65 results on '"Aequitas"'
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2. L’ «aequitas» a Sofistopoli. Note sull’ «aequitas» nell’antologia di Seneca padre
- Author
-
Giunio Rizzelli
- Subjects
aequitas ,equità ,equity ,seneca padre ,controversiae ,quaestiones ,lex ,ius ,iustitia ,ancient rome ,diritto romano ,roman law ,romanistic studies ,römisches recht ,derecho romano ,diritti antichi ,ancient law ,History of Law ,KJ2-1040 - Abstract
Abstract - The paper deals with aequitas and its relationship to ius from the perspective of the declaimers of Seneca the father’s anthology of controversiae, a scholastic practice in many ways connected to the world of jurists, which also teaches to apply rhetorical status theory, in turn of great importance for the development of jurisprudence. In them, aequitas, which appears in the divisio between quaestiones iuris and quaestiones aequitatis or tractationes, adapts the ius, general and abstract, produced by the lex to the individual concrete case without opposing it.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Supuestos de enriquecimiento injustificado en las Dissensiones dominorum: en torno a la admisión de la actio negotiorum gestorum utilis «ex aequitate».
- Author
-
Prado Rodríguez, Juan Carlos
- Abstract
Copyright of Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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4. Ciceronove reminiscencije o državi.
- Author
-
LUČIĆ, ZDRAVKO
- Subjects
JURISPRUDENCE ,STATE laws ,RULE of law ,DEFINITIONS ,JUSTICE - Abstract
Copyright of Acta Illyrica / Godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS ACTA ILLYRICA is the property of Association for the Study & Promotion of Illyrian Heritage, Ancient & Classical Civilizations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. AEQUITAS W POGLĄDACH AZONA.
- Author
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CIMACHOWICZ, Konrad
- Subjects
POLISH literature ,SCHOOL camps ,SCHOOL year ,CONTENT analysis ,RULE of law ,LEGAL education - Abstract
Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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6. Le discours sur l’annone dans le monnayage flavien
- Author
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Christol, Michel
- Subjects
aequitas ,HD ,urbanisme ,History & Archaeology ,HB ,Néron ,porto ,fouilles ,scavi ,Nero ,HBLA ,port ,imperial coinage ,Annona ,annone ,monnayage impérial ,Ostia-Portus ,Ostie-Portus ,HIS002020 ,HIS000000 ,Flavians ,urbanistica ,SOC003000 ,Flaviens - Abstract
Dans un appendice de son ouvrage The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome publié en 1980, G. Rickman a analysé sous le titre ‘Corn and Coins’ la documentation numismatique concernant son sujet. Cette mise au point précieuse et bien documentée met en évidence, après l’époque néronienne, la place de l’époque flavienne. Mais les critères de sélection qu’avait retenus Rickman étaient assez restreints : soit les types reprenant les émissions si caractéristiques de Néron à la fin de son règne, réactivés durant la période de la guerre civile, soit les types se référant explicitement à l’Annona. D’autres éléments, mis en évidence dès les premières années de Vespasien, entrent dans ce discours, qui prend dès lors plus d’ampleur. Il s’agit des références à l’Aequitas, notion qui se rapporte au bon fonctionnement des échanges, notamment par l’usage de la monnaie. Progressivement le discours s’enrichit et s’épanouit en mettant davantage en rapport d’interaction l’annone urbaine et l’ensemble des échanges au sein de l’empire. In an appendix to his book The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome published in 1980, G. Rickman analysed the numismatic documentation on his subject under the title ‘Corn and Coins’. This valuable and well-documented review highlights the place of the Flavian period after the Neronian period. But Rickman’s selection criteria were quite limited: either types that included the issues so characteristic of Nero at the end of his reign, reactivated during the civil war period, or types that explicitly referred to Annona. Other elements, highlighted from the first years of Vespasian, enter into this discourse, which then takes on greater scope. These include references to the Aequitas, a notion that relates to the proper functioning of exchanges, notably through the use of money. The discourse progressively becomes richer and more open, bringing the urban annona and the whole of the exchanges within the empire into greater interaction.
- Published
- 2023
7. EL CONCEPTO DE IUSTITIA EN LOS JURISTAS ROMANOS
- Author
-
Armando Torrent
- Subjects
Iustitia ,Cicerón ,Ulpiano ,Gallo ,aequitas ,voluntas ,Law - Abstract
La iustitia ha constituido desde tiempos inmemoriales un extenso campo de estudio, especialmente para los juristas de tradición romanística como Ulpiano o Cicerón, los cuales ya entendían que este concepto giraba en torno a dos ideas centrales: la justicia podía entenderse dentro de la esfera de la voluntad o bien dentro de la esfera de la moral del ser humano. La búsqueda de la justicia no es algo que deba entenderse como arcaico y obsoleto, sino que es algo que nutre la misma esencia de la ciencia del derecho.
- Published
- 2017
8. Un aequipondium de peso excepcional y la balanza pública del puerto de Tarraco
- Author
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Francesc Rodríguez Martorell, Joaquín Ruiz de Arbulo Bayona, and Ignacio Montero
- Subjects
aequipondium ,statera ,machina ,tarraco ,ponderarium ,sacomarium ,aequitas ,Archaeology ,CC1-960 - Abstract
Estudiamos un aequipondium o contrapeso de balanza realizado en bronce con representación figurada de una divinidad femenina. Apareció en la fachada portuaria de Tarragona y está conservado en la colección del Museu Nacional Arqueològic de Tarragona (MNAT). Destacamos su peso excepcional de 38 kg, el mayor, con diferencia, de todos los aequipondia hasta ahora conocidos en el mundo romano. Pertenecería a una gigantesca statera o balanza de brazo, que hoy denominamos romana. Esta balanza estaría necesariamente montada en un gran bastidor o machina, capaz de pesar cargas enormes de hasta 1500 kg o más. Por el lugar de hallazgo y sus altas cualidades artísticas y técnicas proponemos relacionarlo con la balanza pública (ponderarium o sacomarium) del puerto de Tarraco. La divinidad femenina representada debe ser una imagen de Aequitas, la Equidad, numen protector de las justas transacciones en las pesas y medidas de los mercados.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CONDICTIO CLAIMS IN CLASSICAL ROMAN LAW.
- Author
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Held, Henrik-Riko
- Subjects
ROMAN law ,UNJUST enrichment (Roman law) ,PERIPATETICS ,STOICS ,ANCIENT philosophy - Abstract
Copyright of Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Pravni Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
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10. Estudio sobre la actio utilis referida en D. 17,1,40 (Paul. 9 ed.): su alcance en el Código Civil de Bello.
