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This article explores a little-known archive of historical aerial photographs curated by the General Directorate of Mapping of the Republic of Türkiye's Ministry of Defense and discusses the historical context of their production by US Navy aerial photography squadrons in the 1950s. While the images themselves enable a technical analysis of the method of their collection, contemporary military manuals, domain-specific magazines and newsletters, and eyewitness accounts of how similar photographs were captured fill out the contexts of their production for cartographic purposes, with information about the aircraft involved, their cameras and camera configurations, and mission characteristics. Continuing sections situate the aerial surveys within the framework of US-led initiatives in mapping NATO territories following World War II. As one example of what must have been many special mapping agreements made between NATO countries at this time, the US cartographic surveys over Türkiye discussed here are an expression of postwar realignments of global power, put to the purposes of containment-based security preparations and infrastructure development, and neatly intertwining American military and commercial interests early in the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The National Aerial Photo Database is a collection of aerial photographs obtained through aerial photography using specific cameras or sensors with manned or unmanned aerial vehicles across the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. These photographs are stored in a computer system for easy access, management, and updating. No national aerial photo database system currently meets the need for accurate and complete aerial photos and other geospatial information to support decision-making. The present study aimed to develop a model for the National Aerial Photo Database from a geospatial intelligence perspective based on statutory regulations. The collection of aerial photo data in a centralized database commenced with scanning negative film based on location and flight paths and copying all digital data. The original negative films were scanned at 20 µm resolution in a Vexcel Ultrascan 5000 photogrammetry scanner. The resulting size of one scanned photo is 140 Mb to 160 Mb. This research adopts a qualitative research method with a case study approach. This research involved the electronic implementation of geospatial data and information by utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) software, image and geospatial information data management, and the Scrum framework. This research concluded that geospatial intelligence efforts can better understand activity patterns, infrastructure development, and potential threats in the national territory. The insights gained from the aerial photo database aid in identifying trends, detecting anomalies, and assessing risks, all of which are critical for better decisionmaking in national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of VAD: Veredes, Arquitectura y Divulgación is the property of Alberto Alonso Oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article uses archival resources to investigate the material remains of tank warfare at Bullecourt. During the Battle of Arras, tanks were used to assist the British 1917 Spring Offensive. The first assault at Bullecourt was a complete disaster and in addition to the high infantry casualties, the majority of the tanks employed were destroyed on the battlefield. The action of the tanks, their routes and final positions in the landscape has often been neglected because accurate sources are limited. This article incorporates tankography viz. combining unit war diaries, contemporary historical aerial and ground photographs, and soldier's testimonies to determine the spatial distribution and possible sites for locating material remains of the derelict tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphology and hydraulic condition of rivers explain habitat and actual species distribution of fish species. However, detailed ground surveys to obtain such habitat information are generally complicated and costly. Therefore, we aimed to explore the possibility of integrating aerial photographs and image recognition technique as a supplementing approach for field surveys. For this purpose, we focused on one benthic species (Acanthogobius flavimanus) and two migratory species (Nipponocypris temminckii and Plecoglossus altivelis) as representative species. Their distribution in the Kanto region of Japan was obtained from the national census on river environments-riparian zone, while aerial photographs of the corresponding river sections were collected from Geographical Survey Institute of Japan. Then, convolutional neural network (CNN) was applied to model the fish distribution based on the riverine photographs. As per the results from hypothesis tests, CNN was capable of learning relevant attributes of the river channel appearance for distribution of A. flavimanus. The model performance was significantly correlated with the number of the training data for this species. For this species, the relatively dark water surface and wide channel width seem to be possible key factors. At the same time, for the other two species, this modeling approach was not as successful as A. flavimanus, while the model performance did not show significant differences among the three species. Although practical application of this approach is still challenging in terms of available data and model validity, it is worthwhile further exploring its applicability to other riverine species and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notes 1 See C. Dauphin, 2021.'On the Mediaeval and Ottoman Syro-Jordanian Hajj Roads to Mecca: The Pilgrim camps in their Landscapes', PEQ Grant reports, I PEQ i 153.2, 156-59. 2 For instance, J 11/1 with a diameter of 420 m and J 11/2 with a diameter of 215 m in Azraq. "Sacred Landscapes": The Umayyad Syro-Jordanian Hajj Roads to Mecca and their Pilgrim Camps (PEF 2020 Grant) and towards final publication of the Umayyad Syro-Jordanian Hajj Roads to Mecca and their Pilgrim Camps: Mapping "Sacred Landscapes" (PEF 2021 Grant) The only possible location for a camp of pilgrims intending to travel southwest to Mecca would have been between mountain and sea, and with direct access to the road unfurling along the Red Sea coast towards Yanbu and inland to Mecca. [Extracted from the article]

