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In 2012, we conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study to assess the number of people living with HIV linked to care and, among these, the number of people on antiretroviral therapy. The health authority in each of the 20 Italian Regions provided the list of Public Infectious Diseases Clinics providing antiretroviral therapy and monitoring people with HIV infection. We asked every Public Infectious Diseases Clinic to report the number of HIV-positive people diagnosed and linked to care and the number of those on antiretroviral therapy during 2012. In 2012, 94,146 people diagnosed with HIV and linked to care were reported. The majority were males (70.1%), Italians (84.4%), and aged between 25 and 49 years (63.4%); the probable route of transmission was heterosexual contact in 37.5% of cases, injecting drug use in 28.1%, and male-to-male contact in 27.9%. Among people in care, 20.1% had less than 350 CD4 cells/μl, 87.6% received antiretroviral therapy, and among these, 62.4% had a CD4 cell count higher than 350 cells/μl. The overall estimated prevalence of individuals diagnosed and linked to care in 2012 in Italy was 0.16 per 100 residents (all ages). Adding the estimated proportion of undiagnosed people, the estimated HIV prevalence would range between 0.19 and 0.26 per 100 residents. In Italy, the majority of people diagnosed and linked to care receive antiretroviral therapy. A higher prevalence of individuals diagnosed and linked to care was observed in Northern Italy and among males. More information for developing the HIV care continuum is necessary to improve the entire engagement in care, focusing on test-and-treat strategies to substantially reduce the proportion of people still undiagnosed or with a detectable viral load.

Objective: To investigate a predictive role for the protein S-100b and serum circulating levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with and without mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC). Methods: Sixty chronically HCV-infected patients were divided into two groups: 30 with and 30 without MC. Patients with MC presented detectable mixed cryoglobulins and clinical weakness, purpura and arthralgias. HCV-RNA and genotype, serum levels of cryoglobulins, principal hepatic indexes and levels of IL-6, IL-18 and S-100b protein were evaluated. Twenty uninfected healthy subjects were a control group to evaluate serum levels of S-100b protein. Results: IL-6 and IL-18 serum levels were higher in the MC+ group than the MC- group (8.7 ± 4.5 pg/mL versus 4.6 ± 2.3 pg/mL P < 0.0001 and 743.5 ± 128.2 pg/mL versus 578.5 ± 296.5 pg/mL P < 0.001 respectively). S-100b serum levels were higher in HCV+ with MC (0.23 ± 0.07 microg/L) respect to HCV+ patients without MC (0.17 ± 0.05 microg/L, P < 0.0001) and were statistically higher than in the control group (0.08 ± 0.03 microg/L, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). A positive correlation was shown between serum levels of S-100b protein and levels of cryoglobulins in the group of HCV+ patients MC+ (r=0.72 and P < 0.0001). Conclusion: HCV patients with MC have a worse inflammatory condition than those without MC. Moreover, S-100b protein seems to be a sensitive marker of endothelial and tissue damage in chronic HCV hepatitis with cryoglobulinemia.

Several strategies have been introduced to manage nonadherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Treatment with antidepressants may improve self-reported adherence. In this brief report, a small sample of HIV-depressed patients (n = 9) were treated for a 6-month period with antidepressants improving self-reported adherence based on the HAART scale (poor, good, satisfactory, and optimal). Before the antidepressant treatment, adherence was reported as "good" by 3 patients and "satisfactory" by 6 patients. After antidepressant therapy, adherence to antiretroviral regimes was statistically higher in HIV-depressed on treatment than in HIV-depressed patients not treated with antidepressants (P0.0001). We used chi2 test with a significance level at P0.05. Treating depression in HIV-infected patients may serve to improve adherence to HAART.