- Author
-
PRADO RODRÍGUEZ, JUAN CARLOS
- Abstract
Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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11. Paolo Sarpi’s Legal Doctrine
- Author
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Casagrande, Marco and Casagrande, Marco
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The interpretation of law in accordance with the principle of aequitas in Roman law
- Author
-
Sič Magdolna I.
- Subjects
interpretation of the law ,aequitas ,responsa ,rescipts ,Roman law ,Law - Abstract
The principle of aequitas allows to take into account circumstances of a particular case, going beyond the strict meaning of the applicable legal norm. Moreover, if these circumstances occur frequently, the principle opens the door for the modification of the norm in question. This paper follows the application of aequitas and its impact on the development of law during the Roman history. We can generally conclude that the application of aequitas in pre-classical Roman law led to breaking off with strict forms of the old ius civile harmonizing the law with the needs of the republican society. This can be attributed to the activities of praetor, pre-classical jurists and judges, and to the introduction of the iudicia bonae fidei. In the classical period, authorized jurisconsults interpreted the law in line with equity, through their responsa or as members of the consilium principis preparing rescripts of the princeps. Although this has been done under the emperor's control, interpreting small, private, everyday legal problems of citizens lead to the development of technical rules of private law. These rules are still valid today. In the post-classical period, given the general crisis of the Roman society, the preservation of the Empire was designated as the public interest (utilitas publica). Under these circumstances post-classical jurists had no longer the possibility to creatively interpret the law. Moreover, starting from Constantine, the issuance and control of equitable implementation of the rescripts was reserved for the emperor, these being referred to the privileges and exemptions from various burdens and obligations. Finally, Justinian proclaimed that the emperor is the only creator and interpreter of the law: 'conditor et interpres legum'. He determined what was equitable following Christian ideology and the interest of the Empire (utilitas publica).
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Iudicia bonae fidei
- Author
-
Sič Magdolna
- Subjects
iudicia bonae fidei ,bona fides ,aequitas ,Roman Law ,civil procedure ,Law - Abstract
Iudicia bonae fidei is a civil procedure in which the judge has an ex officio obligation to safeguard bona fides, that is, to take into account the parties' conduct demonstrated in their underlying relationship that lead to a dispute that was contrary to the principle of good faith. This duty of the judge is based on the praetors' formula: judge oblige the defendant to give or do whatever good faith requires ('quidquid dare facere oportet ex fide bona'). The paper analyzes the much disputed issues of the emergence, legal basis as well as the function of this kind of procedure in Roman law.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. From Helen's Pharmacy to the Multiverse of Equities: Difference, Opposition, Différance.
- Author
-
Baldissone, Riccardo
- Subjects
STOCKS (Finance) ,LEGAL remedies ,PHARMACY ,GREEK language - Abstract
Equity's remedial intervention may be traced back to the pharmacological ambiguity of writing, as construed by Plato in the dialogue Phaedrus. It would be easy to read the Platonic recasting of the ambivalence of writing as a stark antagonism between remedies and poisons, which ultimately derives from the divide between Platonic models and copies. However, the construction of this dichotomy is part of a more general transformation, which predates Platonic narrations: during the process of elaboration of the Greek alphabetic written language, the relation of opposition emerges as the cornerstone of the new theoretical vocabulary of the philosophers. Before this process, in the Iliad pharmaka appear instead as almost always benign herbal preparations. In the later text of the Odyssey, the various pharmaka have different effects, which may even radically diverge from each other: Helen's pharmacy hosts a variety of pharmaka, both healing and poisonous. And yet, this contrast is only recast as mere opposition in Aristotle's systematization of the relation implied by Parmenides and revisited by Plato. The divergence between remedial and poisonous pharmaka in Helen's pharmacy is then recaptured within the Christian bipolar view, which legal equity inherits. It may be time to claim the differential rather than oppositional distribution of pharmaka, by ascribing the variety of juridical remedies to a multiplicity of equities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. EL CONCEPTO DE IUSTITIA EN LOS JURISTAS ROMANOS.
- Author
-
Torrent, Armando
- Abstract
La iustitia ha constituido desde tiempos inmemoriales un extenso campo de estudio, especialmente para los juristas de tradición romanística como Ulpiano o Cicerón, los cuales ya entendían que este concepto giraba en torno a dos ideas centrales: la justicia podía entenderse dentro de la esfera de la voluntad o bien dentro de la esfera de la moral del ser humano. La búsqueda de la justicia no es algo que deba entenderse como arcaico y obsoleto, sino que es algo que nutre la misma esencia de la ciencia del derecho. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
16. LA PESTILENTIA AEDIUM PASSEE SOUS SILENCE : VICE REDHIBITOIRE OU INACCOMPLISSEMENT CONTRACTUEL?
- Author
-
GUTIÉRREZ MASSON, Laura
- Abstract
Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Iurisprudentia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
17. Estudio sobre la actio utilis referida en D. 17,1,40 (Paul. 9 ed.): su alcance en el Código Civil de Bello
- Author
-
Juan Carlos Prado Rodríguez
- Subjects
aequitas ,Solutio prohibente debitore ,Law ,enriquecimiento injustificado - Abstract
Resumen: El presente estudio analiza los fundamentos romanistas de la contradicción existente entre los artículos 1574 y 2291 del Código Civil chileno sobre el derecho de regreso consiguiente al pago del tercero prohibente debitore. Para ello, se estudia un texto de Paulo en D. 17,1,40 que está a la base de dicha controversia, al excluir el derecho de regreso en favor del solvens inclusive a través de la actio utilis, la cual, sin embargo, habría sido admitida por algunos jurisconsultos al objeto de mantener la aequitas. A este respecto, se asiste a un debate doctrinal sobre la identificación de la acción romana que habría sido adaptada en vía útil. Posteriormente, el jurista francés Robert Joseph Pothier también daría relevancia al mantenimiento de la aequitas para tal supuesto, lo que influenciaría la disposición del artículo 2291 del Código Civil elaborado por don Andrés Bello, que admite, en contradicción con el artículo 1574, el derecho de regreso en favor del solvens para evitar que el deudor principal obtenga un enriquecimiento injustificado.
- Published
- 2019
18. ТУМАЧЕЊЕ ПРАВА У СКЛАДУ СА ПРАВИЧНОШЋУ У РИМСКОМ ПРАВУ
- Author
-
Сич, Магдолна И.
