America, Mexico, North America, Politics, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Population Growth, Public Policy, Sex Factors, Technology, Time Factors, Transportation, Agriculture, Commerce, Economics, Employment, Health Workforce, Industry, Occupations, Social Class, Social Planning, Socioeconomic Factors, Time, Unemployment
- Published
- 1987
5. The occupational status and wages of women in the USSR.
- Author
-
Gruzdeva EB and Chertikhina ES
- Subjects
- Behavior, Demography, Developed Countries, Geography, Population, Psychology, Social Behavior, USSR, Urban Population, Agriculture, Economics, Employment, Health Workforce, Income, Industry, Occupations, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, Social Change, Social Class, Social Planning, Socioeconomic Factors, Urbanization, Women's Rights
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. India.
- Subjects
- Asia, Developing Countries, India, Agriculture, Demography, Economics, Employment, Health Workforce, Industry, Politics, Population, Population Dynamics, Social Planning
- Published
- 1989
7. Migrant fertility differentials in Ecuador.
- Author
-
Rundquist F and Brown LA
- Subjects
- Americas, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Ecuador, Latin America, Population, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, South America, Age Factors, Agriculture, Divorce, Educational Status, Emigration and Immigration, Employment, Fertility, Geography, Industry, Marriage, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Regression Analysis, Research, Rural Population, Social Change, Statistics as Topic, Transients and Migrants
- Published
- 1989
8. Tanzania.
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Eastern, Developing Countries, Tanzania, Agriculture, Demography, Economics, Employment, Health Workforce, Industry, Politics, Population, Population Dynamics, Social Planning
- Published
- 1986
9. St. Lucia.
- Subjects
- Americas, Caribbean Region, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, North America, Saint Lucia, Agriculture, Commerce, Demography, Economics, Employment, Government, Health Workforce, Industry, Politics, Population, Population Dynamics, Social Planning
- Published
- 1987
10. Economic Globalization, Industrialization and Deindustrialization in Affluent Democracies
- Author
-
Brady, David and Denniston, Ryan
- Abstract
This study reexamines the relationship between economic globalization and manufacturing employment in affluent democracies. After reviewing past research, including the well-supported Rowthorn model, we propose a differentiation-saturation model that theorizes that globalization has a curvilinear relationship with manufacturing employment. Using two different techniques, we analyze the most comprehensive sample of 18 affluent democracies from 1960-2001. We examine 12 globalization measures and provide the first analysis of the curvilinear relationship between globalization and manufacturing employment. We find that some aspects of globalization have linear effects on manufacturing employment, most of which are positive. We find more evidence, however, that globalization has a curvilinear, inverted U-shaped relationship with manufacturing employment. The evidence for the Rowthorn model is mixed. GDP per capita and its square do not have robust effects, but agricultural employment is one of the most important causes. Including globalization in the model weakens the evidence for the Rowthorn model. There is some evidence that globalization has different effects across different varieties of capitalism, regions and historical periods. Ultimately, our analyses partially support both the Rowthorn model and our differentiation-saturation model. (Contains 2 figures, 6 tables and 13 notes.)
- Published
- 2006
11. Rural Industrialization: Case Study of a Tissue Paper Mill in Pickens, Mississippi.
- Author
-
Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, State College., Economic Research Service (USDA), Washington, DC., and Crecink, John C.
- Abstract
The shortrun (1962-1966) economic impact of a tissue paper mill in Pickens, Mississippi, a town of under 1,000 in a depressed rural area with a predominance of poor Negroes, was analyzed. The tissue mill began in a building formerly occupied by a North Carolina furniture manufacturer. Initial financing came from the Area Redevelopment Administration, local and State organizations, and private industry. Failure of the operation was attributed to lack of skilled employees, frequent breakdowns of secondhand machinery, variability in the quality of wet pulp, and an inadequately developed market. After foreclosure by the Small Business Administration, the plant was leased to another company to produce carbonizing paper. Finding solutions to Picken's problems and those of other depressed areas will require continuing systematic efforts at Federal, State, and local levels. (Author/PS)
- Published
- 1970
12. Environment and Development in a Developing Nation: India. Environmental Education Curriculum Infusion Units, Social Studies for Grade 9.
- Author
-
New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of General Education Curriculum Development.
- Abstract
This instructional unit about environment and socioeconomic development in India is a supplement to the publication "Environmental Education Curriculum Infusion Units for Grades 7-12," ED 137 056. This specific unit is designed to increase students' understanding of Indian society and traditions as they relate to global problems and to help students identify the environmental concerns of a developing nation. A brief introduction suggests instructional strategies including comparison of information about India and other nations; an inductive learning approach using photographs as the basis for hypothesis and research; and lessons based on single concepts such as underemployment. Five "topic chapters" comprise the main part of the document. Each chapter identifies specific objectives (such as illustrating the diversity of Indian lifestyle), provides background information through readings and photographs, poses a problem for discussion, suggests questions and activities, and lists related resources. The five chapters discuss the problems of sharing one planet, India's geography and people, population problems, industrialization in a developing country, and meeting human needs. The units encourage students to discuss issues such as allocation of funds for industrial progress versus agricultural development. (AV)
- Published
- 1977
13. Primary Exports and Employment at the Subnational Level in Peru: 2007–2021 and Its Implications for Sustainable Development Goal 9
- Author
-
Cáceres, Jorge Manrique, Asencio, Roger Rurush, Sigueñas, Edme Vergara, Ramirez-Asis, Hernan, Hamdan, Allam, Editorial Board Member, Al Madhoun, Wesam, Editorial Board Member, Alareeni, Bahaaeddin, Editor-in-Chief, Baalousha, Mohammed, Editorial Board Member, Elgedawy, Islam, Editorial Board Member, Hussainey, Khaled, Editorial Board Member, Eleyan, Derar, Editorial Board Member, Hamdan, Reem, Editorial Board Member, Salem, Mohammed, Editorial Board Member, Jallouli, Rim, Editorial Board Member, Assaidi, Abdelouahid, Editorial Board Member, Nawi, Noorshella Binti Che, Editorial Board Member, AL-Kayid, Kholoud, Editorial Board Member, Wolf, Martin, Editorial Board Member, El Khoury, Rim, Editorial Board Member, Jaheer Mukthar, K. P., editor, Mansour, Nadia, editor, and Asis, Edwin Ramirez, editor
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Structural Transformation and Rural Livelihoods
- Author
-
Tambe, Sandeep and Tambe, Sandeep
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Determinantes de la participación femenina en el mercado de trabajo en la Galicia rural y urbana de 1924.
- Author
-
MUÑOZ ABELEDO, LUISA MARÍA, TABOADA, MARÍA SALOMÉ, and VERDUGO, ROSA MARÍA
- Subjects
FISHERY processing ,FISHERY processing plants ,MUNICIPAL government ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. FAST-GROWING FLORIDA.
- Subjects
POPULATION ,DWELLINGS ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,SERVICE industries ,CONSTRUCTION industry - Abstract
The article reports on the population shift occurred in Florida which increases the growth in commerce and building industry. It cites the increase of population in the state resulting to the demand for 104,000 new dwellings and the growth of the U.S. county Brevard. It notes the flow of new industries which assisted the income of the state such as construction and service industries. It states that the disadvantages of the fast growth include the tourist exodus and the need for highways.