Using historical and recent aerial photography and structure from motion (SfM) multiview stereo (MVS) techniques, we reconstruct the 1959 and 2018 ice surface topography and determine the geodetic mass balance of Bowman Glacier, a small mountain glacier on northern Ellesmere Island. This is combined with optical satellite imagery to reconstruct the evolution in extent of the glacier over six decades, and ground-penetrating radar measurements of ice thickness to estimate the remaining ice volume. Between 1959 and 2020, Bowman Glacier lost 78% of its extent (reducing from 2.75 to 0.61 km2), while average annual area loss rates have nearly tripled in the past two decades. Over the 1959–2018 period, glacier-wide ice-thickness change averaged −22.7 ± 4.7 m, corresponding to a mean specific annual mass balance of −347.0 ± 71.4 mm w.e. a−1. Projecting rates of area and volume change into the future indicates that the glacier will likely entirely disappear between 2030 and 2060. This study demonstrates the potential of SfM-MVS processing to generate elevation products from 1950/60s historical aerial photographs, and to extend observations of ice elevation and glacier volume change for the Canadian Arctic, prior to the satellite record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central China Normal University is the property of Huazhong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is focused on the use of photography to characterize land-cover and land-use changes in a 7.59 km2 study area centered on Hotel do Garbe, in the village of Armação de Pêra, Algarve, Portugal. Orthorectified vertical aerial, oblique aerial and ground-level photographs were the main data sources required to carry out the analysis. In a preliminary approach, a conventional research design was adopted. Based on the available orthorectified vertical aerial photographs, a sixty-year time series, with four homogeneously distributed steps (1958, 1978, 1997 and 2018), was constructed, and maps were produced to support the description of the changes that have taken place. To deepen the analysis, photographs from fourteen picture postcards were recognized as a useful source of information, and the authors of these photographs were considered "involuntary or accidental photo-geographers" whose work was relevant to feed a case study in which human geography and landscape biography sciences are the main narrative axes. The final result proved to be richer than the interpretation only based on the orthorectified vertical aerial photographs, and the importance of combining photographs taken from different points of view, with different aims and for different recipients is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of hazy images is amongst the fastest ways to identify natural resources. Aerial photography has overcome the obstacles faced in land areas, such as rugged areas, swamps and sand dunes. It has important applications in tracking and monitoring studies during wars and peace. However, aerial images often suffer from the lack of contrast due to dust and pollutants. Therefore, this study attempts to improve aerial images by modified dark channel prior (DCP) and adaptive histogram equalisation (AHE) algorithms with YIQ. The images are first improved through DCP and then converted into YIQ colour space that saves the chromatic compounds (IQ). The lighting component comes out after improving the original aerial image via the stretch technique and AHE. Afterwards, all the compounds are merged, and reverse transformation is performed. The proposed method for improving aerial photographs was compared with several other methods. By analyzing the results, the proposed method obtained the best measures of quality, including an entropy value of (7.771), an average gradient value of (14.207) and a naturalness image quality evaluator value of (3.700). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural land abandonment is a globally significant threat to the sustenance of economic, ecological, and social balance. Although the driving forces behind it can be multifold and versatile, rural depopulation and urbanization are significant contributors to agricultural land abandonment. In our chosen case study, focusing on two locations, Ruen and Stamboliyski, within the Plovdiv region of Bulgaria, we use aerial photographs and satellite imagery dating from the 1950s until 1980, in connection with official population census data, to assess the magnitude of agricultural abandonment for the first time from a remote sensing perspective. We use multi-modal data obtained from historical aerial and satellite images to accurately identify Land Use Land Cover changes. We suggest using the rubber sheeting method for the geometric correction of multi-modal data obtained from aerial photos and Key Hole missions. Our approach helps with precise sub-pixel alignment of related datasets. We implemented