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Context/Objective: This article examines the role that an emerging sector of private commercial aviation firms played in the agricultural industry by providing aerial fumigation and cargo services in Chile from the post-WWII to 1973. Methodology: From a perspective centered on the formation and operation of individual firms, and using documentation from the Junta de Aeronáutica Civil (jac), newspapers, and technical bulletins, we analyze the expansion and then the contraction of this sector of private aviation firms and the results and problems of their operation in an initially lucrative and scarcely regulated market. Originality: Unlike most of the literature on the history of commercial aviation in Latin America, which focuses on the study of passenger airlines, this article examines commercial aviation's role in economic development, specifically in the agricultural sector and its contribution to agricultural modernization. Conclusions: Despite initial legal and operational problems, like scarcity of capital and equipment, the companies proliferated rapidly, developed a fumigation capacity well over the demand level, and diversified their cargo activity both in the national territory and towards other countries. Thus, in a period in which agriculture's lower growth and subordination to the industrialization-promoting state policy made it difficult to invest in technological innovations, private aviation firms made a significant contribution to agricultural modernization in Chile. They were the agents that carried out the rapid introduction and diffusion of one of the most important technological innovations worldwide: large-scale aerial fumigation of the principal commercial crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has prevailed over thousands of years, thanks to it a great diversity of products is obtained, which meet the demands of society, but for this it has needed various factors, to be able to transform this type of materials into products, which is done through industrialization, whose task is to process this raw material obtained through agriculture to transform it into a product and with this adding value, with which it will generate resources for both parties, the union of this type of activities is known as agribusiness. This work will be done through a small analysis of the agro-industrial sector in Mexico in a comparison of the years 2020 and 2021, with the aim of describing the changes that have arisen in these years, through a descriptive and exploratory methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spin-оff enterprises, founded in the academic environment, are technology-based enterprises which are based on the technological achievements produced by R&D activities and are established from universities and research institutes. It is a very important method of achievements industrialization in the world. This paper analyzes the necessity of developing agricultural science and technology Spin-off enterprises, the current situation and problems of agricultural science and technology enterprises, and puts forward suggestions for the developing of agricultural Spin-off enterprises, in order to provide reference for the rapid development of agricultural Spin-off enterprises in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research identifies the current state of the Atlantic department's agricultural units, allowing knowledge of weaknesses and strengths. A subjective interpretation, a central point for knowledge and understanding of the systemic - holistic reality of the study variable, is used as a methodology, based on the reflective analytical approach, with respect to the phenomenon and complexity, studied in the current theoretical references and classical disciplinary intellectual production. The findings show poverty figures, below the regional average, above the national average. The need to study the internal and external environment is concluded, considering technological progress and integration of the public and private of sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial automation is considered an essential part in the industrial development of a nation. In Cuba, specifically in the agricultural industry, the automation technology is obsolete and even in some cases it does not exist. This is mostly due to the difficult access to the technology and its high cost. In the present work, the development of own automation technology it is presented. It is based on embedded systems as an economically and adequate alternative for its use on the automation of the agricultural industry in Cuba. To achieve this, a search and comparison of the available automation technologies were realized. It took into account, the worldwide industrial technology traditionally used, which is based on Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, and the own technology based on embedded systems, developed for example, with a microcontroller. From the search and comparison, it was determined that the development of own technology based on embedded systems is more economical and is considered more adequate for the Cuban agricultural industry conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial automation is considered an essential part in the industrial development of a nation. In Cuba, specifically in the agricultural industry, the automation technology is obsolete and even in some cases it does not exist. This is mostly due to the difficult access to the technology and its high cost. In the present work, the development of own automation technology it is presented. It is based on embedded systems as an economically and adequate alternative for its use on the automation of the agricultural industry in Cuba. To achieve this, a search and comparison of the available automation technologies were realized. It took into account, the worldwide industrial technology traditionally used, which is based on Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, and the own technology based on embedded systems, developed for example, with a microcontroller. From the search and comparison, it was determined that the development of own technology based on embedded systems is more economical and is considered more adequate for the Cuban agricultural industry conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression “wage transition” refers to the fact that over the