- Published
- 1961
17. The Pahlavi Dynasty as a Centralizing Patriarchy.
- Author
-
Sedghi, Hamideh
- Abstract
He “was the very embodiment of a traditional masculine character.” So Ashraf Pahlavi remembered her father Reza Shah, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. “Although I feared my father, I shared some of his qualities: his stubbornness, his fierce pride, and his iron will,” wrote his powerful daughter, the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Shah, the second and the last Pahlavi ruler of Iran. Reza Shah left behind no autobiographies, but as Amin Banani notes, he “had to perfection the politician's talent for opportunism.” While still uncertain in his power, for example, “he knew how to play upon the religious emotions of the people.” He was “antagonistic toward the clergy,” although he was “basically apathetic to religion.” There was also “a definite ideological motivation” in his political actions. Dedicated to nationalism and statism, he sought a rapid adoption of “the material advances of the West [by] a breakdown of the traditional power of religion and a growing tendency toward secularism.” He built a modernizing, Westernizing, and centralizing state in Iran, a state that was based on a strong army and repression, not the consensus of the governed. Reza Shah introduced policies that altered the lives of Iranian women. For the first time, some women entered into the modern sectors of the economy, public and non-sex segregated schools were established, family laws were modified, and unveiling was enforced forcibly in 1936. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Economic Development and the Gender Division of Labor.
- Author
-
Sedghi, Hamideh
- Abstract
“Since American military and other aid has brought my country such important direct and indirect benefits,” declared Mohammad Reza Shah in an autobiography written a few years after the CIA returned him to the throne, “I hope I shall not sound ungrateful if I state my conviction that we have been receiving glaringly inadequate amounts of it.” In fact, the Cold War brought American military and economic aid to Iran by the late 1950s, helping the Shah consolidate his power against communism and the secular and religious opposition. He expressed his own preeminence in a 1973 interview with Oriana Fallaci: “Where there's no monarchy, there is anarchy, or an oligarchy or a dictatorship.” Iran's integration into the world market and the ensuing economic growth based on rising oil revenues bolstered the state's power. Unleashing the unpredictable forces of change and expediently defending the throne with either co-optation or repression, the state launched several projects that changed the structure of the economy, the labor force, and the gender division of labor. Urban communities expanded with migration from rural areas, and the enlarging industrial and service sectors absorbed even more workers. More women, unveiled and educated, followed Western fashions and joined the growing labor market. Many began working in gender mixed occupations, while experienced the “double day,” working both inside and outside the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. 21st Century Industrialization and Development in the Global South: The Chinese Case in Comparative-Historical Perspective.
- Author
-
Evans, Peter and Staveteig, Sarah
- Subjects
DEVELOPED countries ,ECONOMIC development ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,COMMERCIALIZATION ,EMERGING markets ,LABOR supply ,INDUSTRIALIZATION - Abstract
Classic development theory and its contemporary counterparts rely on industrialization as the main driver of changes that produce wide increases in social well-being. In the original "industrializers," manufacturing did indeed enable a broad swath of the population to gain a share of the dynamic productivity increases associated with machine-assisted production. Yet the evolution of the structure of employment in contemporary developing countries has been and will continue to be dramatically different. Using historical data on employment by sector in several developed and developing countries, this paper examines the evolution of development trajectories over time. In China, the 21st century analog to Britain's 19th century "workshop of the world," manufacturing employment has declined in recent years and seems unlikely to ever absorb more than one-sixth of the workforce. This will have massive impacts on the development process in the Global South. Overall, in the absence of East Asian industrialization and the growing real per capital incomes associated with it, conventional ideas of development would seem doomed to extinction, both as theory and ideology. China and the East Asian tigers are, of course, key exceptions to the general disillusionment. They are consequently the principle "exhibits for the defense" offered by those hoping to rescue conventional development theory. How effective this defense will ultimately prove to be will depend on China's future evolution. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
20. The Socioeconomic Framework.
- Author
-
Spulber, Nicolas
- Abstract
Territory and Population The Soviet Union succeeded the Tsarist reign after the revolution of October 1917. The Union lasted seventy-three years, after which it collapsed and was dismembered in 1990–1. During its existence, the Union's socioeconomic and juridical framework underwent a number of crucial transformations. Immediately after the revolution, during the Civil War, the Bolsheviks in power established what came to be known as the rule of War Communism (1917–21), which aimed on the economic plane at eliminating market relations and replacing them with an all-out system of centralized commands and controls. This system was in turn discarded in 1921 and replaced by a new coordinating mechanism called the New Economic Policy (NEP) (1921–8), which aimed at economic recovery and reconstruction and which for the purpose combined centralized command with the reestablishment of certain market relations. The NEP was followed in 1928 with an all-embracing policy of massive industrialization and of collectivization of the peasantry, inaugurating the era of Central Plans. After World War II, various attempts at reforming the planning system were undertaken, notably in the 1960s and then in the 1980s. The first became known as “The New System of Planning and Economic Incentives,” the second, much vaster in scope, named perestroika (restructuring), aimed at eliminating many aspects of the inefficient and disintegrating central planning system and at returning in some respect to the organizational concepts of the NEP. I will examine in detail each of these phases later on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. 'Who wants to marry a farmer?' Neoliberal industrialization and the politics of land and work in rural West Bengal.
- Author
-
Majumder, Sarasij
- Subjects
- *
INDUSTRIALIZATION , *EMPLOYMENT , *RURAL population - Abstract
This article seeks to understand why both anti-land acquisition protests and proindustrial rhetoric of provincial governments in India are fodder for populist politics. To understand this, the article explores the meanings that land and development have for the rural communities in West Bengal, India, who are trying to straddle the multiple worlds of farm ownership and nonfarm employment. Based on five years of ethnographic fieldwork in various parts of rural West Bengal, this article argues that resistances to corporate globalization, taken to be unambiguously anti-industrial or anticapitalist, reflect complex intentions. Protesting villagers are ambivalent toward corporate capital, but their support for industries and protests against corporations are grounded in local moral worlds that see both nonfarm work and landownership as markers of critical social distinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Crisis and breakdown in Mexico and Kenya.
- Author
-
Grindle, Merilee S.
- Abstract
Prior to the 1980s, Mexico and Kenya had strong reputations for effective state-led economic development and sustained state-dominated political stability in their respective continents. This chapter documents the extent to which expectations based on these reputations eroded and then broke down. The experiences of the two countries differ, yet the combined effect of economic and political change altered the context for state action in similar ways. In Mexico, the interaction of economic and political conditions indicates that economic crisis sharpened and accelerated an emergent political crisis. In contrast, Kenya provides a case of a country whose political crisis contributed significantly to deepening its economic problems. Deep and sustained economic crisis has farreaching consequences, as the case of Mexico explored here demonstrates. Although most frequently measured and discussed in terms of stagnant or declining rates of growth and indices of social welfare, extended economic crises also stimulate critical reassessment of the intellectual underpinnings of national development strategies. Such crises encourage citizens, policy makers, and politicians to question prior growth strategies and policy regimes, even those that had produced positive results in the past. In consequence, long-accepted notions about how development is best achieved become subject to greater skepticism and at times are held responsible for creating current conditions. Along with this questioning of appropriate routes to development, sustained economic crisis also has a profound impact on the economic interests supporting and benefiting from existing policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Crisis and the state: evidence from Latin America and Africa.
- Author
-
Grindle, Merilee S.