an iterative object-based classification approach to accurately map LULC distribution and quantify spatio-temporal changes from historical panchromatic images, which could be applied to similar images of different geographical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival aerial photographs are among the most common, voluminous, and frequently used collections in map and geography libraries because of the unique and important spatial information that they contain. They are, however, an underutilized resource because they are challenging to work with and due to misconceptions about their quality. Therefore, developing efficient workflows to convert archival aerial photographs into research-quality digital spatial data is an important next step in making them accessible to a broad range of potential users. The present study tested three software to georeference, orthorectify, and mosaic 15 digitized archival photographs. Using positional accuracy and aesthetics of output mosaics as measures of software performance, all three completed the task impressively well. Output image spatial resolution and positional accuracy were found to be comparable to common public-domain contemporary aerial photography datasets like those produced by the National Agricultural Imagery Program. We also assessed software ease of use by geospatial professionals who were not trained photogrammetrists and found all three to be accessible with care and training resources. The software tools to efficiently convert archival aerial photographs into research-quality digital spatial data have finally matured to the point where collection managers can reasonably consider collection scale conversion projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last century, direct human modification has been a major driver of coastal wetland degradation, resulting in widespread losses of wetland vegetation and a transition to open water. High-resolution satellite imagery is widely available for monitoring changes in present-day wetlands; however, understanding the rates of wetland vegetation loss over the last century depends on the use of historical panchromatic aerial photographs. In this study, we compared manual image thresholding and an automated machine learning (ML) method in detecting wetland vegetation and open water from historical panchromatic photographs in the Florida Everglades, a subtropical wetland landscape. We compared the same classes delineated in the historical photographs to 2012 multispectral satellite imagery and assessed the accuracy of detecting vegetation loss over a 72 year timescale (1940 to 2012) for a range of minimum mapping units (MMUs). Overall, classification accuracies were >95% across the historical photographs and satellite imagery, regardless of the classification method and MMUs. We detected a 2.3–2.7 ha increase in open water pixels across all change maps (overall accuracies > 95%). Our analysis demonstrated that ML classification methods can be used to delineate wetland vegetation from open water in low-quality, panchromatic aerial photographs and that a combination of images with different resolutions is compatible with change detection. The study also highlights how evaluating a range of MMUs can identify the effect of scale on detection accuracy and change class estimates as well as in determining the most relevant scale of analysis for the process of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional topographic maps are still important for many applications, such as land planning, but require frequent updates, which involve high costs and are not easy to accomplish. There are however many advances in Photogrammetry that are not always exploited to their full potential in a real map production environment. The traditional process involves aerial triangulation with ground control points, stereo restitution in digital photogrammetric workstations and field completion. The process is very time-consuming and expensive and map update is many times not done with the frequency required by users.This paper describes the implementation of an improved methodology for very frequent revision of the Portuguese map series of scale 1:25,000 making use of conventional digital aerial photography, which now is acquired on a regular basis for all the country. Vector features are digitised in monoscopic mode, in a GIS environment, over true orthophotos. These can be produced in a largely automated manner, using direct georeferencing data, and with minimal ground control only for vertical adjustments. Revision time and cost can be significantly reduced, keeping acceptable accuracy standards. That will satisfy the users that require the traditional high standards of the topographic map series for land panning.Additionally, for the task of field data collection of information that cannot be obtained from aerial photographs, a method is being applied to make use of video data collected in the field along roads with action cameras, with GPS. Operators can confirm or identify attributes of objects along, or near roads, such as power lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that in order to obtain up-to-date spatial information of rapidly developing cities, aerial photography is carried out almost annually. This work is devoted to the joint aerial triangulation of aerial urban area photographs obtained at different times. The main problem of the joint aerial triangulation of different-time images is the process of tie points detection. In this paper it is proposed to search for tie points exclusively on the roofs of building since they are least susceptible to change over time. In order to do this, the roofs of buildings are highlighted