- Abstract
The principle of aequitas allows to take into account circumstances of a particular case, going beyond the strict meaning of the applicable legal norm. Moreover, if these circumstances occur frequently, the principle opens the door for the modification of the norm in question. This paper follows the application of aequitas and its impact on the development of law during the Roman history. We can generally conclude that the application of aequitas in pre-classical Roman law led to breaking off with strict forms of the old ius civile harmonizing the law with the needs of the republican society. This can be attributed to the activities of praetor, pre-classical jurists and judges, and to the introduction of the iudicia bonae fidei. In the classical period, authorized jurisconsults interpreted the law in line with equity, through their responsa or as members of the consilium principis preparing rescripts of the princeps. Although this has been done under the emperor's control, interpreting small, private, everyday legal problems of citizens lead to the development of technical rules of private law. These rules are still valid today. In the post-classical period, given the general crisis of the Roman society, the preservation of the Empire was designated as the public interest (utilitas publica). Under these circumstances post-classical jurists had no longer the possibility to creatively interpret the law. Moreover, starting from Constantine, the issuance and control of equitable implementation of the rescripts was reserved for the emperor, these being referred to the privileges and exemptions from various burdens and obligations. Finally, Justinian proclaimed that the emperor is the only creator and interpreter of the law: “conditor et interpres legum”. He determined what was equitable following Christian ideology and the interest of the Empire (utilitas publica). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Le controversiae della raccolta di Seneca il Vecchio e la dottrina degli status.
- Author
-
Berti, Emanuele
- Abstract
In this paper I examine the application of the status-theory in some controversiae of Seneca the Elder's declamatory collection. The analysis of a number of significant examples shows that the declaimers not only perfectly mastered this complex rhetorical doctrine, but were also able to discuss some points of it and in case modify it, adapting the rules given by the rhetorical handbooks to the specific requirements of each single case. This leads us to the conclusion that the didactic value of the declamatory exercise never failed entirely, and in the rhetorical schools of the early imperial age it remained the fundamental instrument by which future orators learnt to put into practice the precepts transmitted in the rhetorical teaching, not only for the elocutio, but also and especially for the inventio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Apronianus iudex integer et severus: privilegi dell’amministrazione ammianea tra etica, storia e politica
- Author
-
Girotti B., O. Licandro, C. Giuffrida, M. Cassia, and Girotti B.
- Subjects
severita ,aequitas ,Massimino ,Apronianu ,integrita - Abstract
Con uno sguardo attento e rivolto al panorama di studi sulla costituzione della burocrazia nella tarda antichità, concentrati sul ruolo che essa ha avuto come fattore propulsivo o di ritardo nello sviluppo civile del mondo tardoantico, in questo contributo ci si sofferma sul- la figura del prefetto Apronianus, evidenziando dal resoconto di Ammiano alcune parole chiave legate all’etica comportamentale e al contesto sia storico che politico. Si ritiene che questi particolari connotati del testo delle Res Gestae possano essere attribuiti ad un privi- legio di rappresentazione e di carriera fortemente voluto da Ammiano.
- Published
- 2020
21. Le quotidien des échanges : une préoccupation de l’État (Ier-IVe siècle)
- Author
-
Christol, Michel
- Subjects
Aequitas ,échanges ,édiles ,macellum ,Moneta ,statue ,Archeology ,trades ,aediles - Abstract
Aequitas is firstly a virtue which symbolizes the action of the aediles or magistrates who ensure the proper functioning of trades in the macellum or in the forum. Here stands its own statue. Then it has become an allegory in the monetary imagery. From Flavian era to the Tetrarchic era, it also represents Moneta and expresses the preoccupations of the state which ensures, through coins, the proper functioning of trade at the imperial level., L’Aequitas est d’abord une vertu symbolisant l’action des édiles ou des magistrats responsables du bon fonctionnement des échanges dans le macellum ou sur le forum. Elle y a sa statue. Puis elle passe comme allégorie dans l’imagerie monétaire. Représentant aussi Moneta, elle exprime de l’époque flavienne à l’époque tétrarchique les préoccupations de l’État pour assurer, grâce à la monnaie, le meilleur fonctionnement des échanges au niveau impérial., Christol Michel. Le quotidien des échanges : une préoccupation de l’État (Ier-IVe siècle). In: Revue numismatique, 6e série - Tome 175, année 2018 pp. 101-121.
- Published
- 2018
22. The Institution: the first version.
- Author
-
Höpfl, Harro
- Abstract
CALVIN IN 1535 The De dementia Commentary was the beginning and also the end of Calvin's projected career as a humanist scholar. Less than three years after its publication he was an exile living in Basel in straitened circumstances and under the assumed name ‘Martianus Lucianus’. His decision to leave France was precipitated by fear of persecution, and by conclusive evidence that Francis I, previously an uncertain and ambivalent defender of humanists, had finally espoused the Sorbonne's interpretation of what was to count as orthodoxy. It is impossible to say what kind of evangelical Calvin was at his arrival in Basel, a place notable for its de facto tolerance of a wide diversity of opinions. Nor is it possible to say at what date Calvin conceived or began the execution of the first Institution. We do not know either whether Calvin was now putting on record reflections long since habitual with him, or whether it was writing the Institution which itself crystallized his thoughts. All that can be said with confidence is that since the De Clementia Commentary Calvin had published nothing except two Prefaces to Olivetan's French translation of the New Testament (which were written, it appears, shortly after his arrival at Basel), and had written, but left unpublished, Psychopannychia. It is apparent, then, that some time before he left France, Calvin's attentions had been concentrated entirely on theology, and that it was evangelical, and not merely humanist, theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Notes.
- Author
-
Höpfl, Harro
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Unfinished business: a speculative summary and postscript.
- Author
-
Höpfl, Harro
- Abstract
By 1558 Calvin was an extremely sick man, plagued by migraine, gout, colic, piles, nephritis, the stone and quartan fevers. He feared that he might not live to complete the last Institution, which he was composing on his sick-bed. And although he drove himself as hard as ever when not entirely prostrated by illness, his activities were those of a man putting his affairs in order. The Institution was now given an arrangement with which Calvin professed himself satisfied; the Genevan Academy, already described in its statutes as a Université, was at last established in 1559, complete with its own statutes and Theodore de Beze (Beza) as its first rector; an expanded version of the Ordonnances of 1541 was put on the Genevan statute-books in 1560 and 1561; an ordinance concerning the law and discipline of matrimony was appended; and the laws governing Genevan morals and mores were consolidated. All this had been done by 1561; his last magnumopus, the Harmony of the Last Four Books of Moses, was not completed until 1563, but Calvin had been working on it for years. In fact, he did not die until 17 May 1564. His last public act was an address to his ministerial colleagues summarizing his life and travails, and impressing on them the need to ‘make no changes, no innovation’ and to maintain amity and solidarity amongst themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Political morality in the thought of Calvin.