- Abstract
The 1980s and 1990s witnessed economic and political crises of historic significance in Latin America and Africa. Throughout both regions, economies that were already fragile were almost destroyed by debt, inflation, low commodity prices, high interest rates, and devastating natural disasters. Political systems faced grave challenges to their right to govern societies that were themselves torn by division and unrest. Regime changes, civil wars, civic protest, and demands for human rights and accountable public officials characterized the political history of this era. The evidence is extensive and unambiguous: economic and political distress were hallmarks of an unsettled and unsettling era. Repeatedly, crisis exposed the weakness of existing state capacities to manage economic and political relationships. This chapter uses data from sixteen countries in Latin America and Africa to explore the scope, nature, and implications of economic and political crisis. It addresses four questions. First, what was the scope of the dual crises of economic and political development facing countries in these regions? Second, what factors explain the nature of the problems that confronted a wide range of governments? Third, what impact did economic and political collapse or near collapse have on various dimensions of state capacity? Finally, what consequences did crisis have for state–economy and state–society relationships? Subsequent chapters deal in greater detail with the same issues in Mexico and Kenya; this chapter indicates the extent to which these two countries shared in region-wide political and economic trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Did Britain's cities grow too fast?
- Author
-
Williamson, Jeffrey G.
- Abstract
Setting the stage Was city growth too fast or too slow during the First Industrial Revolution? Such questions are rarely posed of British historical experience, even though implicit judgments are being made all the time. Answers hinge on an assessment of the behavior of private labor and capital markets, on the one hand, and the provision of public social overhead, on the other. Most historians have taken the view that fast city growth was a Good Thing. After all, Britain underwent the industrial revolution first and was also more urbanized than her competitors. That historical correlation implies for most historians that Britain's fast-city-growth regime must have been optimal, that slower city growth would have been a mistake, and that faster city growth would have been infeasible. Anthony Wohl (1983) takes the contrary view. He argues that British authorities were unprepared for and surprised by the rapid city growth that carried the industrial revolution, with disastrous results. City governments didn't plan for the event, public-health officials were unprepared for the event, and city social overhead technologies were too backward to deal with the event. Furthermore, entrepreneurial and technological failure in the public sector, and rising land scarcity in the private sector, both served to breed levels of crowding, density, mortality, morbidity, and disamenities that were high even by the standards of the poorest Third World cities. Britain was simply unable or unwilling to house itself properly during the First Industrial Revolution. So much so that the 1830s and 1840s are seen by Michael Flinn (1965, p. 14) as a Malthusian retribution by disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Did British labor markets fail during the industrial revolution?
- Author
-
Williamson, Jeffrey G.
- Abstract
Two competing views Did factor markets fail during the British industrial revolution? Did distortions in capital markets serve to starve industrial firms for finance and suppress accumulation there? Did urban-rural wage gaps, inelastic city-labor supplies and lack of integrated labor markets serve to drive up the cost of labor in the cities, thus choking off the rate of industrialization? With regards to labor-market failure, the literature is of two minds. Labor markets did fail An extensive traditional literature takes the view that migrants were reluctant to move, wage gaps were large, and regional labor markets were fragmented. A century ago, Earnst Ravenstein (1885, 1889) published his classic work on internal migration, subsequently augmented by Arthur Redford (1926) and Alex Cairncross (1949, 1953). Ravenstein asked how many migrated, when they migrated, who migrated, where they migrated from, and where they migrated to. The same questions dominate modern migration studies. Thus, for example, the literature has been busy substantiating Ravenstein's and Redford's observation that the majority of migrants went only a short distance, and often by steps. Such observations have encouraged the belief that workers failed to move to the highest wage areas and thus that the perfect labor-market thesis must fail. There is an equally long tradition among British labor historians that there was a multiplicity of labor markets between 1750 and 1850, that regional labor markets were very poorly integrated, and that local autonomy reigned (Pollard, 1978). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Absorbing the city immigrants.
- Author
-
Williamson, Jeffrey G.
- Abstract
How did city labor markets work? The Todaro model Debate over Third World urbanization generates the same gloomy pessimism that characterized Britain in the early nineteenth century. Even the rhetoric is the same, Victorian and modern critics both citing urban underemployment, primitive housing, inadequate public services, poverty, and inequality (Williamson, 1988). As we have seen, many modern analysts view the Third World as “overurbanized,” a position shared by many Victorian reformers in nineteenth-century England. According to this view, the cities are too large and too many, and they got that way somehow through perverse migration behavior. Pushed off the land by technological events in agriculture, by famine, and by Malthusian pressure, rural emigrants flood the cities in far greater numbers than modern-sector jobs can be created for them. Attracted by an irrational optimism that they will be selected for those scarce high-wage city jobs, the rural emigrants keep coming. Lacking high-wage jobs in the growing modern sectors, the glut of rural immigrants spills over into low-wage service sectors, unemployment, and pauperism, while their families crowd into inadequate housing blighting an otherwise dynamic city economy. The cities find it difficult to cope with the immigrant influx, and authorities look for ways to close the cities to new immigrants. By focusing on expected rather than current earnings differentials, Michael Todaro (1969) developed a framework that could account for the apparent irrationality of rural immigrants rushing to the city even in the face of unemployment and underemployment. The Todaro framework and its extensions (Harris and Todaro, 1970; Stiglitz, 1974; Corden and Findlay, 1975; Cole and Sanders, 1985; Hatton and Williamson, 1989) has enjoyed considerable popularity over the past decade or so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. The demand for labor and immigrant absorption off the farm.
- Author
-
Williamson, Jeffrey G.
- Abstract
Internal migration between farm and nonfarm employment The previous two chapters have focused on migration between city and countryside. What about migration off the farm? After all, the countryside offered nonfarm employment opportunities, and these were quite significant in most parts of England. Under such conditions, rural emigration and off-farm emigration need not have been the same. Not too long ago, Sidney Pollard (1978) offered estimates of emigration from British agriculture over the century following 1751, concluding that “only about one-fifth of the additional working force in nonagrarian occupations was derived from the direct transfer out of agriculture,” and by comparison natural population increase was of “immense importance” (Pollard, 1978, Table 34 and p. 141). Pollard's conclusion would appear to be at variance with Chapter 2, in which we found that immigration contributed to about half of city growth (Table 2.5). However, Pollard made his calculations based on simplifications that matter to his conclusions. First, he ignored external migrations in his calculations, the Irish in particular. In effect, he treated the Irish as part of the nonagricultural natural increase. Second, Pollard assumed that the rate of natural increase was the same everywhere. I am sure that Pollard would be the first to agree that the natural rates were quite different in agriculture and nonagriculture. As we have seen in Chapter 2, the rate of natural increase was much higher in the countryside. The natural rate differentials were, in fact, much higher than in the contemporary Third World, making the problem of matching excess urban labor demand with excess rural labor supply all the more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The urban demographic transition: Births, deaths, and immigration.
- Author
-
Williamson, Jeffrey G.
- Abstract
Why do we care about the urban demographic transition? A reconstruction of the demographic dimensions of the urban transition should help improve our understanding of the First Industrial Revolution. Certainly it is essential in searching for answers to any of the following questions: Did English cities grow more by natural increase than by migration? Did city immigration rates rise as industrialization accelerated? Did rural emigration rates respond vigorously to the employment demands of rapid city growth, or were rural Englishmen more attached to the land than has been true of other industrial revolutions? Was migration selective? If so, what was the impact of the selectivity on the city economy? What role did push and pull forces play in rural and urban labor markets? These questions have always been at center stage in debates about the First Industrial Revolution. The answers will hinge on an assessment of those forces creating and displacing jobs in the two labor markets, as well as on the migration behavior thought to link them, assessments which cannot be made without the prior demographic reconstruction performed in this chapter. Consider, for example, the Third World overurbanization debate which was initiated by Bert Hoselitz in the 1950s. His thesis was that urbanization was outpacing industrialization in the sense that urban populations were large relative to industrial jobs, at least when compared with late nineteenth-century experience (Hoselitz 1955, 1957). The implication was that urban labor was moving into low-wage, residual service underemployment by default. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Abstracts.
