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BACKGROUND: Nucleic acid testing (NAT) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been implemented in several European countries and in the United States, while hepatitis B virus (HBV) NAT is still being questioned by opinions both in favor and against such an option, depending on the HBV endemicity, health care resources, and expected benefits. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This survey was aimed to assess the NAT impact in improving the safety of blood supply in Italy, 6 years after implementation. The study involved 93 Italian transfusion centers and was carried out in 2001 through 2006. A total of 10,776,288 units were tested for the presence of HCV RNA, 7,932,430 for HIV RNA, and 3,405,497 for HBV DNA, respectively. RESULTS: Twenty-seven donations or 2.5 per million tested were HCV RNA–positive/anti-HCV–negative; 14 or 1.8 per million units tested were HIV RNA–positive/anti-HIV–negative; and 197 or 57.8 per million donations tested were HBV DNA–positive/hepatitis B surface antigen–negative. Of the latter, 8 (2.3/106) were collected from donors in the window phase of infection and 189 (55.5/106) from donors with occult HBV. Sixty-eight percent of the latter donors had hepatitis B surface antibody, 74.5 percent of whom with concentrations considered protective (≥10 mIU/mL). CONCLUSION: NAT implementation has improved blood safety by reducing the risk of entering 2.5 HCV and 1.8 HIV infectious units per million donations into the blood supply. The yield of NAT in detecting infectious blood before transfusion was higher for HBV than for HCV or HIV. However, the benefit of HBV NAT in terms of avoided HBV-related morbidity and mortality in blood recipients needs to be further evaluated.

We conducted a longitudinal prospective study to assess the eligibility to blood donation of donors with 'minor' risk factors (i.e. minor surgery, professional exposure, cohabitation with 'high risk' people, occasional use of light drugs) or 'medium' risk factors for human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection (i.e. casual sexual relationship, multiple heterosexual exposure, sexual partnership with subjects at risk, regular use of light drugs).During a 4-year period we administered a psychosocial questionnaire to all donors attending our Center. In addition we determined anti-HIV, anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and syphilis serology (TPHA) at entry to the study and at 6-month intervals.Of 25,367 donors, 1,535 (6%) reported medium and 8,761 (34%) minor risk. At enrollment into the study, 4 medium risk donors were anti-HIV positive and there was a significantly higher rate of positivity for TPHA (0.33% vs 0.07%) and anti-HCV (1.17% vs 0.63%) in this group than in donors reporting no risk. No anti-HIV positivity was observed in minor or no risk donors. During a median follow-up of 18 months, none of 24,404 donors undergoing 106,503 visits seroconverted to HIV. The incidences of novel HCV and syphilis infections were almost one log greater in donors at medium risk (3 and 1x10-4/yr, respectively) than in no risk donors (0.4 and 0.1x10-4/yr, respectively). Medium risk donors were more frequently males (Odds Ratio=3.2, 95% confidence interval= 2.8-3.7), aged 26-35 yrs (1.52; 1.3-1.78), single (1.4; 1.2-1.6), divorced (2; 1.4-2.8), freelance workers (1.43; 1.1-1.9) and first-time donors (1.8; 1.6-2.1) than no risk donors.The only 4 HIV positive subjects of the cohort were medium risk donors picked up at enrollment. No HIV seroconversion was observed during the study. On the basis of this study we will continue to defer 'medium' risk donors.

Purpose To perform a cost analysis between vacuum-assisted percutaneous nephrolithotomy (vmPCNL) and minimally invasive PCNL (MIP) and explore potential predictors of costs associated with the procedures. Methods We analyzed data from 225 patients who underwent vmPCNL or MIP at a single tertiary referral academic center between January 2016 and December 2020. We collected patients’ demographics, peri-and postoperative data and detailed expense records. After propensity score matching, 108 (66.7%) vmPCNL and 54 (33.3%) MIP procedures were analyzed. Descriptive statistics assessed differences in clinical and operative parameters. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models tested the association between clinical variables and costs. Results Operative time (OT) was shorter for vmPCNL, and the use of additional instruments to complete litholapaxy was more frequent in MIP (all p ≤ 0.01). Length of stay (LOS) was longer for MIP patients (p = 0.03) and the stone-free (SF) rate was higher after vmPCNL (p = 0.04). The overall instrumentation cost was higher for vmPCNL (p p = 0.9). However, the overall cost for the hospitalization was higher for MIP than vmPCNL (p = 0.01). Univariable linear regression revealed that patient’s comorbidities, OT, any postoperative complication and LOS were associated with hospitalization costs (all p p Conclusion vmPCNL may represent a valid option due to clinical and economic benefits. Shorter OT, the lower need for disposable equipment and the lower complication rate reduced procedural and hospitalization costs.

Italy is reported to have a relatively low consumption of antidepressants. This is probably due to the fact that until 2000 antidepressants were reimbursed with some restrictions. To describe the pattern of use of antidepressants in primary care in Italy, after admission of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for reimbursement without restrictions. We collected prescription data of antidepressants (ATC code: N06) reimbursed between January 1999 and March 2002 from three local health authorities in Emilia Romagna. Then, we calculated the prevalence of use for the different therapeutic classes of antidepressants, by age and gender. Moreover, after selecting a cohort of incident adult patients to follow for 6 months after the first prescription, we analysed the continuity, the average daily doses and the average duration of treatment. Out of 1000 subjects, 78 received at least one prescription of antidepressants in 1 year. The prevalence of use increased with age from 43 to 136/1000. Women used antidepressants more frequently than men, with a ratio varying from 1.6 to 2, depending on age. SSRIs were the most used drugs (63%), and their prevalence of use diminished with age; on the contrary, use of mianserine and trazodone increased with age, and that of the other antidepressants did not vary. About 60% of the subjects received occasional prescriptions. Continuous treatment was more frequent with SSRIs and in subjects older than 34 years. Daily doses were higher in patients receiving newer drugs (0.9–1 DDD per day), and lower in patients receiving the older agents (0.3–0.4 DDD per day). The average daily doses were usually lower than those recommended for the treatment of the major depression, especially for tricyclics, trazodone and reboxetine. Overall, doses were within the recommended range in about 75% of recipients of newer antidepressants (i.e., SSRIs, venlafaxine, mirtazapine and reboxetine), and in less than 30% of recipients of older drugs (i.e., tricyclics, trazodone and mianserine). In 59% of subjects receiving continuous treatment, the duration of the therapeutic course was at least 6 months. We found a high prevalence of use of antidepressants in primary care with a frequency of occasional use higher than in other countries. Only rarely were doses and duration of treatment consistent with recommendations for treatment of depression. Recipients of newer drugs received doses consistent with a use for major depression more frequently than others; however, rates of 6 month duration did not differ among drug classes.