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Background Part of tuberculosis (TB) patients were missed if symptomatic screening was based on the main TB likely symptoms. This study conducted to compare the yield and relative costs of different TB screening algorithms in active case-finding in the whole population in China. Methods The study population was screened based on the TB likely symptoms through a face-to-face interview in selected 27 communities from 10 counties of 10 provinces in China. If the individuals had any of the enhanced TB likely symptoms, both chest X-ray and sputum tests were carried out for them furtherly. We used the McNemar test to analyze the difference in TB detection among four algorithms in active case-finding. Of four algorithms, two were from WHO recommendations including 1a/1c, one from China National Tuberculosis Program, and one from this study with the enhanced TB likely symptoms. Furthermore, a two-way ANOVA analysis was performed to analyze the cost difference in the performance of active case-finding adjusted by different demographic and health characteristics among different algorithms. Results Algorithm with the enhanced TB likely symptoms defined in this study could increase the yield of TB detection in active case-finding, compared with algorithms recommended by WHO (p Conclusions Active case-finding based on the enhanced symptom screening is meaningful for TB case-finding and it could identify more active TB cases in time. The findings indicated that this enhanced screening approach cost more compared to algorithms recommend by WHO and China NTP, but the increased yield resulted in comparative costs per patient. And it cost much more that only smear/bacteriological-positive TB cases are screened in active case-finding.

Pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been suggested as modifying risk for atherosclerosis. Promoter region genetic polymorphism of IL-10 gene is known to be associated with the level of IL-10 production. Through these effects, they might be involved with the ischemic stroke (IS). Our aim was to assess the nature of the functional polymorphisms in IL-10 promoter and any links with IS in Chinese Han population.The IL-10 -1082 GA, -819 CT and -592 CA functional polymorphisms were determined by TaqMan SNP Genotyping assays in 1296 subjects (648 IS patients diagnosed by CTs or/and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 648 normal healthy controls from Chinese Han Population). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to show the association between the IL-10 genotypes and the IS events.We found that the CC genotype of -819 CT was more common in controls than IS subjects (P0.05, corrected for multiple testing) in the Han population. CC carriage may be associated with the decreased risk of IS in the Han ethnic group (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43-0.97). In addition, the CC genotype in -592 CA and GG genotype in -1082 GA are all extremely low in Chinese Han cases and controls.The G allele frequency at the -1082 promoter region of IL-10 was rare in Chinese Han population which are diffierent from American/European populations.. IL-10 -819 CT may be an independent protective factor for IS in the Chinese Han population.

The increase in drug-resistant tuberculosis in China calls for scaling up rapid diagnosis. We evaluated introduction of rapid resistance testing by line-probe assay for all patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in 2 prefectures in middle and eastern China. We analyzed sputum samples for smear-positive patients and cultures for smear-negative patients. We used a before-after comparison of baseline and intervention periods (12 months each) and analyzed data for 5,222 baseline period patients and 4,364 intervention period patients. The number of patients with rifampin resistance increased from 30 in the baseline period to 97 in the intervention period for smear-positive patients and from 0 to 13 for smear-negative patients, reflecting a low proportion of positive cultures (410/2,844, 14.4%). Expanding rapid testing for drug resistance for smear-positive patients resulted in a 3-fold increase in patients with diagnoses of rifampin-resistant tuberculosis. However, testing smear-negative patients had limited added value because of a low culture-positive rate.

PPARδ belongs to a receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors involved in the regulation of inflammation, cellular glucose uptake, protection against atherosclerosis and endothelial cell function. Through these effects, they might be involved with the ischemic stroke (IS). We recruited 200 subjects (100 IS patients diagnosed by CTs or/and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 100 normal healthy controls from Chinese Uyghur population) to assess the nature of the functional polymorphisms of PPARδ +294T/C and any links with IS in this unique population. We found that the C allele of the PPARδ +294T/C polymorphism was more common in controls than IS subjects in the Uyghur population. C allele carriage may be associated with an increased risk of IS in Uyghurs with a strong trend (OR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.11-2.89). Additionally, the PPARδ CC and TC genotypes were less frequent in Uyghur population than in Han population. Our population and ethnic-based study demonstrates that the PPARδ +294C allele maybe an independent risk of IS in Chinese Uyghurs especially in the male (OR 1.99, 95%CI:1.06-3.72) and obesity populations (OR 2.36, 95%CI: 1.19-4.67), which were consistent with Tunisian Population. Moreover, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, waist-to-hip ratio, hypertension, history of heart diseases, and negative events may increase the risk of IS, with a trend for HDL to be a protective factor for IS in the Uyghur population. However, larger populations are warranted to validate our findings.

Article history: Received 29 January 2016 Accepted 28 February 2016 Available online 2 March 2016 largely depended on three SNPs located in the promoter −592, −819 and −1082 and the haplotypes composed of them. These SNPs form haplotypes that have been associated with high or low level production of IL-10. Several studies done on IL-10 promoter polymorphisms suggest that IL-10 may be associated with the risk of atherosclerosis, and other inflammatory diseases [6–7]. However, the association of genetic

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays an important role in mediating endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and antithrombotic action and is thus involved in the development of ischemic stroke (IS). Controversial results regarding the association of eNOS gene variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism with IS have been reported by conventional PCR-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods. We aimed to identify any common association of eNOS gene VNTR polymorphism with IS in Chinese Han population by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The VNTR polymorphism of 27 bp within the eNOS intron-4 was determined by CE with specially designed tailed primers in Chinese Han patients with IS (n = 457) and matched elderly controls without IS (n = 457). Significant differences in BMI, WHR, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, TG, HDL, LDL, LDL, and FBG were observed between cases and controls. The distributions of eNOS VNTR polymorphism were not significantly associated with IS after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.82–1.69). This finding was consistent with the further meta-analysis in Asians. The meta-analysis in Americans demonstrated that 4a/4b + 4a/4a genotype was significantly associated with IS risk with an OR of 1.54 (95% CI, 1.09–2.17) compared with the 4b/4b genotype. Our data suggests that BMI, WHR, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, TG, LDL, and FBG may increase the risk of IS. However, eNOS VNTR polymorphism may be not an independent major contributor for IS in Chinese Han population. The VNTR polymorphism might be associated with IS in Americans based on meta-analysis.

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified two key SNPs (rs11833579 and rs12425791) on chromosome 12p13 that were significantly associated with stroke in Caucasians. However, the validity of the association has remained controversial. We performed genetic association analyses in a very unique population which has 60% European ancestry and 40% East Asian ancestry. No significant association between these two SNPs and ischemic stroke was detected in this Chinese Uyghur population.

PPARx03B3; and PPARα belong to a receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors involved in the regulation of inflammation, cellular glucose uptake, protection against atherosclerosis and endothelial cell function. Through these effects, they might be involved with the ischemic stroke (IS).One thousand two hundred ninety-six subjects from the Chinese Han Population were chosen to assess the nature of the functional polymorphisms of PPARs and any links with IS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between PPARx03B3; and PPARα genotypes and a diagnosis of IS.Pro/Ala carriage may be associated with the decreased risk of IS in Hans (OR 0.542, 95% CI 0.346-0.850). The 162Val allele frequency at the DNA-binding region of PPARα was extremely rare in Chinese Han population.PPARx03B3; 12Pro/Ala resulting in an amino acid exchange in N-terminal sequence may be an independent protective factor for IS in the Chinese Han population. However, more populations are warranted to validate our findings.