- Author
-
Höpfl, Harro
- Abstract
We now know how Calvin wished the magistracy to be organized. But we are still left asking what exactly he wished magistrates to do. The first Institution described the office of magistrates in such a bland and abstract way that no fault would have been found with Calvin's account by Servetus, Castellio and most Anabaptists, let alone by papists and other evangelicals: ‘to accommodate our lives to human fellowship, to shape our morals and conduct so that they may accord with civil justice, to reconcile us one with another and to promote the common peace and tranquillity’. But this formulation relies upon Lutheran external/internal, religious/civil distinctions which (as we have seen) had ceased to be adequate to Calvin's thought by 1542 at the latest. And at last, in the 1559 Institution, Calvin made additions which clarified what had long since been explicit in other writings. He prefaced the account of the ‘appointed end’ of magistracy just cited with: ‘to cherish and protect the outward worship of God, to defend the sound doctrine of godliness (pietas) and the order and standing (status) of the church’. In that edition he also went on to insist that the competence of magistrates extends to both tables of the Ten Commandments, that is, to the enforcement of pietas as well as aequitas and external righteousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Reconstruction.
- Author
-
Höpfl, Harro
- Abstract
All four syndics elected in February 1538 were hostile to Farel and Calvin. The final confrontation came before Easter; the immediate issues were the magistrates' demand that all be admitted to communion who would present themselves and the adoption of the Bernese rite, which was somewhat less aggressively anti-Roman and anti-traditional than what Calvin had in mind. Although Wendel is right to say that the Bernese rite per se was not an essential of faith for Calvin, the fact that its adoption was being pressed by the magistrates made it something to be resisted. Nor had excommunication been identified by Calvin as one of the marks of a true church, even though there is no mistaking the importance which he had come to attach to it. In any case, both parties understood clearly that what was at issue was who should be master in what the ministers, but not the magistrates, regarded as their own house. The last straw, the prohibition of preaching (which followed attacks by the ministers on the new officials, delivered from the pulpit), was an attack on one of the marks of a true church. It was followed rapidly by the ministers' refusal to administer communion, their ignoring of the order to refrain from preaching, and the summary dismissal of Calvin, Farel and Courrault, an intransigent and blind old minister. It appears that the ministers were shaken by their expulsion and at first did not regard it as final. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. The training of a lawgiver.
- Author
-
Höpfl, Harro
- Abstract
In April 1532, there issued from a Parisian printer a volume entitled Two Books Concerning Clemency, Written by the Distinguished Roman Senator and Philosopher L. Annaeus Seneca for the Emperor Nero, Elucidated by the Commentaries of Jean Calvin of Noyon. The volume, which was in Latin and therefore intended solely for the erudite, aroused no interest at the time, and would be of consequence now only to the specialist in humanist Latinity, but for its authorship. The temptation to treat it as the little acorn which contains in nuce the mighty oak of the Reformer's later work is to be resisted. It is explored here simply for what light it may shed on the education and political sentiments of a man who, without having any inkling of it then, was to become the teacher of ecclesiastical polity to generations of evangelicals. In 1532 Calvin was twenty-three years old. He is thought to have begun the work when he was little more than twenty, prior to his graduation as licencié ès lois from the University of Orleans (in early 1531). He had long been Master of Arts, proceeding to that degree at the University of Paris in 1525 or 1526. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Fides and Public (Fiscal) Debt.
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC debts , *JUSTICE administration , *FINANCE , *TAX laws - Abstract
The public obligations of the population towards the Roman community were dictated by fides, by honesty based on religious belief common to all nations, that the obligations must be fulfilled. From the ancient times there was also a rule that the public rights and duties of a Roman citizen are dependant on his economic power. This rule was later introduced in provinces, along with a demand that the peregrin who intended to be a member of the city council must have a building in the city and he needed also the persons who would guarantee for the fulfillment of his obligations towards the Empire. The peregrins already heavily burdened by taxation during the period of the Republic and Principate, were obliged to confess under the oath the property and the members of their families. As a guarantee for the payment of public debts the whole present and future property of the tax-payer was charged by pledge, with the priority right in favour of the Roman treasury. In the Late Roman Empire, after when the Roman citizenship was given to the whole population of the Empire (212 AD) and after the introduction of uniform taxation, this practice was applied to its entire territory. From the beginning of the 3rd century because of economic crises, wars, and devastations of barbarian nations, however, the demands of the citizens for exemptions of public charges became a frequent problem. Having in mind that these demands were often unfounded, sometimes even extorted, the emperors have regulated the benefice of remission of fiscal debts by particular laws. Fighting against unjust claims for privileges of landowners (potentiores), corruption and various other frauds concerning fiscal interests of the Empire, on the other hand, the emperors gave remission of delinquent taxes to the population, if the reason for it they find justified. Their decisions relied on the ancient rule, that the public charges depend on the economic power of the citizen, with the argumentation: `In whatever degree any person is of more honored rank or richer, so much the more does he owe a more eager spirit toward his compulsory public services whose performance he knows will be the more profitable to him.` (Nov. Val. 10, 3) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
29. An exceptional weighing aequipondium and the public scales of the harbour of Tarraco
- Author
-
Francesc Rodríguez Martorell, Joaquín Ruiz de Arbulo Bayona, and Ignacio Montero
- Subjects
Aequipondium ,ponderarium ,Aequitas ,Tarraco ,lcsh:Archaeology ,statera ,machina ,sacomarium ,lcsh:CC1-960 - Abstract
We studied an aequipondium or counterweight balance in bronze with figurative representation of a female divinity. He appeared in front of Tarragona port and is preserved in the collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Tarragona (MNAT). We emphasize its exceptional weight of 38 kg, the largest, far ahead of all aequipondia hitherto known in the Roman world. Statera belong to a giant or balance arm. This scale would necessarily be mounted on a large frame or machina, capable of weighing huge loads of up to 1500 kg or more. By place of discovery and its high artistic and technical qualities propose relate to public balance (ponderarium or sacomarium) of roman port. The female divinity represented should be an image of Aequitas, Equity, numen protector of fair dealing in the weights and measures of the markets.
