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To explore the improvement of typing and reasonable surgical treatment for pancreatic ductal stone (PDS).Totally 89 patients with pancreatic ductul stone treated underwent surgeries from January 2000 to December 2012 were involved into this study. There were 57 male and 32 female patients, the average age was (52 ± 23) years. According to the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography imaging and finding during surgery, pancreatolithiasis was classified into three types: type I, the stones were located in the main pancreatic duct; type II, the stones were located both in main and branch pancreatic duct; type III, the stones were diffusely scattered in the branch pancreatic duct; the position of PDS within pancreatic parenchyma were subtitled. In this group, 43 type I PDS were extracted with endoscopic papillotomy or endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy, or pancreatolithotomy plus pancreato-jejunal lateral anastomosis with wide anastomotic stoma; 39 type II cases were treated by pancreatolithotomy plus pancreato-jejunal lateral anastomosis or/and resection of pancreatic section; 7 type III PDS were managed with resection of pancreatic section.All surgeries were performed successfully. Among complications, 6 cases (6.7%) were pancreatic leakage which recovered after systematic non-surgical treatment, 2 cases (2.2%) were anastomotic bleeding which led to 1 death, 6 cases (6.7%) were residual pancreatolithiasis in branch pancreatic duct type. Seventy-eight patients were followed up for 6 to 131 months, 57 cases were still alive so far. Five cases were intermittent abdominal pain, 7 cases were diabetes resulted from 2 subtotal pancreatectomy and 5 distal pancreatectomy, 5 cases occurred pancreatolithiasis recurrence and 3 underwent secondary surgeries.The basis of this modified typing of pancreatolithiasis is the position of stone in pancreatic duct rather than pancreas parenchyma. It is more important and valuable for surgical principle of taking stones out completely and maintaining pancreatic function.

Aberrant expression of miRNAs is associated with particular cancers showing tissue- and clinical-feature-specificity patterns. Some miRNA genes harboring or being embedded in CpG islands undergo methylation mediated silencing. MBP, methyl CpG binding protein, suppresses transcription through binding to methylated CpG dinucleotides. Expression of miR-373 has been reported to be suppressed in malignant bile duct cell lines. Bioinformatic prediction reveals that the transcription start site (TSS) of miR-373 is implanted in a 402 bp canonical CpG island containing 26 CpG dinucleotides. In this study, we aim to determine the epigenetic regulation of miR-373 gene in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Taqman microRNA assay shows that down-regulation of miR-373 is closely associated with poor cell differentiation, advanced clinical stage and shorter overall and disease-free survival in hilar cholangiocarcinomas. Methylation analysis shows that the promoter-associated CpG island is hypermethylated which is consistent with the inhibition of miR-373. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay indicates that down-regulation of miR-373 results from the selective recruitment of MBD2 to methylated CpG islands. In contrast, MBD2 knock-down by use of a specific siRNA promoted the expression of miR-373. Reactivation of miR-373 by pharmacologic induction of 5-aza-CdR and trichostatin A (TSA) led to decreased enrichment of MBD2 at CpG island regions. Enhanced expression of exogenous MBD2 in stable QBC939 cells which stably express pGL4-m373-prom induces strengthened recruitment of MBD2. Our findings suggest that miR-373 is a methylation-mediated gene and the implication of MBD2 in methylation-mediated suppression of miR-373 plays an important role in tumourigenesis and development in hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

To evaluate the effect of protecting parathyroid glands in situ in the operation of total thyroidectomy by detecting parathyroid hormone after the operation.In the surgical team, 1019 consecutive patients with thyroid diseases were treated with total thyroidectomy. During the operation, parathyroid glands were protected in situ with correctly identifying the parathyroid glands, precisely dissecting its envelope and protecting its blood supply. Serum calcium level and parathyroid hormone were measured before and 24 hours after operation. The patients who had symptomatic hypocalcemia or hypoparathyroidism were given supportive treatment and followed-up.At least one of the parathyroid glands was preserved and remained in situ in all cases. Eighty-nine cases (8.7%) had decreased parathyroid hormone levels and 42 cases (4.1%) had complicated symptomatic hypocalcemia. The symptoms of hypocalcemia in all these cases could be controlled by supportive treatment, and serum calcium level and parathyroid hormone had all recovered 1 - 6 months later. If 3 and 4 parathyroid were conserved in situ, the postoperative complication rate was significantly lower than those with 1 and 2 parathyroid conserved (decreased PTH 69/999 vs 20/20, symptoms of hypocalcemia 25/999 vs 17/20, all P0.01).The techniques to protect parathyroid glands in situ are effective measure to prevent the postoperative hypoparathyroidism in total thyroidectomy.