on the original aerial photographs via the Unet neural network and then tie points are detected within these areas. The technology made it possible to improve the quality of aerial triangulation: remove photogrammetric gaps in the given block, increase the number of tie points, reduce the processing time by 25% without increasing computing requirements. This approach to the search for tie points made it possible to increase the efficiency of aerial triangulation not only when processing archival and current images together, but also when processing only the results of actual aerial photography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the importance of remote sensing and GIS techniques applied on aerial photographs for forests spatio-temporal dynamics analysis. An assessment of the changes in the distribution and extension of Kiadi cork oak forest was carried out using historical imagery, covering a period of 35 years. The results indicate that, roadways and building surfaces in Kiadi forest have increased by 9.71 and 3.86% respectively, while the surface initially covered by vegetation decreased by 13.57%, as a result of anthropogenic disturbance. Digital processing of historical aerial photographs proved to be a powerful tool for quantitative analysis of forest dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) can be devastating, so understanding their internal dynamics and evolution is important for hazard assessment. We use damaged trees located around Mount St. Helens (USA) as proxy for the dynamic pressure (Pdyn) of the PDC erupted on 18 May 1980. We recorded the location, distribution, and foliage preservation of damaged trees within the medial and distal parts of the devastated forest. Sub-meter resolution aerial photographs from a month after the eruption allow distinction between standing trees that retained foliage from those that were stripped. Heights of standing trees were estimated from the measured lengths of their shadows. The number of standing trees was counted within defined areas along the propagation paths of PDCs. From the measured tree heights, we estimated tree toppling stresses from Pdyn. Overall, Pdyn of the PDC head within the medial to distal portions of the blowdown zone ranged from 10 to 35 kPa. Pdyn likely waned with distance, as shown by the increased number of standing trees in the outer parts of the devastated area. In addition, we find clusters of standing trees on the lee sides of some hills. We propose that these clusters survived because they were primarily impacted by lower dynamic pressures extant within the PDC body, with foliage retention or stripping as a function of the Pdyn evolution in the PDC body. We estimate that Pdyn of the body was less than the estimated maximum Pdyn of the PDC head by 12 ± 4 kPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

González Rodríguez, S.V.; Valdecantos, V.N.; Diez, J.J.; del Campo, J.M., and Antón, M.M., 2021. Comparing the effects of erosion and accretion along the coast of Cartagena De Indias, Colombia. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(6), 1204–1223. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This research paper is a study of the transformation of the coastal landscape. It is based on the modification of the coastline as the symbolic and dynamic border between the continent and the ocean. The methodology is a comparison of two cartographic maps from different time periods. The first map is from the General Archive of the Colombian Nation published in 1822, and the second is the result of an assembled image based on aerial photographs obtained with Google Earth during 2018. The procedure is divided into three stages. In the first stage, the maps were georeferenced using QGis and then vectorized using the design software AutoCAD. In the second stage, a superimposition was made to identify the changes in the coastline. Finally, the differences in areas were calculated and quantified by grouping them as appropriate in accretion or erosion. The obtained results suggest that the erosion in Cartagena de Indias during the evaluated period is higher with respect to the area of accretion obtained. A discussion comparing these results with different studies previously performed was had. It was concluded that Cartagena de Indias lost land, where its majority corresponds to mangroves and coral reefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic tea farms promote biodiversity and perform important ecological functions that benefit the environment and supply safe and secure products to consumers. The study of organic farming requires field study to identify and collect species on site. I proposed the use of aerial photography obtained by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to identify tea farms that provided a habitat for spiders. In this study, two locations were selected in tea farms near the town of Wazuka, in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Aerial photographs were taken after confirming conditions on the ground were right for maximum contrast because the spider webs appearing white when the right atmospheric conditions highlight fine water droplets adhering to the strands in the webs. This occurs when the temperature and humidity combine in such a way as to cause moisture to condense from the atmosphere, also known as the dew point. When this occurs, the webs appear white in daylight and are easily identified by visual orthomosaic images obtained from the UAV. The spatial distribution of spider webs varied as a function of farming method used in different sections of the farms. The results of the visual analysis showed that the density of spider webs correlates with the type of