- Subjects
- *
MENSTRUATION , *SEXUAL fantasies , *FEMINISM , *HISTORY - Abstract
The article presents abstracts on topics related to history and planning including attitudes towards menstruation in Elizabethan England, sexual fantasy in modern America, and feminism.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The World Development Report 2008: inconsistencies, silences, and the myth of 'win-win' scenarios.
- Author
-
Oya, Carlos
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL development ,SUSTAINABLE development ,RURAL development ,AGRICULTURAL economics ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,AGRICULTURAL industries ,RURAL land use ,AGRICULTURAL development projects ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
The World Development Report 2008 (WDR-2008) on agriculture and development has been received with much expectation and controversy. This paper welcomes some aspects of the WDR-2008 that help us reinvigorate some debates on agricultural development, so far marginalised in international development policy agendas. The paper, however, focuses on some critical problems in the report and the World Bank's stance on agriculture. First, there are tensions between advocacy and research and between the World Bank's rhetoric and operational realities. Secondly, the report suffers from the usual adherence to superficial win-win scenarios that mask conflict of interest and power relations. Thirdly, the WDR-2008 is caught in a tension between neo-populist pro-small farmer views and 'modernist' pro-agribusiness stances. Fourthly, the analysis of agricultural development in isolation from broader development processes and especially without a systematic analysis of industrialisation and agriculture-industry relations seriously limits the analytical and empirical value of the report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Abstracts.
- Subjects
- *
PLANNING , *RAILROADS , *SOCIAL history , *CITIES & towns - Abstract
Abstracts of articles related to state and national planning are presented which include "Analysis of Rail Transit Project Selection Bias With an Incentive Approach," by Wenling Chen, "Urban History for Planners," by Carl Abbott and "Rebuilding the Modern City After Modernism in Toronto and Berlin," by Douglas Young.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Abstracts.
- Subjects
- *
PLANNING , *CITIES & towns , *URBAN planning , *COMMUNITIES - Abstract
The article presents abstracts of planning. They include "The Fall and Rise of the Local Community: A Comparative and Historical Perspective," by Hellmut Wollman, "The Compact Versus the Dispersed City: History of Planning Ideas on Sofia's Urban Form," by Sonia Hirt, and "A Paradigm for Practice," by Ronald D. Brunner.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Institutional Reforms, Agricultural Risks and Agro-Industrial Diversification in Rural China.
- Author
-
Yang, Weiyong
- Subjects
- *
RURAL industries , *AGRICULTURAL wages , *AGRICULTURE , *EMPLOYMENT , *INDUSTRIALIZATION , *ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
Since 1978, there has been a remarkable diversification trend in rural China, characterized by an impressive development of rural enterprises. The main objective of this paper is to understand the forces driving this agro-industrial diversification with a particular attention paid to two categories of factors, agricultural income risks and institutional factors. Using a panel data of 28 Chinese provinces from 1986 to 2001, we show that the diversification decision is jointly determined by relative return between agriculture and rural industry, climatic risks, price volatility of agriculture products, ownership evolution of rural enterprises, and government's food security concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Abstracts.
- Subjects
- *
URBAN planning , *CITIES & towns , *URBAN geography , *GEOGRAPHERS , *PLANNING - Abstract
Presents abstracts of several studies on environment and planning. "Explaining the Growth of British Multiple Retailing During the Golden Age," by Carlo Morelli; "Cities in the Shade: Urban Geography and the Uses of Noir," by Matthew Farish; "Geographers and the Tennessee Valley Authority," by Ronald Reed Boyce.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The declining costs of international trade and unemployment.
- Author
-
Francis, John
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL trade , *UNEMPLOYMENT , *EMPLOYMENT , *AGRICULTURE , *INDUSTRIALIZATION , *GLOBALIZATION - Abstract
A two-country, two-sector new geography model where workers are imperfectly monitored is used to examine the relationship between falling trade costs and unemployment. It is shown that as trade costs fall over time the world naturally falls into an industrialized core and an agricultural periphery. Globalization has a positive effect on employment in the core in both the short and long term. The periphery suffers employment losses in the short term but can gain in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Correlates of development .
- Author
-
Lane, Jan-Erik and Ersson, Svante
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC development , *COST of living , *AGRICULTURE , *MARKET orientation , *INDUSTRIALIZATION , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
The search for the causes of underdevelopment has resulted in a large number of hypotheses about conditions bringing about a high standard of living and the path to it. Some factors are cross-sectional, whereas others are longitudinal. Among the factors conducive to a state of underdevelopment or a slow process of development are agriculture; population; industrial output; service sector; trade pattern; market orientation; etc. Industrialization used to be identified as the hallmark of development, but the post-industrial hypothesis implies that a high level of employment in the industrial sector may not be conducive to economic growth. The same contradictions apply to the expansion of the tertiary sector. More services are often regarded as an indicator of development, yet productivity problems are substantial in the government sector as well as in some private sectors. An expansion in trade may he regarded as a sign of development, but at the same time extensive trade may be detrimental to industrialization in a poor country.
- Published
- 1988
37. The Industrial Transformation of Farm Communities: Implications for Family Structure and Socioeconomic Conditions.
- Author
-
Albrecht, Don E.
- Subjects
- *
AGRICULTURE , *INDUSTRIALIZATION , *EMPLOYMENT , *POPULATION , *SOCIOECONOMICS , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
The industrialization of agriculture has resulted in extensive declines in the number of farms and in the number of people employed in agriculture. For many farm communities, this has resulted in rapid population declines. Other farm communities have been able to attract alternative sources of employment. This study analyzes family structure and socioeconomic conditions in 281 Great Plains counties that were economically dependent on agriculture at one time, Surprisingly, it was found that, while communities remaining agriculturally dependent had extensive population declines, they also had higher rates of employment, lower poverty rates, higher proportions of married couple households, and income levels equal to counties now economically dependent on nonfarm industries. Conditions in counties that have become service based were especially troubling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Reform of the Hukou System: Introduction.
- Author
-
Mallee, Hein
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,URBAN sociology ,EMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,AGRICULTURE - Abstract
This article focuses on the reform of the Hukou system. During the 1950s, the People's Republic of China adopted a development strategy, the core element of which was rapid industrialization. The main target was output maximization through high accumulation; strong emphasis was put on the growth of heavy industry, while agriculture was neglected and even discriminated against. In order to make the industrialization process as efficient as possible, growth of the urban population (for urban areas were where most industry was located) was restricted. This was done by encouraging urban dwellers (especially women) to enter the labor force, limiting employment in service industries, and adopting a capital- rather than labor-intensive approach to industrial development. Prior to 1978, this led to a situation where the proportion of nonagricultural workers in the total population grew more rapidly than the proportion of the urban population. Urban wages were generally higher than rural incomes especially on a household basis, because of increased female labor participation and urban dwellers were given a wide range of welfare benefits.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. SOME OCCUPATIONAL TRENDS IN THE SOUTH.
- Author
-
Evans, Kenneth
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,EMPLOYMENT ,RURAL industries ,ECONOMIC development ,COMMERCIALIZATION ,AGRICULTURE - Abstract
The article discusses industrialization and the occupational trends in the American South. The transition in the United States from a frontier economy based largely on extractive industry to an urban-industrial society has involved a striking change in the occupational distribution of gainful workers. These trends for the nation have been traced by many students with results consistently revealing the declining importance of agriculture and the increasing importance of manufacturing, distributive, and service pursuits in the occupational distribution of the nation's workers. The interpretation of these changes reveals the rapid appearance of new areas of job opportunity which have arisen partly at the expense of older fields of employment, and the consequent increasing availability of essential services to the people of the nation. An analysis of national trends alone, however, conceals in the average for the nation the actual conditions of employment opportunity and the availability of services for broad, regional groupings of the population. A regional analysis, on the other hand, shows that the several regions have participated to an unequal degree in these trends, with the two southern regions, particularly, remaining so predominantly extractive in occupational distribution that they lag behind the nation and all other regions in this respect.