To investigate the causes and the measures of prevention and cure of the dangerous complications (bleeding, pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula and death) after radical pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD) for periampullary malignant tumor.The rate and management of dangerous complications of 156 cases with RPD which were continuous performed by Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between January 2006 and June 2008 were analyzed retrospectively, including 97 males and 59 females with 37 - 79 years old, the mean age was 56.9 years old.Among the 156 cases with RPD, four patients had massive hemorrhage of gastrointestinal tract due to stress ulcer, two patients had bleeding in the pancreas-intestinal anastomosis after the operation, the rate of postoperative bleeding was 3.9% (6/156). One patient with massive hemorrhage of gastrointestinal tract due to stress ulcer had severe pulmonary infection and ARDS, and died of respiratory failure finally (the overall mortality rate was 0.7%) after ICU for two months. One patients with bleeding in the pancreas-intestinal anastomosis had pancreatic fistula (the rate of pancreatic fistula was 0.7%) 3 days after the second laparotomy to open the jejunum of the pancreas-intestinal anastomosis and make a transfixion of the bleeding points in the stump. Another patient who had the tumor located in the inferior segment of the bile common duct had biliary fistula 11 days after the operation (the rate of biliary fistula was 0.7%). Two patients with fistula had good recovery by expectant treatment of ultrasound-guided puncture and drainage.Prompt and effective treatment of the complications of bleeding, pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula could maximally decrease the perioperative death rate.

To explore and evaluate the combined conservative managements in the treatment of cervical chylous leakage.Thirty nine cases of cervical chylous leakage from June 1992 to June 2008 were retrospectively analyzed in this hospital. All of the 39 cases were cured by treating with conservative individualized therapy, including the applying of diet with high calorie, high protein and low fat and fatty food should only contains medium-chain triglycerides, total parenteral nutrition, keep the balance of hydrogen and electrolyte and correct hypoproteinemia, local pressure dressing, high persistent vacuum drainage (-50 approximately -80 kPa) and/or somatostatin analogue.All the cases of chylous leakage happened 2nd to 5th days after the operation. Among the 39 cases, 7 were high flow (drainageor=500 ml/d) chylous leakage, the amount of drainage reached as high as 1440 ml per day. The time of chylous leakage closure was 3 approximately 12 days, and the mean time was 7 days. No one experienced re-operation, wound hydrops or wound infection.The conservative individualized therapy may play a key role in the treatment of cervical chylous leakage.

To investigate the technique of radical pancreaticoduodenectomy for malignant tumor in pancreatic head with pressed superior mesenteric blood vessel or portal vein.From March 2005 to March 2007, thin slice scan and vessel-reconstruction of 56 patients of malignant tumor in pancreatic head with pressed superior mesenteric blood vessels or portal vein were carried out using multidetector spiral CT to evaluate whether peripheral vessels of pancreatic tumor were invaded and whether the tumor was resectable. During the operation, 3 vascular blocking bands for superior mesenteric vein, portal vein and spleen vein or 4 vascular blocking bands (additional one for inferior mesenteric vein) were preset. Under the cross and traction between superior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric artery, resected the uncinate process of pancreas thoroughly. Using those methods, radical pancreaticoduodenectomy for 56 patients above-mentioned were successfully accomplished.The accuracy for preoperative judging by using multidetector spiral CT whether the peripheral vessels of pancreatic cancer were invaded and whether the tumor was resectable was 98% and 100% separately. Thirty-seven of 56 patients, whose superior mesenteric blood vessels or portal veins were pressed by the tumor of pancreatic head, were operated using 3 vascular blocking bands and 2 patients using 4 vascular blocking bands, followed by suturing the bleeding points of the superior mesenteric vein with 5-0 vascular suture Proline. One patient's superior mesenteric vein was partially resected and restored. The operations cost 5-8 h each and the blood loss was 200-600 ml. There were no operative or postoperative hemorrhage or pancreatic juice leakage. According to the follow-up up to now, 2 patients died of multiple live tumor metastases 7 and 9 months separately after operation, the other 54 patients were still alive.Thin slice scan and vessel-reconstruction using multidetector spiral CT can accurately judge whether the blood vessels near the pancreatic tumor were invaded and whether the tumor was resectable, using 3 vascular blocking bands or 4 vascular blocking bands and cross, traction of the superior mesenteric blood vessels, operator can easily accomplish the radical pancreaticoduodenectomy of malignant tumor in pancreatic head with pressed superior mesenteric blood vessels and portal vein, which was not resectable or need combined resection of the blood vessels in the traditional opinion.

Solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (SPTP) is an uncommon and enigmatic pancreatic neoplasm that occurs mainly in young women. Although more and more cases have been reported in recent years, misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment still frequently take place. This study was designed to stimulate consideration of this tumor.We retrospectively reviewed the experience of diagnosis and treatment of 15 patients with SPTP and compared them with 516 patients with pancreatic cancer from January 1997 to March 2007.Most of the SPTP cases were asymptomatic except for one palpable mass. Almost all SPTPs demonstrated a solid structure with hypo- or iso-attenuation, cystic structure with hypo-attenuation on pre-contrast CT scan, and enhancement of solid portions on post-contrast CT scan. By contrast, most cases of pancreatic carcinoma had multiple symptoms and abnormal blood results. The tumors showed hypo-attenuation on both pre-contrast and post-contrast CT scan, and only a few showed iso-attenuation on post-contrast CT scan. All cases of SPTP in our group were cured by surgical resection, while only 16.86% of patients with pancreatic carcinoma could undergo a radical resection.Clinical features and CT scans were helpful to differentiate SPTP from pancreatic carcinoma. Radical surgical resection was the most effective and safe method for the treatment of SPTP.

The abnormal expression of atypical protein kinase C-iota (aPKC-iota) subtype and E-cadherin play important roles in tumor occurrence and progression. This study was designed to investigate the correlation of expression of aPKC-iota and E-cadherin with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma, and to analyze the molecular mechanisms of invasion and metastasis of the tumor.EnVision immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of aPKC-iota and E-cadherin in 9 specimens of benign bile duct tissues, 35 specimens of cholangiocarcinoma and 6 specimens of metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. The relationship of the expression with clinicopathological characteristics, invasion and prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma was analyzed. A multivariate regression analysis was made of these data by the Cox proportional hazard model.The positive expression level of aPKC-iota in cholangiocarcinoma was remarkably higher than that in benign bile duct tissues (68.6% vs. 11.1%, P=0.006), but the expression level of E-cadherin was lower in cholangiocarcinoma than in benign bile duct tissues (37.1% vs. 88.9%, P=0.016). Correlation analysis revealed that the expression of aPKC-iota was positively related to tumor differentiation and invasion, whereas that of E-cadherin was entirely the contrary. Moreover, there was a negative relationship between the expression of aPKC-iota and that of E-cadherin (r=-0.287, P0.05). Univariate analysis showed that the overall survival rate of the group with a higher expression of aPKC-iota in cholangiocarcinoma was remarkably lower than that of the group with a lower expression (P0.01); multivariate analysis revealed that the expressions of aPKC-iota and E-cadherin are important prognostic factors for cholangiocarcinoma (P0.05).The expressions of aPKC-iota and E-cadherin may reflect the differentiation and invasive potential of cholangiocarcinoma. aPKC-iota and E-cadherin may be independent prognostic factors and, when used in combination with clinicopathological characteristics, may increase the accuracy in predicting the prognosis of patients with cholangiocarcinoma. As a polar regulative associated protein, aPKC-iota may play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma.