farming method. Sections in which organic farming methods were practiced showed the highest density of webs, followed by sections of conventional farming (extensive cultivation), and lastly, sections using conventional farming methods had the lowest density of webs. The density was easily estimated from orthomosaic images constructed from aerial photographs and demonstrated that organic tea farms can be distinguished from farms employing conventional farming methods based on this criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 130 years, the landscapes of northern Iceland's fishing villages have experienced repeated reconfigurations based on changing technology, cultural developments, and ecological shifts. However, the interconnected nature of these changes and their role in enabling industrial success have not been systematically assessed. This project aimed to evaluate the ecological and cultural histories of the herring industry of northern Iceland vis-à-vis the built environments in Siglufjörður in order to understand how changes in the built environment facilitated resiliency or increased vulnerability in the adaptive cycle through the spatial and temporal analyses of maps and aerial photographs of the landscape. This paper utilises an adaptive cycle framework to better understand how communities responded to disruptions in the fishing industry. Understanding the relationship between the built environment and the adaptive cycles of industrial communities can help illuminate the factors that cause settlements to succeed or fail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Increases in tree cover at dry forest margins are a global phenomenon. Yet, how pre-existing tree cover interacts with terrain and water balance to influence tree cover change is not well-understood, nor whether subsequent disturbances restore prior tree cover patterns or create novel patterns. Objectives: To assess how terrain, water balance and pre-existing patterns of tree cover influenced late twentieth century tree cover change, and how subsequent wildfires altered tree cover patterns. Methods: We analyzed tree canopy cover at four sites at the forest-steppe ecotone on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A., using aerial photographs from 1953/1955, 1999/2002 and 2016. Influences on tree cover change were assessed using statistical modeling, and tree cover in 1953/1955 was compared with post-wildfire tree cover in 2016. Results: From 1953 to 2002, area with > 25% canopy cover increased by 1.5 to 5-fold and treeless area decreased by 17–111%. Mesic areas and areas of sparse tree cover close to existing forest tended to gain more canopy cover. Subsequent wildfires caused a mix of net tree cover loss, little change and gain relative to 1953/1955, but at all sites areas with > 25% cover and < 10% cover in 1953/55 experienced net losses and gains respectively by 2016. Conclusions: Accounting for initial tree cover and its configuration are crucial to assessing water balance and terrain effects on tree cover change. Our work highlights how wildfires can generate novel patterns of tree cover relative to historical baselines, especially following decades of fire exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowd counting on aerial images using the embedded system is a challenging task, due to high-definition images, low computing power, and limited memory. To tackle this task, we propose an efficient deep learning model named Flounder-Net structured like a flounder. In the Flounder-Net, a novel interleaved group convolution is proposed to eliminate the redundancy of network, and a rapid shrink of feature maps is employed to tackle the high-resolution problem. Since we would like to investigate the case of online aerial surveillance, we use the embedded system of a drone to run our algorithm. We also use the vision system of this drone to collect a set of high-definition aerial photographs as a benchmark. Extensive experiments on existing datasets and our aerial dataset show that Flounder-Net achieves FCN-level accuracy with three types of photograph devices: handheld cameras, surveillance cameras, and drone-based cameras. Additionally, Flounder-Net has 17 × fewer parameters and 20 × faster speed than FCN and allows an input image with arbitrary sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Who owns the sky" is not a new question but a persistent one. For more than three centuries it emerges as a social, legal, technological, and geopolitical problem. Indeed, the aerial is not something that is simply above our heads but an element that fluctuates in and out of the body. And while the air and the body are inseparable, the aerial has been turned directly against the body in various ways since the beginning of the 20th century. This paper explores the unsettled frontiers of the fly-zone, looking into the interrelated occupations, exploitations, and democratizations of the aerial. It sketches the emergence of the state/corporate no-fly zone (NFZ) through the emergence of small-scale civilian drones, which developed into a sophisticated industry that negotiates new forms of state power to technology corporations. This new configuration of aerial control and management complicates the established, state-imposed, regulatory NFZ and suggests the development of a new techno-cultural assemblage of spatial closures through the air. Against this backdrop, I discuss two case-studies of aerial resistance through the use of do-it-yourself (DIY) aerial-photography in Israel/Palestine. I show how DIY tactics and tools offer a distinctive kind of evocation and provocation that challenge the conceptual and material boundaries of the NFZ and direct the attention to the ruptured links between the aerial and the human body. Finally, I discuss how DIY aerial-photography is also a particular kind of testimony and a methodological mediation that allows questioning the very premise of knowledge production through technosocial, activist engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Map-making by air photography: 1920 In the context of the air photography article, Lord Burnham, mentioned in Lawrence's letter to Newcombe, may have been pivotal. It no doubt prompted Newcombe's writing of the 1920 newspaper article (incorrectly attributed to Lawrence), which is essentially a much-abridged form of his paper in I The Geographical Journal i (Newcombe, 1920). [Extracted from the article]

