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2 results on '"Duncan Ngare"'

1. HIV/AIDS and cultural practices in western Kenya: the impact of sexual cleansing rituals on sexual behaviours

Author

Rose Ayikukwei, James Y. Greene, Joyce B. Baliddawa, Duncan Ngare, David Ayuku, and John E. Sidle

Subjects
Adult, Male, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health (social science), Sexual Behavior, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Mortuary Practice, Ethnic group, Exploratory research, HIV Infections, Fertility, Context (language use), Sex Education, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), medicine, Humans, Marriage, education, Ceremonial Behavior, Developing Countries, Aged, media_common, Aged, 80 and over, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, education.field_of_study, Cultural Characteristics, Unsafe Sex, Socialization, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Hygiene, Widowhood, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Kenya, Focus group, Female, Grief, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

This paper reports on an exploratory study examining the role of sexual cleansing rituals in the transmission of HIV among the Luo community in western Kenya. Data were collected using both in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The study population consisted of 38 widows, 12 community elders and 44 cleansers. Data were collected on non-behavioural causes, behavioural causes and behavioural indicators associated with sexual rituals. Content analysis revealed five central themes: the effect of the ritual on sexual behaviours; factors contributing to the continued practice of the ritual, including a sub-theme on the commercialization of the ritual; the inseparable relationship between the sanctity of sex, prosperity and fertility of the land; and the effects of modernization on the ritual, including a sub-theme on the effects of mass media on HIV-prevention awareness campaigns. Causal factors of unchanging sexual behaviours are deeply rooted in traditional beliefs, which the community uphold strongly. These beliefs encourage men and women to have multiple sexual partners in a context where the use of condoms is rejected and little HIV testing is carried out.

Published
2008

2. Antiretroviral durability and tolerability in HIV-infected adults living in urban Kenya

Author

William Fryda, Duncan Ngare, Claudia Hawkins, Robert L. Murphy, and Chad J. Achenbach

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Nevirapine, Adolescent, Urban Population, Population, HIV Infections, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Internal medicine, Medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Cumulative incidence, education, Developing Countries, Aged, Probability, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Hazard ratio, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, Exanthema, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Kenya, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Government Programs, Infectious Diseases, Treatment Outcome, Tolerability, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Immunology, Patient Compliance, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, business, Sentinel Surveillance, medicine.drug
Abstract

Insufficient data exist on the durability and tolerability of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens provided by HIV treatment programs implemented in developing countries. Longitudinal observation of clinical immunologic and treatment parameters of all HIV-infected adult patients initiated on ART was performed at Saint Marys Mission Hospital in Nairobi Kenya from September 2004 until August 2006. A total of 1286 patients were analyzed (59.1% female). Initial ART regimens were primarily stavudine lamivudine and nevirapine (62.1%). Median ART duration was 350 days (11.6 months). Significant improvements in clinical and immunologic status were noted after 12 months of therapy. ART switches occurred in 701 (54.5%) patients. The cumulative incidence of ART switch at 12 months was 78.4%. Concurrent ART-related toxicities (40.6%) and tuberculosis treatment interactions (28.1%) were the most frequent reasons for ART switch. Baseline AIDS symptoms (hazard rate [HR] = 1.59 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28 to 1.98; P < 0.01) and a CD4 count

Published
2007

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