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Currently, the planting of 'Qi-Nan' is continuously increasing, yet a substantial amount of 'Qi-Nan' leaves have not been properly exploited. To improve the 'Qi-Nan' tree 's utilization value, 'Qi-Nan' leaves were used as a raw material. An ultrasound-assisted method was performed to obtain the flavonoids from the 'Qi-Nan' leaves, followed by optimization of the extraction factors using a one-way and response surface methodology to enhance the extraction of flavonoids. Subsequently, the composition of the flavonoids, as well as their bioactive abilities, were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and in vitro activity testing methods. The findings demonstrated that a 1:50 material-to-liquid ratio, 60% ethanol concentration, and ultrasound-assisted extraction time of 30 min were the ideal procedures for extracting flavonoids (flavonoid content: 6.68%). Meanwhile, the 'Qi-Nan' leaves possessed the antioxidant and medicinal potential to prevent diabetes and Alzheimer 's disease, as evidenced by the semi-inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) of flavonoid extracts for scavenging DPPH• free radicals, scavenging ABTS•+ free radicals, inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, and inhibiting α-glucosidase, which were 12.64 μg/mL, 66.58 μg/mL, 102.31 μg/mL, and 38.76 μg/mL, respectively, which indicated that the 'Qi-Nan' leaves possessed the properties of antioxidant and medicinal potential for the prevention of Alzheimer 's disease and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of bio-organic fertilizers on the physiological characteristics and leaf nutrient content of "Qi-Nan" agarwood seedlings. The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for the efficient cultivation of "Qi-Nan". The experiment was conducted under field conditions using a Randomized complete block design. The control group received no fertilization, while the three fertilizer-treated groups received vermicompost, sheep manure, or microbial organic fertilizer. The results indicate that the application of bio-organic fertilizer significantly promoted the growth of plant height and diameter, increased the contents of soluble proteins, soluble sugar, chlorophyll, and leaf nutrients; and decreased the contents of free proline, peroxidase, malondialdehyde, and other stress indices. Redundancy analysis showed that the main factors affecting the seedlings height and diameter were free proline, chlorophyll, total nitrogen, and total potassium. Principal component analysis and membership function analysis revealed significant variations in growth, physiological characteristics, and nutrient content among the three fertilizer groups and the control group, with vermicompost > microbial organic fertilizer > sheep manure > no fertilization. In conclusion, biological organic fertilizer significantly promotes the growth of "Qi-Nan" seedlings, and vermicompost is the most effective fertilizer in this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fungi extracted from wild agarwood can improve the yield and quality of agarwood. • Four fungi are the species found novel as inoculant for agarwood formation. • The best time to harvest agarwood when the trees inoculated with fungi for one year. • A. sinensis is more suitable for the fungal inducer than A. crassna. Agarwood has high economic value and wide uses, however, the amount of wild agarwood is scarce. Wild agarwood with high oil content may contain strains associated with agarwood production. To improve the formation of agarwood, we produced fungal inducers from a high-oil wild agarwood block containing enrichment fungi. We investigated the composition of strains and inoculated the fungal inducers into Aquilaria trees. We analyzed the content of alcohol-soluble extract, essential oil, agarotetraol, 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone, 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone and total chromone, and the chemical components of alcohol-soluble extract. We aimed to assess agarwood quality through these evaluations. The results demonstrated that fungi extracted from wild agarwood with high oil content can effectively improve the yield and quality of agarwood, and Gongronella butleri , Saitozyma podzolica , Cladorrhinum bulbillosum , Humicola grisea and Tetracladium marchalianum were the species found novel as inoculant for agarwood formation. After 12 months of inoculation, agarwood produced using A. sinensis had higher quality, the contents of alcohol-soluble extract, essential oil, total chromones, and the total relative contents of sesquiterpenes and chromones were 21.73 % ±2.97 %, 6.07 % ±0.47 %, 12.30 % ±2.21 %, and 97.59 %, respectively. Over 6–18 months of inoculation, agarotetrol content decreased, and 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone and 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone content first increased and then decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]