- Published
- 2016
30. IUS ROMANUM PRAGMATICUM VERSUS AEQUITAS ROMANA: AN EARLY VERSION OF BINOMIO EFFICIENCY / EQUITY, BANNER OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW (AED)
- Author
-
Bernad Mainar, Rafael
- Subjects
Utilitas ,Eficiencia ,Derecho ,Aequitas ,Iustitia ,Equidad ,Análisis Económico del Derecho (AED) ,Derecho romano - Abstract
Uno de los atributos esenciales del Derecho romano es su carácter pragmático, representado por el valor extrajurídico de la utilitas. A su vez, la aequitas se presenta como uno de los principios básicos que ha conformado, tanto el Ius Romanorum, como la misma sociedad romana. Ambos elementos, utilitas y aequitas, convergen y se complementan debidamente en la noción romana de iustitia. El protagonismo en el Derecho romano de la tríada señalada (utilitas, aequitas, iustitia) lo podemos reconducir en la actualidad a través de la conexión existente entre el derecho y la economía, por lo que a la toma de decisiones concierne, y el recurso a la norma jurídica en tal sentido. Nos adentramos, pues, en un tema tan polémico, como apasionante: la búsqueda del equilibrio entre eficiencia y equidad, un aspecto emblemático en la órbita del análisis económico del derecho (AED). One of the essential attributes of Roman law is its pragmatic character, represented by the extra-legal value of the utilitas. In turn, the aequitas is presented as one of the basic principles that has shaped, both the Romanum Ius, as the same Roman society. Both elements, utilitas and aequitas, converge and complement each other in the Roman notion of iustitia. The leading role in the Roman Law of the triad (utilitas, aequitas, iustitia) can be redirected at present through the existing connection between the law and the economy, so that decision-making concerns, and recourse to the legal norm in that sense. We are entering, then, into a subject as controversial as it is exciting: the search for a balance between efficiency and equity, an emblematic aspect in the sphere of the economic analysis of law (AED).
- Published
- 2019
31. Filozofski okvir kondikcijskih zahtjeva u klasičnom rimskom pravu
- Author
-
Henrik-Riko Held
- Subjects
condictio, unjustified enrichment, ius naturale, aequitas, Roman law ,Philosophy ,lcsh:K1-7720 ,condictio ,unjustified enrichment ,ius naturale ,aequitas ,Roman law ,lcsh:Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,Law ,Classics ,stjecanje bez osnove ,rimsko pravo - Abstract
In this article the author analyses the problem of the philosophical background of the condictio claims in classical Roman law from three different aspects. First he deals with the issue of the apparent origins of the philosophical principles and concepts associated with condictio claims in sources such as ius naturale, aequitas, natura, etc. After dismissing the possibility of their postclassical origin, the focus of the analysis shifts to the possible influences of certain Greek philosophical schools on them, namely the Peripatetics and the Stoics. Finally, the actual reach of such influence is discussed., Autor u radu analizira problem filozofskog okvira kondikcijskih zahtjeva u klasičnom rimskom pravu uzimajući u obzir tri različita aspekta navedene problematike. Najprije se bavi pitanjem klasičnosti određenih filozofskih načela i koncepata povezivih s kondikcijskim zahtjevima u izvorima, kao što su ius naturale, aequitas, natura itd. Ustanovivši njihovo klasično podrijetlo kao najvjerojatnije, nadalje analizira mogući utjecaj određenih konkretnih grčkih filozofskih škola. Odbacujući na temelju različitih razloga mogućnost utjecaja aristotelovskog i peripatetičkog koncepta ispravljačke pravednosti (iustitia commutativa ili correctiva) na kondikcijske zahtjeve, odlučuje se za vjerojatniji utjecaj stoičke filozofije i etike, konkretno stoičke zabrane obogaćenja na teret druge osobe te opće stoičke terminologije i filozofema. Naposljetku, raspravljajući o konkretnom dosegu navedenog utjecaja, zaključuje kako je glavna uloga stoičkih načela bila potvrditi već postojeće i tipično rimsko pravno načelo utjelovljeno u primjeni legisakcije per condictionem, koje se naknadno očitovalo u raznovrsnoj upotrebi različitih kondikcijskih zahtjeva u klasičnom rimskom pravu.
- Published
- 2019
32. A aequitas como princípio fundamental do direito romano clássico: uma investigação histórico-filosófica / The aequitas as a fundamental principle of classical roman law: an historical-philosophical inquiry
- Author
-
Santos, Igor Moraes
- Subjects
Direito ,Filosofia do Direito ,História do Direito ,Aequitas ,Direito Romano - Abstract
DOI: 10.12957/rqi.2018.3300O artigo tem por objetivo investigar as funções e os limites da aequitas no direito romano clássico. A partir do exame de fontes originais e de estudos jurídicos e filosóficos sobre a cultura jurídica latina, este trabalho perpassa três etapas: primeiro, tenta compreender a peculiaridade da aequitas em face da tradição grega e moderna; segundo, investiga o exercício da aeq uitas , a partir dos princípios auxiliares utilitas , analogia, prudentia e fides ; por fim, examina os efeitos da equidade em Roma, em especial, na elaboração e aplicação do direito pelas vias do ius gentium e do ius praetorium . Assim, revela-se como a aequi tas toma forma de um princípio fundamental retor do direito romano clássico, responsável por sua complexidade, riqueza e força exemplar.Palavras-chave: aequitas ; equidade; Roma; direito romano; justiça. AbstractThe article aims to investigate the functions and limits of aequitas in the classical Roman law. From the examination of original sources and juridical and philosophical studies on Latin legal culture, this work has three stages: first, it tries to understand the peculiarity of aequitas in contrast to the Greek and modern traditions; second, it investigates the exercise of aequitas , by its auxiliary principles utilitas , analogy, prudentia and fides ; finally, it examines the effects of equity in Rome, in particular on the elaboration and application of law through ius gentium and ius praetorium . Thus, it is revealed how aequitas takes form of a fundamental principle that guides the classical Roman law, responsible for its complexity, prosperity and exemplary force. Keywords: Aequitas ; Equity; Rome; Roman Law; Justice.
- Published
- 2018
33. The concept of Iustitia for the roman jurists
- Author
-
Armando Torrent Ruiz
- Subjects
philosophers ,jurists ,Ulpiano ,Constans et perpetua voluntas ,Aequitas ,Cicerone ,lcsh:Law ,Iustitia ,Gallo ,Ulpian ,juristas ,judges ,jueces ,Voluntas ,filósofos ,suum cuique tribuere ,lcsh:K ,Cicerón - Abstract
En las fuentes romanas entre otros fragmentos encontramos dos textos fundamentales que tratan del concepto: Cic. 2,53,160 y Ulp. D. 1,1,10 pr. La ciencia romanística se ha centrado especialmente sobre la voluntas introduciendo un cocnepto subjetivo y suum cuique tribuere, oscilando si estos son conceptos generales procedentes de la especulación filosófica o instrucciones jurídicas precisas dirigidas a abogados y jueces., Among roman fontes there are two basic texts: Cic. de inv. 2,53,160 and Ulp. D. 1,1,10 pr. The romanistic science concern specially the voluntas introducing a subjective consideration and suum cuique tribuere, oscillating on these terms are general concepts coming fron the philophical speculation, or juridical directions dedicated to lawyers and judges.