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to map and monitor the environment has increased sharply in the last few years. Many individuals and organizations have purchased consumer‐grade UAVs, and commonly acquire aerial photographs to map land cover. The resulting ultra‐high‐resolution (sub‐decimeter‐resolution) imagery has high information content, but automating the extraction of this information to create accurate, wall‐to‐wall land‐cover maps is quite difficult. We introduce image‐processing workflows that are based on open‐source software and can be used to create land‐cover maps from ultra‐high‐resolution aerial imagery. We compared four machine‐learning workflows for classifying images. Two workflows were based on random forest algorithms. Of these, one used a pixel‐by‐pixel approach available in ilastik, and the other used image segments and was implemented with R and the Orfeo ToolBox. The other two workflows used fully connected neural networks and convolutional neural networks implemented with Nenetic. We applied the four workflows to aerial photographs acquired in the Great Basin (western USA) at flying heights of 10 m, 45 m and 90 m above ground level. Our focal cover type was cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), a non‐native invasive grass that changes regional fire dynamics. The most accurate workflow for classifying ultra‐high‐resolution imagery depends on diverse factors that are influenced by image resolution and land‐cover characteristics, such as contrast, landscape patterns and the spectral texture of the land‐cover types being classified. For our application, the ilastik workflow yielded the highest overall accuracy (0.82–0.89) as assessed by pixel‐based accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical aerial photographs are an invaluable tool in shoreline mapping and change detection in coastal landscapes. We evaluate the extent to which structure‐from‐motion (SfM) photogrammetric methods can be applied to quantify volumetric changes along sandy beaches, using archival imagery. We demonstrate the application of SfM‐derived digital surface models (DSMs) at East Beach and Lady Bay in southwest Victoria, Australia, using photographic datasets taken in 1969, 1977 and 1986, and compare them to LiDAR‐derived DSMs acquired at both sites in 2007. The SfM approaches resulted in two entire and two partial suitable DSMs out of six datasets. Good‐quality DSMs were spatially continuous with a good spread of ground control points (GCPs) near the beach at Lady Bay, whereas unsuitable DSMs were mostly restricted by poor distribution and number of GCPs in spatially segmented areas of East Beach, due to limited overlapping of images, possible poor quality of GCPs and also the propagation of errors in the derived point clouds. A volume of approximately 223 000 ± 72 000 m3 was deposited at Lady Bay between 1969 and 2007, despite minimal erosion observed near the breakwater. The partially suitable dataset of East Beach indicated that beach erosion of at least 39 m3 m−1 occurred immediately to the east of the seawall after 1977. We also discuss the drawbacks and strengths of SfM approaches as a benchmark of historical erosion assessments along sandy beaches. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie is the property of Vittorio Klostermann and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Images are visually inspected for defects that affect downstream operations and qualitatively evaluated immediately after they are acquired. Therefore, there is concern that an increase in the number of images taken affects the quality and process of inspections. Among the defects qualitatively detected in visual inspections, blurring is a serious one, despite its low rate of appearance. However, the blurry images detected in the visual inspections can only be solved by the take another photograph. For this reason, it is not acceptable for any blurry images to be missed in the visual inspections. Therefore, quantitative evaluations are an issue when inspecting photographed images. In the present study, its characteristics in aerial photography were investigated and it was established that motion blur occurs in aerial photography. The motion blur is a condition in which the subject appears to have drifted. We focused on the gradient direction of the image, which is considered to be concentrated in a certain direction. The concept of directional statistics was used to statistically process the gradient direction. The evaluation values calculated from the gradient direction statistics tended to increase with the amount of blurring in the aerial photographs. An experiment was conducted to investigate whether images with blurring could be detected in a large number of aerial photographs. As a result, we were able to successfully detect blurred images that had been overlooked during the visual inspection as well as the images that had been previously detected during the