- Published
- 1938
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. HUMAN RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE UPPER EAST TENNESSEE VALLEY, 1900-1950.
- Author
-
Nicholls, William H.
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,POPULATION ,URBANIZATION ,EMPLOYMENT ,CHEMICAL industry ,MANUFACTURED products ,AGRICULTURE - Abstract
The article discusses the interrelationships during 1900-1950 between population characteristics and industrial development in a group of twenty contiguous counties in the Upper East Tennessee Valley, including some counties which have enjoyed substantial industrial-urban growth since 1900 and others which have remained largely rural and agricultural. In 1947, per capita value added for the twenty-county study area stood at 62 per cent of the national average, as compared with 27 per cent in 1929 and 15 per cent in 1899. During 1900-1950, manufacturing employment as a percentage of the total gainfully employed in the study area increased from about 6 to 23 per cent, while relative agricultural employment was declining from 84 to 30 percent. In 1950, manufacturing supplied jobs for 44,594 persons (24 per cent female) in our twenty-county study area. Chemical industries accounted for 29 per cent of total manufacturing employment, followed by textiles and apparel. Furthermore, while the geographic concentration of manufacturing was still very high in 1950, there had been since 1940 a tendency for the area's manufacturing to become somewhat more dispersed into some of the less well-developed counties.
- Published
- 1957
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Agricultural Productivity and Non-Farm Employment : Evidence from Bangladesh
- Author
-
Shilpi, Forhad and Emran, Shahe
- Subjects
MEASURES ,INFORMATION ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,INVESTMENT ,FARM SECTOR ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,NON-FARM SECTOR ,FOOD PRICE ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ,LABOR MIGRATION ,FIRING COSTS ,MEASUREMENT ,EXTERNALITIES ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR REGULATIONS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,POOR ,RURAL ECONOMY ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,REAL WAGE ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,WORKERS ,JOBS ,FARM GROWTH ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,AGRICULTURAL WAGES ,AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,EXPANSION OF IRRIGATION ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,LABOR COST ,GOODS ,OPPORTUNITY COST ,PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,LABOR SUPPLY ,EXPORT MARKET ,TOTAL LABOR FORCE ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,CROP SCIENTISTS ,MARKETS ,UNEMPLOYED ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,DEVELOPMENT ,EMPLOYMENT SITUATION ,PRICES ,CROP YIELD ,RURAL INCOME ,WAGES ,RURAL AREAS ,DOMESTIC MARKETS ,OPTIMIZATION ,WELFARE ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,ELASTICITY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,CONSUMPTION ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,THEORY ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,RURAL VILLAGES ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,IRRIGATION EXPANSION ,DOMESTIC WORKERS ,LABOR DEMAND ,SUPPLY ,LABOR MOBILITY ,EMPLOYMENT SHARE ,MARKET WAGE ,INEQUALITY ,AGRICULTURE ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,RURAL POPULATION ,DEMAND ,FOOD PROCESSING ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,CONSUMERS ,RURAL INEQUALITY ,ECONOMIC CENSUSES ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,UTILITY FUNCTION ,UTILITY FUNCTIONS ,IRRIGATION ,EXCLUSION RESTRICTION ,PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS ,FARM WORKERS ,LABOR ALLOCATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,ACCOUNTING ,UTILITY ,RISK ,MARKET EQUILIBRIUM ,POLICIES ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYMENT LEVEL ,WATER FOR IRRIGATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,EFFECTS ,POOR PEOPLE ,EMPLOYEES ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ECONOMY ,EMPLOYMENT LEVELS ,WAGE RATE ,DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,GROWTH RATE ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,SUPPLY CURVE ,ECONOMICS ,EMPLOYMENT COMPOSITION ,DIVISION OF LABOR ,RURAL ,MOTIVATION ,INCOME GROWTH ,LABOR FORCE ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,CROP YIELDS ,PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE ,INTEREST RATE ,RURAL TOWNS ,PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTS ,ACTIVE LABOR ,NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This paper provides evidence on the impacts of agricultural productivity on employment growth and structural transformation of non-farm activities. To guide the empirical work, this paper develops a general equilibrium model that emphasizes distinctions among non-farm activities in terms of tradable-non-tradable and the formal-informal characteristics. The model shows that when a significant portion of village income is spent on town/urban goods, restricting empirical analysis to the village sample leads to underestimation of agriculture's role in employment growth and transformation of non-farm activities. Using rainfall as an instrument for agricultural productivity, empirical analysis finds a significant positive effect of agricultural productivity growth on growth of informal (small-scale) manufacturing and skilled services employment, mainly in education and health services. For formal employment, the effect of agricultural productivity growth on employment is found to be largest in the samples that include urban areas and rural towns compared with rural areas alone. Agricultural productivity growth is found to induce structural transformation within the services sector with employment in formal/skilled services growing at a faster pace than that of low skilled services.
- Published
- 2016
42. Structural Transformation and Productivity Growth in Africa : Uganda in the 2000s
- Author
-
Ahmed, Sabin, Mengistae, Taye, Yoshino, Yutaka, and Zeufack, Albert G.
- Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,INFORMATION ,INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,MEASUREMENT ,PRODUCTIVITY GAP ,JOB ,DRIVERS ,EMPLOYMENT ,PRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,REAL WAGE ,MACROECONOMICS ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PRODUCTIVITY ,PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,WORKERS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,JOBS ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,SHARES ,DISTRIBUTION ,GOODS ,OCCUPATION ,SERVICE SECTOR ,GROUP WORKER ,EXPORT LED GROWTH ,ORGANIZATIONS ,SERVICE INDUSTRIES ,JOB‐CREATION ,AGE‐GROUPS ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,AGE GROUP ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,WORKER ,WAGE GROWTH ,REAL WAGES ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICES ,WAGES ,OPEN ECONOMY ,SMALL BUSINESSES ,TRADE BARRIERS ,PRODUCTIVITY GAINS ,AGE GROUPS ,WELFARE ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT ,MONETARY POLICY ,ELASTICITY ,JOB LOSSES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY ,TRADE ,PRODUCTIVE FIRMS ,EMPLOYMENT SHARE ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ,ECONOMIC RENTS ,AGRICULTURE ,FREE TRADE ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,EMPLOYMENT SIZE ,GDP ,EMPLOYEE ,VARIABLES ,LABOUR ,PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,EXPORT‐LED GROWTH ,PRODUCT MARKETS ,ENTRY COSTS ,UNSKILLED LABOR ,FIRM‐ SIZE ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,RETAIL TRADE ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,HIGH EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYEES ,TAXES ,ECONOMY ,EMPLOYMENT LEVELS ,CREDIT ,GROWTH RATE ,FIRM LEVEL ,MANAGEMENT ,LABOR ,ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ,INCREASING RETURNS ,PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION ,JOB CREATION ,MOTIVATION ,JOB‐DESTRUCTION ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,INPUTS ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,SELF‐EMPLOYMENT ,MANPOWER ,LABOR REALLOCATION ,PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH - Abstract
Uganda’s economy underwent significant structural change in the 2000s whereby the share of non-tradable services in aggregate employment rose by about 7 percentage points at the expense of the production of tradable goods. The process also involved a 12-percentage-point shift in employment away from small and medium enterprises and larger firms in manufacturing and commercial agriculture mainly to microenterprises in retail trade. In addition, the sectoral reallocation of labor on these two dimensions coincided with significant growth in aggregate labor productivity. However, in and of itself, the same reallocation could only have held back, rather than aid, the observed productivity gains. This was because labor was more productive throughout the period in the tradable goods sector than in the non-tradable sector. Moreover, the effect on aggregate labor productivity of the reallocation of employment between the two sectors could only have been reinforced by the impacts on the same of the rise in the employment share of microenterprises. The effect was also strengthened by a parallel employment shift across the age distribution of enterprises that raised sharply the employment share of established firms at the expense of younger ones and startups. Not only was labor consistently less productive in microenterprises than in small and medium enterprises and larger enterprises across all industries throughout the period, it was also typically less productive in more established firms than in younger ones.