HIV-related metabolic abnormalities include hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Recent studies suggest a role of ghrelin in promoting the deposition of triglycerides (TG) in the liver and regulating the metabolic action of adiponectin. Visceral fat is a key regulator of inflammation and it secretes proinflammatory cytokines (eg, interleukin-18, IL-18), with potential atherogenic activity. The aim of this study was to assay serum concentrations of ghrelin, adiponectin, and IL-18 in HIV+ patients, with and without hypertriglyceridemia, who were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The 49 HIV+ patients were divided in 2 groups: 17 patients with serum TG concentration200 mg/dl (group A) and 32 patients with normal serum TG concentration (group B). All subjects underwent viral and immunological evaluations and determinations of serum cholesterol, glucose, ghrelin, adiponectin, and IL-18. No differences of viral and immunological parameters were observed between the 2 groups. Serum levels of ghrelin were 768 +/- 596 pg/dl in group A and 470 +/- 248 pg/dl in group B (p = 0.01). Group A had lower serum adiponectin levels (8.4 +/- 3.6 microg/dl) than group B (18.2 +/- 10.1 microg/dl; p = 0.0001). Serum IL-18 levels were 455 +/- 199 pg/ml in group A and 258 +/- 233 pg/ml in group B (p = 0.005). The patients with hypertriglyceridemia showed a positive correlation between serum triglyceride and ghrelin levels (r = 0.51, p = 0.03). These findings suggest potential roles of ghrelin, adiponectin, and IL-18 in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in HIV-infected patients.

Ensuring timely access to care for persons with HIV is an important public health goal. To identify factors associated with delayed presentation to medical care after testing HIV-positive or with late HIV testing, we studied 968 patients at their first HIV care visit, enrolled in a multicenter study in Italy from 1997-2000. Patients completed a questionnaire on HIV-testing history, sexual behavior, and drug use behavior. Delayed presenters were patients with >6 months between their first HIV-positive test and presentation for HIV care; late testers were patients with CD4 count < 200 /mm 3 or clinically defined AIDS at their first HIV-positive test. Among the study patients, 255 (26.3%) were delayed presenters, and 280 (28.9%) were late testers. In multinomial logistic regression analysis, injection drug use significantly increased (odds ratio [OR]= 5.04) the probability of delayed presentation but reduced (OR = 0.55) the chance of late testing. A previous HIV-negative test was associated with a reduced risk of both delayed presentation (OR = 0.39) and late testing (OR = 0.36). Unemployment was positively associated with delayed presentation and increasing age with late testing, whereas HIV counseling at the time of first positive HIV test strongly (OR = 0.42) reduced the odds of delayed presentation. Interventions aimed at promoting timely access to care of HIV-infected persons should consider differentiated programs for delayed presentation and late testing.

Mutations in a 69-bp region of the rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are associated with rifampin resistance (Rif[r]). These have been detected with mycobacterial DNA extracted from bacterial suspensions or respiratory specimens that were acid-fast smear positive. We experimented with a strategy for the rapid detection of Rif(r) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. The strategy involves the amplification of the 69-bp region of rpoB by means of PCR and the identification of nucleotide mutations by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the amplification products. Sixty-five CSF specimens collected from 29 patients (19 patients were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus) with culture or autopsy-confirmed (22 patients) or highly probable (7 patients) tuberculosis of the central nervous system (CNS-TB) were processed. Amplified products suitable for evaluation by SSCP analysis were obtained from 37 CSF specimens from 25 subjects (86.2%). PCR-SSCP of CSF correctly identified the rifampin susceptibility phenotype of isolates from all 17 patients for whom the results of susceptibility tests carried out with strains cultured from CSF or respiratory samples were available. Moreover, this assay revealed the rifampin susceptibility genotype of isolates from the eight patients (three patients with culture-confirmed CNS-TB and five patients in whom CNS-TB was highly probable) for whom no susceptibility test results were available; the PCR-SSCP data obtained for these patients were concordant with the outcome after a standard antituberculosis treatment. The evolution of a mutation in the rpoB gene was documented in a patient during the course of treatment. PCR-SSCP analysis of CSF seems to be an efficacious method of predicting Rif(r) and would reduce the time required for susceptibility testing from approximately 4 to 8 weeks to a few days.