Studies showed that the abnormal expression of atypical protein kinase C iota subtype (aPKC-iota) and E-cadherin plays an important role in tumor genesis and progression. This study was to investigate the expression of aPKC-iota and E-cadherin in cholangiocarcinoma, and analyze molecular mechanisms of the invasion and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma.The expression of aPKC-iota and E-cadherin in 9 specimens of benign bile duct tissues and 35 specimens of cholangiocarcinoma was detected by EnVision immunohistochemistry, and their correlations to the clinicopathologic characteristics and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma were analyzed.The positive rate of aPKC-iota was significantly higher in cholangiocarcinoma than in benign bile duct tissues (68.6% vs. 11.1%, P = 0.006), while the positive rate of E-cadherin was significantly lower in cholangiocarcinoma than in benign bile duct tissues (37.1% vs. 88.9%, P = 0.016). aPKC-iota expression was negatively correlated to E-cadherin expression (r = -0.287, P0.05). aPKC-iota expression was positively and E-cadherin expression was negatively correlated to the differentiation and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma (P0.05).The expression of aPKC-iota and E-cadherin may reflect the differentiation and invasive potential of cholangiocarcinoma. As a polar regulation-associated protein, aPKC-iota may play a role in the invasion and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma.

The outcome of patients with cholangiocarcinoma is poor. To evaluate the experience in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, we investigated the status quo of diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma in China.The clinical data of 680 patients with cholangiocarcinoma treated at 8 hospitals from 1995 to 2001 were retrospectively analyzed with SPSS software package.The incidence of the tumor was the highest in the age group of 60-65 years. Meanwhile, the incidence was higher in aged men than in aged women, with a male to female ratio of 1.39:1. Proximal cholangiocarcinoma was the commonest (41.6%) and distant cholangiocarcinoma the second (28.7%) in the 680 patients. B-mode ultrasonography for cholangiocarcinoma was performed in 80.3% of the patients. Non-traumatic examinations such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance image (MRI) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) were more widely used than that of traumatic examinations such as percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The low- and middle-differentiation cancer of the proximal bile duct accounted for about 50%. Most of the patients suffered from late-stage cholangiocarcinoma. The resection rate of the tumor was low, and the rate of radical operation was only 21.6% (147/680).Cholangiocarcinoma is common in the aged men. Its diagnosis and treatment have been improved, but little. Most patients are diagnosed as having late-stage cholangiocarcinoma at the time of outpatient clinic, and the rate of radical operation is low. Therefore, it is necessary to reinforce the early diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma to improve the outcome after operation.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is believed to be an important human pathogen causing carcinoma. But the effect of HCV infection on the alteration of cellular proliferation and apoptosis and the relationship between the effect and the development of hilar cholangiocarcinoma are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of HCV core protein on proliferation and apoptosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.HCV core protein (HCV C protein) was detected by peroxidase-antiperoxidase assay in surgical specimens from 48 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The apoptosis index (AI) and PCNA index (PI) in hilar cholangiocarcinoma were detected by in situ end labeling assay and streptavidin-biotin assay respectively.The expression of HCV C protein was observed in 32 (67.7%) of the 48 specimens of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The mean+/-standard deviation for AI and PI was 3.52%+/-0.64% and 46.24%+/-11.46% respectively. The AI of hilar cholangiocarcinoma specimens with HCV C protein expression was significantly lower than that of HCV C protein negative specimens (P0.01), whereas the PI of HCV C protein positive specimens was significantly higher than that of HCV C protein negative specimens (P0.01).HCV C protein may promote the cellular proliferation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and inhibit its cellular apoptosis.

To compare the efficacy of ceftriaxone and that of cefoperazone plus sulbactam (sulperazon) in controlling infection, in scavenging bacteria from bile, and in their costs when treating acute suppurative cholangitis with choledochostomy.Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the ceftriaxone group (R-group, n=95) and sulperazon group (S-group, n=95). Before choledochostomy, both groups received one intravenous dose of the corresponding antibiotics: and 2 g ceftriaxnoe for the R-group, 2 g sulperazon, containing 1 g cefoperazone and 1 g sulbactam, for the S-group. After the operation, the patients in the R-group received ceftriaxone 2 g i.v. q.d.; the patients in the S-group received sulperazon 2 g i.v. b.i.d.. In addition, all patients in both groups received metronidazole 0.5 g daily before and after the operation. The efficacy was evaluated by efficiency in controlling infection and the persisting days of symptoms due to infection, fever and leukocytosis; the persisting days was compared using the life table method to calculate the "cumulative probability of persistence of symptoms (CPPS)". The two groups were also compared in regards to their biliary bacterial clearance rates and the costs directly attributable to the antibiotics.The efficiency in controlling infection was 98.9% (94/95) in both groups. However, the CPPS of the R-group decreased more rapidly than that of the S-group, Log-Rankchi2=6.7901, P=0.0092. Biliary bacterial clearance rate on post-operative day 3 was 72.0% (36/50) for the R-group, 41.3% (19/46) for the S-group, P=0.0037. Cost directly attributable to the antibiotics were (1788.29 +/- 518.46) yuan (RMB) for the R-group, and (3768.74 +/- 820.55) yuan for the S-group, F=395.51, P=0.0000.Both ceftriaxone and sulperazon are effective in treating acute suppurative cholangitis when used before and after choledochostomy. Ceftriaxone is superior in expediting symptom relief and bacterial clearance from bile, and is more cost-effective.