past three decades in almost all developed economies wage increases have leveled off. There has been a widening divergence and decoupling between wages on the one hand and GDP per capita on the other hand. Yet, in China wages and GDP per capita climbed in sync (at least up to now). In the first part of the paper we present comparative statistical evidence which measures the extent of the wage transition effect. In a second part we consider the reasons of this phenomenon, in particular we explain how the transfers of labor from low productivity sectors (such as agriculture) to high productivity sectors (such as manufacturing) are the driver of productivity growth, particularly through their synergetic effects. Although rural flight represents only one of these effects, it is certainly the most visible because of the geographical relocation that it implies; it is also the most well-defined statistically. Moreover, it will be seen that it is a good indicator of the overall productivity and attractiveness of the non-agricultural sector. Because this model accounts fairly well for the observed evolution in industrialized countries, we use it to predict the rate of Chinese economic growth in coming decades. Our forecast for the average annual growth of real wages ranges from 4% to 6% depending on how well China will control offshoring and the development of its healthcare sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research advances the hypothesis that natural land productivity in the past, and its effect on the desirable level of cooperation in the agricultural sector, had a persistent effect on the evolution of social capital, the process of industrialization and comparative economic development across the globe. Exploiting exogenous sources of variations in land productivity across (a) countries; (b) individuals within a country, (c) migrants of different ancestry within a country, and (d) individuals residing in regions within a country, the research establishes that lower level of land productivity in the past is associated with more intense cooperation and higher levels of contemporary social capital and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics of Agriculture / Ekonomika Poljoprivrede is the property of Institute of Agricultural Economics (IAE) / Belgrade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economics of Agriculture / Ekonomika Poljoprivrede is the property of Institute of Agricultural Economics (IAE) / Belgrade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of African Political Economy is the property of Review of Political Economy (ROAPE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On the basis of new characteristics and trend of China's agricultural development in the post-WTO period, combining analysis of factors influencing agricultural industrial safety, this paper builds an evaluation indicator system for China's agricultural industrial safety by scientific indicator system design method. This indicator system includes risk factor indicators( showing risk degree) and capacity factor indicators( showing guaranteeing ability), and consists of 7 subsystems: consumption safety, production safety, industrial controlling capacity, industrial development capacity, industrial development environment, government functions and industrial foundation condition. Risk factor is divided into 5 levels: higher risk, high risk, medium risk, low risk and lower risk; guarantee risk is also divided into five levels: strong, healthy, normal, weak and disabled. According to the overall evaluation score obtained from weighting sum, the agricultural industrial safety includes 5 types: very safe, safe, basically safe, not safe and hazardous. This evaluation indicator system is expected to providing theoretical reference for evaluating China's agricultural industrial safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia 396 is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Instituto de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reconstructs the evolution of a multinational fruit processing company from Ghana. Starting from the perspective that firms more generally aim at achieving stability in intra- and extra-organisational relations, the article explores the practical means (organisational forms, resources, technologies, strategies and routines) through which the case study company achieved relational stability in global markets, but also shows how this was eroded in changing market environments. Extending out from this case study, the article also addresses the questions why some agro-business firms in Africa have developed more sophisticated high-value market connections while others have not and whether foreign direct investments can serve as catalysts for agro-industrialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a case study that offers an analysis of the effect of domestic reform that includes trade in the agriculture sector in New Zealand. It notes the contribution of the agricultural and trade reform in the competition and innovation of the commercial agricultural sector of the country. It mentions the role of the commercial agricultural sector including wine, fruit, and livestock to the significant changes in the composition and in the boost of innovation and productivity.

The World Development Report 2008 (WDR-2008) on agriculture and development has been received with much expectation and controversy. This paper welcomes some aspects of the WDR-2008 that help us reinvigorate some debates on agricultural development, so far marginalised in international development policy agendas. The paper, however, focuses on some critical problems in the report and the World Bank's stance on agriculture. First, there are tensions between advocacy and research and between the World Bank's rhetoric and operational realities. Secondly, the report suffers from the usual adherence to superficial win-win scenarios that mask conflict of interest and power relations. Thirdly, the WDR-2008 is caught in a tension between neo-populist pro-small farmer views and 'modernist' pro-agribusiness stances. Fourthly, the analysis of agricultural development in isolation from broader development processes and especially without a systematic analysis of industrialisation and agriculture-industry relations seriously limits the analytical and empirical value of the report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]