visual inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial photography has been extensively used for civil engineering applications for more than a century. The availability of digital photogrammetry tools has allowed for aircraft, UAV, and ground-based digital photogrammetry to become a reliable and standard tool for landslide management. Digital photographs and digitized historic aerial photos can be used to develop digital surface elevation models. This technical note presents a recent example of the use of historical aerial photographs in combination with modern remote sensing techniques and digital photogrammetry tools. The note provides valuable insights into landslide kinematics and evolution of the Chin Coulee landslide in southern Alberta, Canada. Conventional aerial photo interpretation allowed for a qualitative understanding of landslide feature evolution as a response to external factors (road construction and reservoir infilling at the toe of the landslide). More importantly, topographic changes were quantified through change detection techniques between topographic surfaces derived from historical photographs and a ground-based laser scanner. The results from change detection allowed to confirm the kinematics of the Chin Coulee landslide as a compound slide, an assumption which was previously based on limited deformation measurements. Furthermore, the results helped define the boundary between the active wedge of the landslide moving downslope as it pushes the passive wedge into the reservoir. Although challenges remain regarding the aggregation of datasets with different resolutions, this note demonstrates the valid practical application of this approach for landslide assessment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that there were a total of fourteen places of worship belonging to Non-Muslims in the late 19th-century. Some of these structures were owned by the Armenian Catholic Community, namely Surp Gımes (Clement) Church, Surp Bogos-Bedros Church, Surp Pırgich Church and Surp Asdvadzadzin (Virgin Mary) Cathedral, the latter of which was used as a base for bishops and included a monastery managed by the Anarad Hıghutyun nuns. However, while the Armenian Catholic churches in Ankara were recorded, there was no mention of the chapel in the graveyard. This study aims to reveal briefly outline the history of the graveyard that belongs to the Ankara Armenian Catholic Community, and that of the barely known chapel which was positioned inside the field. After this church was closed in 1935, the community accepted the authority of the Latin Catholic Church of Sainte Therese and were obliged to offer their prayers to God in this church. In the early 19th-century, the Armenian Catholic Chapel in Ankara, which was thought to have been built alongside the Armenian Catholic Cemetery by Garabed Agha Tingirian and Haci Ohannes Agha, was the only church in Ankara that survived the 1916 fire and remained in use into the Republican period. This increases the status of this small church beyond being merely just a place were funerals were held in the late 19th-century. The photographs of the period, along with video records, aerial photographs, and cadastral maps of the Armenian Catholic cemetery complex, which now no longer exist, helps us examine the location and the architectural significance of the buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O'Leary, M. and Gottardi, R., 2020. Relationship between growth faults, subsidence, and land loss: An example from Cameron Parish, Southwestern Louisiana, USA. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(4), 812–827. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This study investigates the relationship between faulting, subsidence, and land loss in coastal Louisiana. A methodology that integrates three-dimensional (3D) seismic data, well logs, high-resolution topographic mapping (LIDAR), and historical aerial photography is successfully developed to identify fault-related geomorphic changes in southwestern Louisiana's Chenier Plain. Analysis of a 3D seismic survey and well logs reveals the presence of 10 normal faults that form an east-west graben in the middle of the study area. Well logs were used to further constrain the geometry of the faults. Shallow water well logs were used to map the faults at shallow depth, below the resolution of the seismic survey. Fault traces were extrapolated to the surface by maintaining constant dip and projected on LIDAR data. Elevation profiles derived from the LIDAR were conducted across the different faults, and results show that a distinct difference between the upthrown and downthrown sides of the faults occurs. Historical aerial photographs were used to investigate any change in geomorphology from 1953 to 2017 within the study area. Results reveal the occurrence of water bodies on the immediate downthrown sides of suspected fault traces. These findings suggest that faulting influences and focuses areas where subsidence is happening and subsequent land loss may occur, and detailed understanding of active shallow faulting in coastal areas can be used to identify regions that are at risk of land loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Context: Changes in the structure of boreal old-growth forests are typically studied at a specific spatial scale. Consequently, little is known about forest development across different spatial scales. Objectives: We investigated how and at what spatial scales forest structure changed over several decades in three 4 km2 boreal old-growth forests landscapes in northeastern Finland and two in Quebec, Canada. Methods: We used canopy cover values visually interpreted to 0.1-ha grid cells