To detect the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) protein and mRNA in bile duct carcinomas and the adjacent tissues and to elucidate its role in bile duct carcinogenesis.The expression of hTERT protein and hTERT mRNA in the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of 71 cases of bile duct cancers and 39 cases of adjacent tissues was detected by streptavidin-peroxidase immunostaining and in situ hybridization. The correlation was analysed statistically between the expression of hTERT protein and mRNA and clinicopathological parameters bile duct carcinomas.The positive rate of hTERT protein expression and mRNA expression in malignant specimens was 78.9% (56/71) and 67.6% (48/71), while that in the adjacent tissues was 35.9% (14/39) and 23.1% (9/39), respectively. All the positive signals were found in the hyperplastic biliary epithelia. No significant correlation was established between hTERT expression and clinicopathological parameters.hTERT gene transcription and protein expression is most likely involved in the proliferation and malignant transformation of bile epithelia and the malignant progression of bile duct carcinomas. The detection of hTERT expression may serve elucidating the carcinogenesis of bile duct.

To detect the expression of HBV X gene (HBx mRNA) in extrahepatic biliary tract carcinomas and the adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and to analyzed the relationship between HBV infection and incidence of biliary tract carcinomas, thereby to elucidate the possible role of HBx in the carcinogenesis of biliary tract.The plasmid pSPX46 was digested by appropriate restriction enzyme. HBx fragment was obtained through gel extraction kit. The digoxigenin-labeled DNA probes for HBx mRNA were prepared by a random prime technique. The expression of HBx mRNA was detected in formalin-fixed- paraffin-embedded specimens from 71 cases of biliary tract carcinomas and 39 specimens of non-cancerous tissues adjacent to cancer by in situ hybridization. The correlations between HBx mRNA expression and clinicopathological parameters were statistically analysed in 71 cases of biliary duct carcinomas.Forty-three of 71 malignant specimens had detectable HBx mRNA expression with a positive rate being 61%. Only 7 of 39 specimens of non-cancerous tissues adjacent to cancer had weak HBx mRNA expression, with a positive rate being 18%, and all these positive signals were found in the hyperplastic biliary epithelium. No significant correlation was found between HBx mRNA expression and clinicopathological parameters, but a strong positive correlation was found between HBx mRNA and protein expression.There is a high frequency of HBx mRNA expression in extrahepatic biliary tract carcinomas. HBV infection and its gene integration might play a role to certain extent in the development of biliary tract carcinomas.

To investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma and the relationship between their expression and clinicopathological parameters.COX-1 and COX-2 were detected in 56 extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinomas, including 31 matched tissues originating from non-tumorous bile ductal tissue adjacent to tumours and 6 normal bile ductal tissues, by immunohistochemistry strept avidin-biotin complex using isozyme selective antibodies.There was no difference in expression of COX-1 between carcinomas (96%, 54/56) and noncancerous specimens (94%, 29/31, P0.05) or normal bile ductal tissues (100%, 6/6, P0.05). The positive rate of COX-2 expression in extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinomas (86%, 48/56) was significantly higher than their matched tissues (39%, 12/31, P0.01) and normal bile ductal tissues (0%, 0/6, P0.01). Overexpression of COX-2 in extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma was related to the metastasis of lymph nodes, distant organs or tissues (P0.05) as well as the degree of tumour differentiation (P0.05).The overexpression of COX-2 plays a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and development of extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma, indicating that COX-2 may serve as a target for chemoprevention of extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