- Published
- 2015
43. Impact of Property Rights Reform to Support China’s Rural-Urban Integration : Household-Level Evidence from the Chengdu National Experiment
- Author
-
Deininger, Klaus, Jin, Songqing, Liu, Shouying, and Xia, Fang
- Subjects
AFFORDABILITY ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,INFORMATION ,INVESTMENT ,RIGHTS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,MEASUREMENT ,EDUCATIONAL LEVELS ,JOB OPPORTUNITIES ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,EXTERNALITIES ,EMPLOYMENT ,PHYSICAL ASSETS ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,LAND BANKS ,INCENTIVES ,REGISTRATION SYSTEM ,COOPERATIVE ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,BANK ,ASSETS ,RENT ,ENDOWMENT ,STANDARDS ,FARMERS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,MEDICAL EXPENSE ,LABOR SUPPLY ,LIVING STANDARDS ,SUBSIDIES ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,FINANCE ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICES ,WAGES ,TRANSFERS ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,WELFARE ,SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,ENTERPRISES ,SAFETY NET ,WAGE STRUCTURE ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,HOUSEHOLD ,CONSUMPTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,SUPPLY ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,LAND MARKET ,PROPERTY ,DEBTS ,INEQUALITY ,PROFITABILITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,FEES ,PHYSICAL CAPITAL ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,FUTURE RESEARCH ,LAND MARKETS ,INCENTIVE PROBLEMS ,VARIABLES ,PROPERTIES ,LOC ,PROPERTY TAXES ,CAPITAL ,LABOR MARKET ISSUES ,START-UP ,TAXATION ,FACTOR MARKETS ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,RISK ,POSITIVE EFFECTS ,PRICE DISCOVERY ,POLICIES ,VILLAGES ,ENDOWMENTS ,VILLAGE ,SMALL ENTERPRISES ,SOURCE OF INCOME ,FAMILY ,DECENTRALIZATION ,NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,BIAS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,SAFETY ,EFFECTS ,INSURANCE ,ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ,REVENUE ,HOUSEHOLDS ,DIVERSIFICATION ,TAXES ,BANKS ,BARGAINING ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,EFFICIENCY ,LAND RIGHTS ,SECURE PROPERTY RIGHTS ,PROFITS ,LAND REGISTRATION ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,GROWTH RATE ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,PEOPLE ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,REAL ESTATE ,ECONOMICS ,INTEREST ,RECEIPTS ,CORRUPTION ,JOB CREATION ,AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ,MOTIVATION ,INPUTS ,SUBSIDY ,REVENUES ,TRANSACTION COST ,VALUE OF OUTPUT ,URBAN AREAS ,GENDER ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,LAW ,ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
As part of a national experiment in 2008, Chengdu prefecture implemented ambitious property rights reforms, including complete registration of all land together with measures to ease transferability and eliminate migration restrictions. A triple difference approach using the Statistics Bureau’s regular household panel suggests that the reforms increased consumption and income, especially for less wealthy and less educated households, with estimated benefits well above the cost of implementation. Local labor supply increased, with the young shifting toward agriculture and the old toward off-farm employment. Agricultural yields, intensity of input use, and diversity of output also increased. Improving property rights in peri-urban China appears to have increased investment and diversification.
- Published
- 2015
44. Firms’ Locational Choice and Infrastructure Development in Tanzania : Instrumental Variable Spatial Autoregressive Model
- Author
-
Iimi, Atsushi, Humphreys, Richard Martin, and Melibaeva, Sevara
- Subjects
CUSTOMS ,INVESTMENT ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM ,GLOBAL MARKET ,CARGO HANDLING ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,ECONOMIC ZONES ,NESTED LOGIT MODEL ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS ,COMMODITIES ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT ,MEASUREMENT ,RAILWAYS ,ROAD ,COMMODITY ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,DRIVERS ,EXTERNALITIES ,EMPLOYMENT ,CRITERIA ,ELASTICITIES ,INVESTMENTS ,VEHICLE ,PRODUCTIVITY ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,COMPETITIVENESS ,TRANSPORT MODES ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,HIGHWAY SYSTEM ,RAILWAY ,BUSINESS ,RENT ,USERS ,ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ,COMPUTER ,FIRMS ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,TAX REVENUE ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,PRICES ,WAGES ,PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES ,PRODUCTION ,ENTERPRISES ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,POLICY SUPPORT ,RAIL ,ROAD NETWORK ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,ELASTICITY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS ,THEORY ,PERFORMANCE ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRADE ,GOOD TRANSPORT ,RESIDENTIAL USERS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE ,RAIL STATIONS ,HIGHWAYS ,HISTORIC CITIES ,TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES ,TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS ,COSTS ,GENERATION ,DATA ,AGRICULTURE ,AGGLOMERATION ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,ELECTRICITY ,ACCESSIBILITY ,VARIABLES ,CONNECTIVITY ,ROUTE ,MANUFACTURING ,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ,ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,NETWORK ,AUTOREGRESSION ,ROADS ,BUSINESS ACTIVITIES ,OPEN ACCESS ,TAXATION ,RESULT ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,ECONOMETRICS ,POLICIES ,HIGHWAY ,CHOICE ,ROAD CONDITIONS ,WEB ,VEHICLE OPERATING ,DIVERSIFICATION ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,DATABASE ,POWER ,MATERIALS ,ADMINISTRATION ,AGGLOMERATION EFFECTS ,CREDIT ,CARGO ,MARKET ACCESSIBILITY ,RAIL LINE ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,TECHNOLOGY ,TRANSPORT ACCESS ,RESULTS ,LOCAL CONNECTIVITY ,COST OF POWER ,INCREASING RETURNS ,PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION ,GROWTH PATH ,INPUTS ,MARKET POTENTIAL ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,TRANSPORT ,BUSINESSES ,TRANSPORTATION ,AGGLOMERATION EFFECT ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,PORTS ,RAILROADS ,REGISTRY ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTS ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES ,INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
Agglomeration economies are among the most important factors in increasing firm productivity. However, there is little evidence supportive of this in Africa. Using the firm registry database in Tanzania, this paper examines a new application of the logit approach with two empirical issues taken into account: spatial autocorrelation and endogeneity of infrastructure placement. The paper finds significant agglomeration economies. It is also found that firms are more likely to be located where local connectivity and access to markets are good. The paper finds that dealing with infrastructure endogeneity and spatial autocorrelation in the empirical model is important. According to the exogeneity test, infrastructure variables are likely endogenous. The spatial autoregressive term is significant. As expected, therefore, there are positive externalities of firm location choice around the neighboring areas.
- Published
- 2015
45. Labor Productivity and Employment Gaps in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Author
-
McCullough, Ellen B.