- Published
- 2018
34. L’applicazione del principio di aequitas nella prassi giudiziaria dei mercanti (XIV-XV sec.)
- Author
-
Francesca Macino
- Subjects
aequitas ,mos mercatorum ,prassi giudiziaria - Published
- 2018
35. Aequitas
- Author
-
Giovanni Luchetti and Giovanni Luchetti
- Subjects
Aequitas - Abstract
Il concetto di aequitas nel diritto romano
- Published
- 2018
36. The interpretation of law in accordance with the principle of aequitas in Roman law
- Author
-
I Sič Magdolna
- Subjects
aequitas ,interpretation of the law ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,Philosophy ,Law ,lcsh:Law ,Roman law ,rescipts ,responsa ,lcsh:K - Abstract
The principle of aequitas allows to take into account circumstances of a particular case, going beyond the strict meaning of the applicable legal norm. Moreover, if these circumstances occur frequently, the principle opens the door for the modification of the norm in question. This paper follows the application of aequitas and its impact on the development of law during the Roman history. We can generally conclude that the application of aequitas in pre-classical Roman law led to breaking off with strict forms of the old ius civile harmonizing the law with the needs of the republican society. This can be attributed to the activities of praetor, pre-classical jurists and judges, and to the introduction of the iudicia bonae fidei. In the classical period, authorized jurisconsults interpreted the law in line with equity, through their responsa or as members of the consilium principis preparing rescripts of the princeps. Although this has been done under the emperor's control, interpreting small, private, everyday legal problems of citizens lead to the development of technical rules of private law. These rules are still valid today. In the post-classical period, given the general crisis of the Roman society, the preservation of the Empire was designated as the public interest (utilitas publica). Under these circumstances post-classical jurists had no longer the possibility to creatively interpret the law. Moreover, starting from Constantine, the issuance and control of equitable implementation of the rescripts was reserved for the emperor, these being referred to the privileges and exemptions from various burdens and obligations. Finally, Justinian proclaimed that the emperor is the only creator and interpreter of the law: 'conditor et interpres legum'. He determined what was equitable following Christian ideology and the interest of the Empire (utilitas publica).
- Published
- 2015
37. Interpretación y equidad: de la Aequitas medieval a la Epikeia altomoderna
- Author
-
Álvarez Alonso, Clara, Aranda Rodríguez, Remedios, and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Instituto de Estudios Clásicos sobre la Sociedad y la Política Lucio Anneo Séneca
- Subjects
Derecho ,Aequitas ,Historia ,Epikeia ,Ordo interpretatione iuris - Abstract
Actas del Congreso "Incidencias del lenguaje en los negocios jurídicos a lo largo de la Historia" celebrado en la Universidad Carlos III de Getafe, Madrid, los días 14 y 15 de abril de 2015
- Published
- 2017
38. La Parafrasi di Teofilo: un contributo al recupero di valori tradizionali nell'età dell'assolutismo imperiale
- Author
-
Scarcella, Agatina Stefania
- Subjects
Parafrasi ,Aequitas ,Teofilo ,Parafrasi, Teofilo, Aequitas, insegnamento ,insegnamento - Published
- 2017
39. La buena fe mercantil en la tradición jurídica occidental
- Author
-
Lorena Carvajal Arenas
- Subjects
History ,Dolo ,Bona fides ,Aequitas ,Buena fe ,Law - Abstract
Este artículo muestra cómo la buena fe ha adquirido un significado preciso en diferentes épocas del derecho occidental y se muestran los factores históricos que han incidido en el significado de este principio en diferentes etapas. Se concluye que la buena fe es un concepto moldeable. Sus atributos permiten prever su evolución en las culturas jurídicas más importantes del derecho occidental.
- Published
- 2014
40. Un aequipondium de peso excepcional y la balanza pública del puerto de Tarraco
- Author
-
Rodríguez Martorell, Francesc, Ruiz de Arbulo Bayona, Joaquín, and Montero, Ignacio
- Subjects
Aequipondium ,ponderarium ,Aequitas ,Tarraco ,statera ,machina ,sacomarium - Abstract
We studied an aequipondium or counterweight balance in bronze with figurative representation of a female divinity. He appeared in front of Tarragona port and is preserved in the collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Tarragona (MNAT). We emphasize its exceptional weight of 38 kg, the largest, far ahead of all aequipondia hitherto known in the Roman world. Statera belong to a giant or balance arm. This scale would necessarily be mounted on a large frame or machina, capable of weighing huge loads of up to 1500 kg or more. By place of discovery and its high artistic and technical qualities propose relate to public balance (ponderarium or sacomarium) of roman port. The female divinity represented should be an image of Aequitas, Equity, numen protector of fair dealing in the weights and measures of the markets. Estudiamos un aequipondium o contrapeso de balanza realizado en bronce con representación figurada de una divinidad femenina. Apareció en la fachada portuaria de Tarragona y está conservado en la colección del Museu Nacional Arqueològic de Tarragona (MNAT). Destacamos su peso excepcional de 38 kg, el mayor, con diferencia, de todos los aequipondia hasta ahora conocidos en el mundo romano. Pertenecería a una gigantesca statera o balanza de brazo, que hoy denominamos romana. Esta balanza estaría necesariamente montada en un gran bastidor o machina, capaz de pesar cargas enormes de hasta 1500 kg o más. Por el lugar de hallazgo y sus altas cualidades artísticas y técnicas proponemos relacionarlo con la balanza pública (ponderarium o sacomarium) del puerto de Tarraco. La divinidad femenina representada debe ser una imagen de Aequitas, la Equidad, numen protector de las justas transacciones en las pesas y medidas de los mercados.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Il principio di aequitas nella prassi giudiziaria dei mercanti: spunti dal XIV-XV sec
- Author
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Macino, Francesca
- Subjects
aequitas ,serie processuali ,mos mercatorum - Published
- 2016
42. La buena fe mercantil en la tradición jurídica occidental
- Author
-
Carvajal Arenas, Lorena
- Subjects
Dolo ,Good faith ,Bona fides ,Aequitas ,Fraud ,Buena fe - Abstract
Este artículo muestra cómo la buena fe ha adquirido un significado preciso en diferentes épocas del derecho occidental y se muestran los factores históricos que han incidido en el significado de este principio en diferentes etapas. Se concluye que la buena fe es un concepto moldeable. Sus atributos permiten prever su evolución en las culturas jurídicas más importantes del derecho occidental. This article shows the accurate meanings good faith has been given to over the different periods in Western law and shows the historical factors that, at different stages, have had an influence on the meaning of this principle. We conclude that good faith is a shapeable concept, attributes of which allow forecasting its evolution in the most important legal cultures of the Western law.