To study the correlation between human cholangiocarcinoma in the porta hepatis and the infection of hepatitis virus.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect HBxAg and HCV-C protein in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples taken from 68 patients with cholangiocarcinoma in the porta hepatis. The findings were reviewed against the clinical records of the patients.Six patients (8.8%) were positive for HBxAg and 24 (35%) for HCV-C protein, respectively. One patient was positive for both HBxAg and HCV-C protein. There were statistically differences in the extent of differentiation, invasion, lymph-node metastasis, and treatment between the patients with cholangiocarcinomas in the porta hepatis with HB(C)V infection and those without infection.HB(C)V infection is correlated to the development of cholangiocarcinoma in the porta hepatis. The tumor with HB(C)V infection may have a higher malignancy biologically and poorer prognosis. HBxAg and HCV-C protein may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma in the porta hepatis.

In order to study the diagnosis and treatment of HBV and HCV infection.We retrospectively analysed clinical data of 680 patients with cholangiocarcinoma from 1995 to 2001 and stated by SPSS software.(1) The fastigium of cholangiocarcinoma was 60 - 65 years old. The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma was higher in aged males and the sex ratio (male:female) was 1.36:1. (2) The proximal cholangiocarcinoma was most (41.6%) and distant cholangiocarcinoma was secondly (28.7%). (3) Most patients of cholangiocarcinoma were late. The resection rate was low and the rate of radical operation was 21.6% (147/680). (4) The incidence of proximal cholangiocarcinoma was higher in the positive Serologic marks for HBV and HCV and course of diseases was short. Moreover, the pathology of. positive Serologic marks for HBV and HCV trended to low-differentiation and invasion, metastasis and the resection rate was lower.Cholangiocarcinoma is common in the aged males. The infection of HB(C)V and hilar cholangiocarcinoma are correlated and incline to the proximal bile duct. The hilar cholangiocarcinoma infected HB(C)V may have higher malignant degree in biological characteristics and more badly prognosis.

AIM: To explore the effects of COX-2 gene in the proliferative activity induced by bile from anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union (APBDU) on human cholangiocarcinoma cell line. METHODS: Bile sample from APBDU and normal bile sample were used for this study. The proliferative effect of bile was measured by methabenzthiazuron (MTT) assay; COX-2 mRNA was examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM), and the PGE2 levels in the supernatant of cultured cholangiocarcinoma cells were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunoabsordent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Bile from APBDU can significantly promote the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells compared with normal bile (P = 0.005) and up-regulated remarkably their COX-2 mRNA expression (P = 0.004). The proliferative activity of APBDU bile can be abolished by addition of cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor celecoxib. CONCLUSION: Bile from APBDU can promote the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells via COX-2 pathway.

AIM: To explore the potential carcinogenicity of bile from congenital choledochal cyst (CCC) patients and the mechanism of the carcinogenesis in congenital choledochal cyst patients. METHODS: 20 bile samples from congenital choledochal cyst patients and 10 normal control bile samples were used for this study. The proliferative effect of bile was measured by using Methabenzthiazuron (MTT) assay; Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by using flow cytometry (FCM), and the PGE2 levels in the supernatant of cultured cholangiocarcinoma cells were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunoabsordent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: CCC bile could significantly promote the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells compared with normal bile (P = 0.001) and negative control group (P = 0.002), and the proliferative effect of CCC bile could be abolished by addition of cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor celecoxib (20 µM). The QBC939 cells proliferative index was increased significantly after treated with 1% bile from CCC patient (P = 0.008) for 24 h, the percentage of S phase (29.48 ± 3.27)% was increased remarkably (P < 0.001) compared with normal bile (11.72 ± 2.70)%, and the percentage of G0/G1 phase (54.19 ± 9.46)% was decreased remarkably (P = 0.042) compared with normal bile (69.16 ± 10.88)%, however, bile from CCC patient had no significant influence on apoptosis of QBC939 cells (P = 0.719). CONCLUSION: Bile from congenital choledochal cyst patients can promote the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells via COX-2 and PGE2 pathway.