- Subjects
DOWNWARD BIAS ,INFORMATION ,INVESTMENT ,DISSAVINGS ,RURAL INDUSTRY ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,LABOR ORGANIZATION ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,NON-FARM SECTOR ,MEASUREMENT ,PRODUCTIVITY GAP ,JOB ,EMPLOYMENT ,PERMANENT INCOME ,LAGS ,INCOME ,PRODUCTIVITY ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,WORKERS ,JOBS ,GOVERNMENTS ,INCENTIVES ,OCCUPATIONS ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,SHARES ,BANK ,GOODS ,OCCUPATION ,SERVICE SECTOR ,STANDARDS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,STRATEGIES ,LABOR SUPPLY ,AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,WORKER ,INDUSTRY ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,FINANCE ,ECONOMICS RESEARCH ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICES ,WAGES ,PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES ,RURAL POVERTY ,PURCHASING POWER ,PRODUCTIVITY GAINS ,AGE GROUPS ,HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS ,WELFARE ,GROSS REVENUES ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,ENTERPRISES ,SAFETY NET ,INCOME EARNING ,CONSUMPTION LEVELS ,RURAL WORKERS ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,CONSUMPTION ,PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,SERVICES ,INTEREST RATES ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,TRADE ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,COUNTRY COMPARISONS ,EARNING ,LABOR DEMAND ,SUPPLY ,SAVING ,PAYMENTS ,WORK FORCE ,EMPLOYMENT SHARE ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,NET VALUE ,INDUSTRY WAGE ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,CLERKS ,CONTRACTING ,AGRICULTURE ,DEMAND ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CONSUMERS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,FUTURE RESEARCH ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,ECONOMIC MOBILITY ,LABOR ALLOCATION ,ACCOUNTING ,FACTOR MARKETS ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,RISK ,LABORERS ,LABOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS ,ECONOMETRICS ,POLICIES ,GOVERNANCE ,LABOR SHARE ,BENCHMARK ,WAGE EMPLOYMENT ,TOTAL WAGES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,SAFETY ,EFFECTS ,RETAIL TRADE ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ,TRANSACTIONS COSTS ,REVENUE ,EMPLOYEES ,SERVICE SECTORS ,GROSS SALES ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,MIGRATION ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,EMPLOYMENT LEVELS ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,WAGE RATE ,FIRM LEVEL ,MANAGEMENT ,EXPECTED RETURNS ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,ECONOMICS ,INTEREST ,MARGINAL REVENUE ,INPUTS ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LABOR FORCE ,TRANSPORT ,SAVINGS ,VALUE OF OUTPUT ,SERVICES CATEGORY ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH - Abstract
Drawing on a new set of nationally representative, internationally comparable household surveys, this paper provides an overview of key features of structural transformation—labor allocation and labor productivity—in four African economies. New, micro-based measures of sector labor allocation and cross-sector productivity differentials describe the incentives households face when allocating their labor. These measures are similar to national accounts-based measures that are typically used to characterize structural changes in African economies. However, because agricultural workers supply far fewer hours of labor per year than do workers in other sectors, productivity gaps disappear almost entirely when expressed on a per-hour basis. What look like large productivity gaps in national accounts data could really be employment gaps, calling into question the prospective gains that laborers can achieve through structural transformation. These employment gaps, along with the strong linkages observed between rural non-farm activities and primary agricultural production, highlight agricultures continued relevance to structural change in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Published
- 2015
46. Leveraging Oil and Gas Industry for the Development of a Competitive Private Sector in Uganda
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
DIESEL ENGINES ,GAS POLICY ,DOMESTIC OIL ,WAXES ,WASTE ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,POLLUTION CONTROL ,APPROACH ,PLASTICS ,CHEMICAL PRODUCTS ,VESSELS ,PETROL ,EMPLOYMENT ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,LAND USE ,PETROLEUM INDUSTRY ,ASSESSMENT PROGRAM ,OFFSHORE DRILLING ,NATIONAL OIL ,INCOME ,OIL COMPANY ,CRUDE OIL ,DIESEL ,OIL PRODUCERS ,ORGANIC MATERIAL ,CONCESSION ,HYDROGEN ,OIL ,GAS INDUSTRY ,OIL AND GAS SECTOR ,TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ,BALANCE ,LICENSEE ,OIL FIELD ,GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ,EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES ,OIL DISCOVERY ,PRICE COMPETITIVENESS ,OIL EXPLORATION ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,PIPELINE ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ,MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS ,REFINERY ,LUBRICANTS ,OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES ,PIPES ,DEMAND FOR ENERGY ,GAS OPERATIONS ,RAW MATERIAL ,OIL PRODUCTS ,POLLUTION ,EXPLORATION PROCESS ,OIL RESERVES ,WAGES ,PETROLEUM ,NATIONAL INCOME ,REFINERIES ,DEVELOPMENT DRILLING ,FUEL OIL ,AQUACULTURE ,OIL INDUSTRY ,SUBSOIL USERS ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,NATIONAL ECONOMY ,GAS EXPLORATION ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,DRILLING ACTIVITY ,OIL EXTRACTION ,LNG ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,PETROLEUM SECTOR ,WEALTH CREATION ,OIL PRODUCER ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,FIELD DEVELOPMENT PLAN ,OIL SPILL ,CONSUMERS ,WIND POWER ,FUEL ,ELECTRICITY ,WTO ,DISASTER PREVENTION ,GDP ,TAX INCENTIVES ,CARBON ,OIL FIELDS ,PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACTS ,CARBON DIOXIDE ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,GAS OIL ,PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,TAXATION ,GROWTH POTENTIAL ,PETROLEUM LEGISLATION ,OIL RESOURCES ,HYDROGEN SULFIDE ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,OIL PRODUCING ,OIL REFINERY ,PETROCHEMICALS ,ENERGY SECURITY ,VEHICLES ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,CARBON ATOMS ,GAS PIPELINES ,BILATERAL TRADE ,LDCS ,OIL SECTOR ,GAS SUPPLIERS ,REFINING ,INEFFICIENCY ,GASOLINE ,URUGUAY ROUND ,NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION ,EFFICIENT USE ,KEROSENE ,SHIPS ,SOURCE OF ENERGY ,NATURAL GAS ,OIL AMP ,GAS ,CEMENT ,NDP ,OIL DISCOVERIES ,OIL REVENUES ,MOTOR FUEL ,GAS COMPANY ,GAS FIELD ,PETROLEUM COKE ,PETROLEUM EXPLORATION ,BIRDS ,PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION ,MILLION TONS OF OIL ,AVAILABILITY ,OFFSHORE OIL ,INTERNATIONAL OIL COMPANIES ,OIL PRODUCTION ,WIND ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,MINERAL ,ADVERSE EFFECTS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,OIL RIGS ,OIL AND GAS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE ,DEVELOPMENT POLICIES - Abstract
The study represents a background study for the proposed Uganda Country Economic Memorandum (CEM), which seeks to address the issue of efficient use of oil resources and examine synergies between the oil industry and the rest of the economy, through growth poles or linkages. The oil industry can help Uganda to promote robust growth in the economy. However, it is important to keep in mind that it will take a number of years until oil revenues start flowing into Uganda s economy. After the Final Investment Decision (FID) is reached, it will take time to develop the oil fields and start oil production. In the meantime, there are immediate opportunities opening up for Uganda s businesses to supply the oil industry with goods and services. In most cases, Uganda s suppliers, especially micro, small and medium enterpises (MSMEs), are not expected to become first tier contractors to the International Oil Company (IOCs). The main objective of this study is to provide recommendations to the Government of Uganda (GoU) on policies and strategies of leveraging the oil discoveries for the development of the national economy in order to transform the oil resources into sustained growth. The study reviews the typology of policies for local sourcing used in the world. It includes ample examples of other countries experiences with developing their local content policies and providing support to priority sectors to boost local content which could be useful for Uganda from the standpoint of lessons learned. The study conducts a detailed analysis of the binding constraints faced by domestic oil and gas suppliers in Uganda, takes stock of existing national content support initiatives and identifies areas which are in urgent need of further support. The study examines how the oil sector can be used as a driver of agriculture and fisheries sectors in the Albertine Region and other regions of Uganda from the standpoint of food supply to the oil camps.