- Published
- 2014
43. 'Facilitas'. Alcune fonti per Bernardo Albanese
- Author
-
Falcone, G. and FALCONE, G
- Subjects
aequita ,Settore IUS/18 - Diritto Romano E Diritti Dell'Antichita' ,Servio Sulpicio Rufo ,Facilitas ,aequitas ,Facilita - Published
- 2014
44. Aequitas y sus relaciones con la equity: diferencias, similitudes e influencias
- Author
-
Robles Velasco, Luis Mariano
- Subjects
Aequitas ,Equidad - Abstract
La aequitas romana como sinónimo de lo verdadero, lo exacto, lo justo, tiene su antecedente en la epiqueya griega, pero que tiene su reflejo tanto en aequitas canónica como en la equity anglosajona ¿y norteamericana-, hasta en los ordenamientos jurídicos contemporáneos. Por eso la equidad tiene una gran importancia cuando resulta imposible o sumamente injusta la aplicación rigurosa de la norma jurídica, y sobre todo en aquellos sistemas jurídicos en formación bien por carencia o falta de normas, o bien cuando éstas existen pero contienen abundantes lagunas en el ordenamiento jurídico. En el presente trabajo nos ocuparemos de un somero análisis de la equidad romana y sus relaciones con la equity, sus diferencias, similitudes e influencias.
- Published
- 2013
45. The Roman 'aequitas' versus the Islamic 'istihsan'
- Author
-
Prochwicz-Studnicka, Bożena and Michta, Dariusz
- Subjects
aequitas ,prawo muzułmańskie ,istihsan ,prawo rzymskie ,pojęcie słuszności - Abstract
Artykuł przedstawia w perspektywie porównawczej dwie instytucje prawne, które odwołują się do pojęcia słuszności: aequitas - instytucję prawa rzymskiego i istishsan (preferencję prawniczą) - instytucję prawa muzułmańskiego. Udziela odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy są to instytucje tożsame oraz bada ewentualny wpływ jednej na drugą.
- Published
- 2010
46. Modulaciones operativas de la buena fe en el sistema jurídico romanista
- Author
-
Facco, Jh
- Subjects
sistema giuridico romanistico ,aequitas ,vir bonus ,synallagma ,integracion del contrato ,contratti ,principi generali ,buona fede ,integrazione del contratto ,fides ,oportere ex fides bona ,contratos ,principios generales ,buena fe ,sistema juridico romanista ,Settore IUS/21 - Diritto Pubblico Comparato - Published
- 2009
47. Homo hominem specie non superat. Dominio politico e diritti naturali nel pensiero di Tommaso Campanella
- Author
-
CESARO, Antimo, Bianca M. L. - Catelani A. (a cura di), Bianca M. L. - Catelani A., and Cesaro, Antimo
- Subjects
principio di legalità ,aequitas ,diritto naturale - Published
- 2009
48. Humanitas, Libertas, Aequitas: Esencia del debido proceso
- Author
-
Terán Pimentel, Milagro
- Subjects
Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas ,Centro de Investigaciones Jurídicas (CIJ) ,Due process ,Revistas ,Libertas ,Aequitas ,Humanitas ,Derecho Romano ,Anuario de Derecho ,Debido proceso ,Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - Abstract
DERECHO PÚBLICO Fundamentación jurídica de los Procedimientos Administrativos. Juridical ground of the Administrative Procedures. Ojeda de Ilija, Raiza La Contraloría Municipal en el marco de la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. The Municipality Comptrollership office in the frame of the Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela Constitution. Rojas Hernández, Jesús David DERECHO ROMANO Humanitas, Libertas, Aequitas: Esencia del Debido Proceso. Humanitas, Libertas, and Aequitas: Essence of the Due Process. Terán Pimentel, Milagro DERECHO PENAL Exigencia de protección penal de bienes de la Propiedad Industrial. Especial referencia a la Decisión 486 de la comisión de la Comunidad Andina. The demands of penal protection for Industrial Property goods. Special reference to the Andean Community commission Decision 486. Bianchi Pérez, Paula Beatriz DERECHO INTERNACIONAL El Acceso de los Particulares al Foro Comunitario Andino: Referencia a la Acción de Nulidad. The Access of Private Parties to the Andean Community Court of Justice. Reference to the Nullity Resource. Ramirez Díaz, Karina XXXII CURSO VACACIONAL DE DERECHO Dr. JUAN ESTEBAN AMORER REYES XXXII Curso Vacacional de Derecho Dr. Juan Esteban Amorer Reyes: La Zona Libre Cultural Científica y Tecnológica. XXXII Law Vacation Course Juan Esteban Amorer Reyes: The Free Zone for Culture, Science and Technology. Suárez Mancha, Maribel CONFERENCIAS La Zona Libre para la Cultura, la Ciencia y la Tecnología de Mérida y las competencias municipales. The Free Zone for Culture, Science and Technology of Mérida and the municipal competences. González Cruz, Fortunato Las incidencias de la Zona Libre en el desarrollo regional. The incidences of the Free Zone upon regional development. Graterol Guevara, Adelis La incidencia de la Zona Libre Cultural Científica y Tecnológica del estado Mérida sobre el área metropolitana de Mérida. The incidence of the Cultural, Scientific and Technological Free Zone of Merida state upon the metropolitan area of Mérida. Pérez Maldonado, Alberto DOCUMENTOS Un sueño de Bolívar. A dream of Bolívar. Casanova, Ramón Vicente Juvenilización y Neoderecho. Participation of youth in decisión-making and neo-law. Barboza de la Torre, Pedro RECENSIONES Revista Derecho y Reforma Agraria 32 Suárez Mancha, Maribel La cuestión agraria en Iberoamérica y España. Suárez Mancha, Maribel 69-91 Misterpim68@yahoo.com anual Nivel analítico
- Published
- 2006
49. GIUSTIZIA E SENSO COMUNE
- Author
-
PALMA, ANTONIO and Palma, Antonio
- Subjects
aequitas ,senso comune ,giustizia - Abstract
Giustizia e senso comune Il diritto romano in età classica aveva natura giurisprudenziale. Il circuito romano di creazione del diritto, infatti, principiava dalla controversia concreta e perveniva ad esprimere una regola valevole per il singolo caso. La decisione poteva restare isolata ma avrebbe innescato ampio dibattito sulla sua adeguatezza al quale avrebbero partecipato magistrati, giudici, giuristi e pubblica opinione. Un dibattito che avrebbe condotto alla fissazione della regola quale precedente da cui decisioni future non avrebbero potuto facilmente prescindere, posto che la decisione fosse stata condivisa dalla comunità. Il sistema, in questo modo, era capace di garantire il massimo di aderenza delle singole decisioni al senso comune. Il primo obiettivo di qualunque sistema giuridico democratico cui dovrebbe istituzionalmente riuscire la conquista del gradimento dei cittadini rispetto alle sentenze giudiziarie, le quali assurgerebbero così a specchio di quel senso comune da vedersi come il fulcro delle singole regole e del loro complesso ordinato. Fondamentale sarebbe quindi, rimettere il senso comune nel