from aerial photographs taken at three time points between the years 1959 and 2011, and error distributions quantified for the interpretation. We identified the spatial scales at which canopy cover changed between the time points, and examined the credibility of changes at these scales using the error distributions in Bayesian inference. Results: Canopy cover changed at three to four spatial scales, the number of scales depending on the studied landscape and time interval. At large scales (15.4–321.7 ha), canopy cover increased in Finland during all time intervals. In Quebec, the direction of the large-scale change varied between the studied time intervals, owing to the occurrence of an insect outbreak and a consequent recovery. However, parts of these landscapes also showed canopy cover increase. Superimposed on the large-scale developments, canopy cover changed variably at smaller scales (1.3–2.8-ha and 0.1-ha). Conclusions: Our findings support the idea that the structure of boreal old-growth forests changes at discernible spatial scales. Instead of being driven by gap dynamics, the old-growth forests in the studied regions are currently reacting to large-scale drivers by an increase in canopy cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of shore platforms form in rocks that are characterised by layered stratigraphy and pervasive jointing. Plucking of weathered, joint and bed bounded blocks is an important erosion process that existing models of platform development do not represent. Globally, measuring platform erosion rates have focused on microscale (< 1 mm) surface lowering rather than mesoscale (0.1‐1 m) block detachment, yet the latter appears to dominate the morphological development of discontinuity rich platforms. Given the sporadic nature of block detachment on platforms, observations of erosion from storm event to multi‐decadal timescales (and beyond) are required to quantify shore platform erosion rates. To this end, we collected aerial photography using an unmanned aerial vehicle to produce structure‐from‐motion‐derived digital elevation models and orthophotos. These were combined with historical aerial photographs to characterise and quantify the erosion of two actively eroding stratigraphic layers on a shore platform in Glamorgan, south Wales, UK, over 78‐years. We find that volumetric erosion rates vary over two orders of magnitude (0.1‐10 m3 yr‐1) and do not scale with the length of the record. Average rates over the full 78‐year record are 2‐5 m3 yr‐1. These rates are equivalent to 1.2‐5.3 mm yr‐1 surface lowering rates, an order of magnitude faster than previously published, both at our site and around the world in similar rock types. We show that meso‐scale platform erosion via block detachment processes is a dominant erosion process on shore platforms across seasonal to multi‐decadal timescales that have been hitherto under‐investigated. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nahirnick, N.K.; Costa, M.; Schroeder, S., and Sharma, T., 2020. Long-term eelgrass habitat change and associated human impacts on the west coast of Canada. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(1), 30–40. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) forms a critical nearshore marine habitat in temperate coastal ecosystems. For three small estuaries in the Southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia, changes in eelgrass area coverage and shape index (over the period of 1932–2016) were assessed using historical aerial photographs and unoccupied aerial system (UAS) imagery. In addition, changes in eelgrass area and shape index were evaluated in relation to landscape-level coastal environmental indicators, namely shoreline activities and alterations and residential housing density. All three eelgrass meadows showed a deteriorating trend in eelgrass condition; on average, eelgrass area coverage decreased by 45.1%, while meadow complexity as indicated by the shape index increased by 66.3%. Shoreline activities (boats, docks, log booms, and armoring) and residential housing density increased markedly at all sites over the study period and were strongly correlated to eelgrass area coverage and shape index. Changes in these landscape-level indicators over this period corroborate the observed decline in eelgrass habitat condition, because they suggest an overall deterioration of coastal environmental health in the Salish Sea due to increased use of the coastal zone, as well as declines in water quality due to urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues for the exploration of and experimentation with the potentials of civic technoscience as a way of materializing counterdominant practices in human-rights activism that may challenge conventional uses of technology and rooted understandings of expertise. It examines the Ground Truth project, which addresses the Palestinian- Bedouin struggle for indigenous rights in the Naqab desert, in the southern region of Israel/Palestine. It focuses on the use of do-it-yourself (DIY) aerial photography with balloons and kites, alongside other collaborative practices, for mapping and visualizing Bedouin political and spatial claims. Against a backdrop of increasingly technologically savvy legal-professional cultures in human-rights organizations, this article proposes that a community-based DIY approach to truth making may challenge entrenched thresholds of participation and open opportunities for creating hybrid forums in the human-rights field. Finally, it suggests that civic technoscience can offer an experimental ground for training oneself in critical ways of thinking and engaging with technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]