- Published
- 2015
47. Measuring and Explaining the Impact of Productive Efficiency on Economic Development
- Author
-
Ruwan Jayasuriya and Quentin Wodon
- Subjects
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,MARKET POWER ,RETURNS TO SCALE ,TAX ,COUNTRY RISK ,MARKET DISTORTION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,MARGINAL TAX RATES ,REPUDIATION ,INFLATION ,PRICE DIFFERENCES ,BLACK MARKET ,Economics ,EMPLOYMENT ,PRODUCTION INPUTS ,BASKET OF GOODS ,PRODUCTIVITY ,DOMESTIC CAPITAL ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,RULE OF LAW ,URBANIZATION ,INFLATION RATE ,Production–possibility frontier ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS ,OIL ,RETURNS ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,POLITICAL STABILITY ,GROWTH THEORY ,Productive efficiency ,Macroeconomics ,STOCK DATA ,BANK OF ENGLAND ,TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,Development ,MARKET STRUCTURE ,Microeconomics ,ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION ,RETAIL BANKING ,PURCHASING POWER ,EMPIRICAL STUDIES ,DECISION MAKING ,MARKET MECHANISMS ,PUBLIC ENTERPRISES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,DUMMY VARIABLE ,MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ,COUNTRY COMPARISONS ,GOVERNMENT POLICIES ,LOCAL BUSINESSES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,Economic growth ,AGRICULTURE ,INNOVATION ,PRICE CONTROLS ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,INPUT USE ,PRODUCTION PROCESS ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,GDP ,Physical capital ,CREDIBILITY ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,BASE YEAR ,PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,LEGAL SYSTEM ,PORTFOLIOS ,Means of production ,REGIONAL DUMMY ,OUTPUTS ,ECONOMETRICS ,RATING SYSTEMS ,CAPITAL STOCK ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,Capital intensity ,ECONOMIC STATISTICS ,ECONOMIC SURVEYS ,INFLATION RATES ,Economics and Econometrics ,DUMMY VARIABLES ,Factors of production ,INEFFICIENCY ,Capital good ,Human capital ,PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ,GROWTH RATE ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,REAL GDP ,Accounting ,GLOBALIZATION ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,ECONOMICS ,MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION ,POLITICAL RISK ,MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,DIVISION OF LABOR ,BUREAUCRATIC QUALITY ,MARKET STRUCTURES ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,LABOR FORCE ,POST OFFICES ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,EXOGENOUS VARIABLES ,HEALTH SERVICES ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,Finance - Abstract
A limitation of most empirical cross-country studies that focus on determinants of gross domestic product (GDP) is that they fail to distinguish explicitly between inputs used in production and conditions that facilitate production. For example, physical capital, human capital, and labor are production inputs, whereas the quality of institutions, macroeconomic stability, and market quality are conditions that facilitate production. This article takes this distinction seriously and uses a stochastic frontier approach to study factors affecting economic performance. A panel data set of 71 countries for the 1980-98 periods is used to estimate a production frontier with physical capital, human capital, and labor as inputs. The article also analyzes what drives productive efficiency, using the institutional framework, macroeconomic stability, market quality, and urbanization as possible explanatory factors. Urbanization turns out to be an important determinant, with the rule of law, inflation rate, and market quality also affecting productive efficiency.
- Published
- 2005
48. MORE THAN JUST HARD WORK?
- Subjects
EXPORTS ,INDUSTRIALIZATION - Published
- 1978
49. May 1962 Survey of Japan's Economy and Industry.
- Author
-
Fink, Conrad
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC conditions in Japan - Published
- 1962
50. Bridging the Atlantic : Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa, South–South Partnering for Growth
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
FOREIGN TRADE ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,GLOBAL MARKET ,GROWTH RATES ,CUSTOMS UNION ,DEMOGRAPHIC ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,WORLD TRADE ,COMMODITIES ,THIRD WORLD ,FINANCE CORPORATION ,COMMODITY ,EMPLOYMENT ,ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORM ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,MARKET ECONOMIES ,POLICY MAKERS ,POLITICAL SYSTEMS ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,INCOME ,PRODUCTIVITY ,CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,GUARANTEE AGENCY ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,OIL ,GLOBAL INTEREST ,DEMOCRACIES ,TECHNICAL SUPPORT ,BONDS ,INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,COMMON MARKET ,AID EFFECTIVENESS ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,CREDIT LINES ,METALS ,MINES ,ECONOMIC RELATIONS ,DEVELOPMENT BANKS ,RAPID GROWTH ,TRANSPARENCY ,COLLUSION ,LOCAL INSTITUTIONS ,TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ,EMERGING MARKETS ,RACIAL EQUALITY ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS ,GOVERNANCE INDICATORS ,MOBILE PHONES ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,ECONOMIC DYNAMISM ,EXPLOITATION ,PURCHASING POWER ,FINANCIAL AID ,NATIONAL INCOME ,LABOR MARKET ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,MERCHANT ,GDP PER CAPITA ,FACILITATION ,FLOW OF CAPITAL ,E-GOVERNMENT ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,MARKET DIVERSIFICATION ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,MERCHANTS ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,PRIVATE CONSUMPTION ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,ENTREPRENEURS ,COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,DEVELOPING ECONOMIES ,GDP ,CONNECTIVITY ,ECONOMIC TRENDS ,EXCLUSION ,PORTFOLIO ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ,EMPLOYMENT POLICIES ,ACCOUNTING ,CONSOLIDATION ,TRADING SYSTEMS ,DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES ,EXPORTS ,ACCESS TO EDUCATION ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,OUTPUTS ,SCHOLARSHIP ,MONOPOLY ,PURCHASING POWER PARITY ,FUTURE GROWTH ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,INEQUALITIES ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,COLONIALISM ,FORECASTS ,INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS ,FUTURE PROSPECTS ,JOINT VENTURE ,ACCESS TO RESOURCES ,ECONOMIC POWER ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ,COMMODITY PRICES ,GROWTH RATE ,LEGISLATION ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,EXPORT EARNINGS ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,REAL GDP ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,MARKET SHARE ,PUBLIC POLICIES ,LIMITED ACCESS ,PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,CENTRAL BANKS ,WORLD ECONOMY ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,FOOD SHORTAGE ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,HOUSING ,SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUNDS ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS ,POWER PARITY ,CORRUPTION ,DIVISION OF LABOR ,JOB CREATION ,SOCIAL INEQUALITY ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,BUSINESS REGULATIONS ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,OUTREACH ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL PARTNERSHIPS ,MARKET ECONOMY ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY ,EXPENDITURE ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL - Abstract
Bridging the Atlantic is a descriptive study of Brazil's involvement with counterparts in Sub-Saharan Africa through knowledge exchange, trade, and investments. The objective of the study is to understand these relations better with the intent to forge concrete and mutually beneficial partnerships between Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa. Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa are natural partners, with at one point a shared geography and later a shared history. Since the turn of the twentieth century, Africa has become one of the major fronts of Brazil's international agenda. Africa is rapidly changing and Brazil has expressed growing interest in supporting and taking part in African development. The study includes a narrative of the shared history between Brazil and Africa, as well as a description of Brazilian foreign direct investment and trade with Africa. It ends with recommendations made by the World Bank to strengthen the cooperation between Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Published
- 2012
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.