circuito contemporaneo di creazione del diritto. Nei sistemi giuridici dell’Europa continentale, invece, la rispondenza della regola al senso comune è affidata alla legge che spesso delude rispetto a un’aspettativa del genere. Per questo i giudici dovrebbero assumere un ruolo creativo, smettendo la funzione meramente ricognitiva loro imposta dalla preminenza del legislatore disegnato dagli Illuministi. I giudici dovrebbero accorciare le distanze tra legge e cittadini. Negli ordinamenti di Civil Law ai giudici compere solo il legem dicere ma essi dovrebbero allenarsi all’esercizio della normopoiesi pro bono publico. La monografia si articola in 6 saggi. Nel primo Note critiche sul concetto di causa si analizza il termine causa nelle fonti romane. In esse il termine appare assumere solitamente il significato di interesse concretamente perseguito, quale emerge o dalle dichiarazioni delle parti o dall’equilibrio complessivo degli interessi. Vi è quindi corrispondenza di impostazione tra le più antiche dottrine dei giuristi romani e le attuali impostazioni dei privatisti, i quali si sono liberati della nozione astratta di causa e l’hanno giustamente ancorata alla composizione e all’equilibrio degli interessi in concreto perseguiti. Nel secondo Violazione del criterio della buona fede e risarcibilità si sottolinea che è evidente un processo di riunificazione delle forme di tutela che determina una ricomposizione unitaria della buona fede oltre il pubblico e oltre il privato, nel quale la iurisdictio de dolo, nella sua articolata strategia di reintegrazione-risarcimento-ripristino della fattispecie lesa, da un lato, e la categoria romanistica del dolus praesens dall’altro assumono un rilevante valore euristico. Nel terzo Il riferimento alla giustizia nell’elaborazione del diritto l’a. rileva che l’estrema complessità e multiformità culturale delle società moderne rende estremamente difficile operare una sintesi in cui la rcezione moribus costituisca il normale modo di produzione del ius mentre la lex è lo strumento a cui si ricorre in speciali circostanze per operare immediati salti qualitativi. Si tratta di recuperare il valore dell’interpretatio quale ars e soprattutto il ruolo sociale del giurista quale mediatore tra senso comune e l’aspirazione quotidiana alla giustizia del caso concreto. Nel quarto Degiurisdizionalizzazione del processo esecutivo immobiliare: brevi profili comparatistici e prospettive de iure condendo si afferma che in diritto romano almeno fino al III secolo d. C. il ricorso alla iurisdictio per i procedimenti di esecuzione forzata è stato limitato alle sole ipotesi in cui essa sembrava veramente indispensabile, lasciando ai privati, creditori direttamente interessati ovvero imprenditori economici professionalmente qualificati, agenti nell’interesse dei primi, ampi spazi di azione: ciò sul presupposto concettuale della sussidiarietà della iurisdictio e più in generale dell’intervento statuale, negli ambiti rivolti all’affermazione ed alla tutela del diritto di ciascuno. Un ritorno alla genuina tradizione del diritto romano significherebbe realizzare una procedura di vendita forzata su base volontaria o privata largamente rimessa nel suo svolgimento pratico all’iniziativa ed al senso di responsabilità e di correttezza dell’esecutato ovviamente nell’ambito di un quadro normativo generale chiaro nel quale al giudice residuerebbe un ruolo di supervisione e controllo a garanzia della regolarità del procedimento. Nel quinto Giustizia e senso comune: il c.d. danno da disturbo si afferma che l’esperienza giurisprudenziale romana appare emblematica di come l’ancoraggio al senso comune abbia supportato gli interpreti nel loro sforzo costante di migliorare quotidianamente il diritto realizzando concretamente la giustizia. Finora però nell’età moderna, sono le decisioni dei giudici che hanno dimostrato contrariamente al dogmatismo-formalistico della dottrina, una capacità di penetrazione topica del senso comune in funzione evolutiva dell’ordinamnto. Un esempio significativo è nella sentenza del Consiglio di Stato sez. VI del 12 marzo 2004 n. 1261 con la quale è stata riconosciuta la risarcibilità del c.d. danno da disturbo e che riprende una analoga pronuncia del TAR Puglia Lecce sez. I 18 aprile 2002 n. 1569. Il Consiglio di Stato ha elaborato con maggiore compiutezza l’ipotesi del danno da disturbo sancendone la ricorrenza nel caso in cui il cittadino abbia subito un pregiudizio in conseguenza dell’illegittima compressione di facoltà di cui egli era già titolare. Il danno da disturbo si differenzia dal danno da ritardo normalmente individuato nella lesione di un interesse legittimo pretensivo cagionata dal ritardo con cui la P.A. abbia emesso il provvedimento finale, inteso ad ampliare la sfera giuridica del privato. Il giudice amministrativo ha dato un fondamento concettuale alla sua interpretatio innovativa. L’aderenza al senso comune di giustizia ha consentito ai giudici di superare la posizione formalistica per la quale l’annullamento del provvedimento illegittimo doveva considerarsi di per sé integralmente satisfattivo delle pretese del ricorrente apprestando soluzioni che si sono dimostrate idonee a ripristinare le situazioni giuridiche illegittimamente lese. Nel sesto Principio di legalità e giudizio di equità: problemi di giustizia. La lezione di La Pira si studia la personalità di La Pira, personalità monolitica avendo il suo fulcro in una profonda carica mistico-religiosa in cui si fondono e si alimentano la prospettiva dello studioso di diritto romano e quella dell’uomo politicamente impegnato per la sua collettività. Il diritto romano, il suo studio e il suo insegnamento diventano occasione per il compimento di quella missione che egli da cristiano , sente di dover portare avanti per l’attuazione della giustizia. Lo smarrimento del giurista contemporaneo di fronte al problema dell’enucleazione degli orientamenti della collettività e del rispetto dei suoi interessi e valori tradisce la progressiva perdita di corrispondenza con la comunità, quell’originario collegamento che consentiva al giurista romano di entrare a pieno titolo nella vicenda della formazione della regola consuetudinaria, di quel ius moribus receptum che veniva ad integrare, ammodernandolo, il diritto vigente.
- Published
- 2006
50. Aequa Societas, aequum ius, aequa libertas: is est civitas. Riflessioni sull'aequitas nell'antica Roma
- Author
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Tofanini, Roberto
- Subjects
Aequitas ,civitas ,Aequitas, civitas - Published
- 1994
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