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We report recent experience with a new device, the thoracic vent, in the management of simple pneumothorax. There were 16 patients aged 19 to 73 years who suffered pneumothorax due to spontaneous (4), traumatic (3), or iatrogenic (9) causes. Ease of insertion, patient tolerance, and the presence of a unique signal diaphragm all contributed to patient and physician acceptance of the device. Average time to pneumothorax resolution was 2.5 days, and time to thoracic vent removal averaged 3.2 days. There were no immediate recurrences or significant complications. We conclude that the thoracic vent is an effective device for initial and definitive therapy of simple pneumothorax.

Following a consecutive series of male admissions under 30 from their admission to a district mental hospital for a mean period of 32 months, length of stay in the mental hospital was related to severity of illness, to work performance before and after hospital admission and to home circumstances before and after admission. Since this was a detailed clinical investigation, numbers have been too small for proper statistical treatment or for studying the effects of two or more factors in combination. Nevertheless, the findings are in general agreement with other work and point to the need for further studies of young schizophrenic patients. In Part I it was shown that: 1. Severity of illness was of importance in distinguishing the schizophrenic patients from patients suffering from other conditions. 2. Those who had been in regular work until shortly before admission spent a considerably shorter period in hospital than those who had worked very little or had long spells of unemployment. 3. There was no direct relationship in the schizophrenic group between the patients' work performance after discharge and the length of stay. Those who worked well had on average stayed almost as long in hospital as those who did practically no work at all. The explanation may be that those who worked well often had a long period of rehabilitation and work in hospital; while those who did no work at all had often discharged themselves prematurely against medical advice. 4. The more unfavourable the home, in terms of family relationships and presence of mental disturbance in other members of the family, the longer the stay in hospital. These findings suggest that ( a ) unfavourable home circumstances and ( b ) prolonged unemployment before admission may be predictive of a prolonged stay in hospital. On the other hand, a longish stay in hospital is not necessarily indicative of poor prognosis, since the ability to co-operate in hospital treatment and to establish regular work habits may well lead to a successful re-establishment in the outside world even if home circumstances are unfavourable. In Part II of the Study the patients' ability to work after discharge was considered in relation to various personal and social factors. It was shown that: 1. In both the schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic groups the majority of patients who worked for more than 75 per cent. of the time they were out of hospital had also had a good work record before their admission. 2. In both groups the majority of patients who appeared to be well at follow-up had a good work record after discharge. While in the not schizophrenic group a good work record was practically synonymous with recovery, this was not necessarily so in the schizophrenic group. 3. In both groups most patients who maintained a good work record started work with in one month of discharge. 4. Schizophrenic patients worked most steadily when they returned to their old jobs, or when their work was arranged while in hospital. This did not apply to the non-schizophrenic patients, who were more often capable of finding jobs for themselves. 5. The work performance of schizophrenic patients who returned to their parents was worse than that of those who went to other kin or into lodgings. This difference was not related to the severity or chronicity of the illness. The work performance of the non-schizophrenic group did not appear to be affected by the type of living group to which they returned. Disturbed family relationships and mental ill health among relatives were associated with poor work performance in the schizophrenic group. The non-schizophrenic patients appeared to be less affected by the disturbances in their home environment. These findings suggest that while both the stability of work habits before the onset of illness and the degree of recovery contribute to the schizophrenic patient's ability to work in the community, social supports after discharge are also of importance. Among these supports are the speed and smoothness of transition from rehabilitation to work, realistic expectations on the part of those with whom the patient lives, and an environment reasonably free from persistent unresolved emotional conflict. This last is thought to be a crucial factor and will be treated in greater detail in a subsequent paper. Several questions arise from these findings. Could the patients with long periods of unemployment before admission to hospital have been diagnosed and treated earlier? Could more skill and effort be devoted to the employment problems of schizophrenic patients both before and after discharge? Is it possible to modify the unfavourable home circumstances associated with poor functioning in schizophrenic patients? Any consistent attempt at this would involve considerable social work resources. Should more schizophrenic patients be encouraged to live away from their parental homes? This would entail more provision of hostel or lodging accommodation. Controlled experiments might demonstrate the effectiveness of these social measures in improving the functioning of young schizophrenic patients and in preventing frequent re-admissions to hospital.

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) produced against determinants A and B of the human ABO blood group system and against the Lea and Leb determinants of the Lewis (Le) blood group system detected these determinants on molecules released by cultured cells of human colorectal, gastric and/or pancreatic carcinoma (Ca) but not by a variety of other cells maintained in culture. Circulating Le antigen could be demonstrated in sera of patients by inhibiting the binding of MoAbs to a target preparation. A double determinant radioimmunoassay (DDIA) was then developed to detect the association of blood group determinants with a previously defined gastrointestinal cancer antigen (GICA). The DDIA with the anti-blood group and anti-GICA antibody was in some cases more sensitive in detecting GICA in sera than using the anti-GICA MoAb alone. Of 55 sera from patients with primary and early recurrent colorectal carcinoma (CRC), 10 (18%) were scored positive in the DDIA using only anti-GICA MoAb. When MoAb binding to a determinant on Leb and on H, type I, was used as first antibody in DDIA followed by anti-GICA MoAb 11 additional sera were reactive, increasing the percentage of positive sera to 38. Using the same combinations of MoAbs, the sensitivity of detection of GICA was only slightly improved from 63 to 66% in sera of patients with advanced CRC. The number of false positive sera from patients with non-malignant gastrointestinal diseases or from healthy donors remained at low levels when anti-blood group determinant antibodies were used together with anti-GICA MoAb. The results indicate that DDIAs with MoAbs against different blood group determinants and tumour associated antigens can improve the detection of circulating antigens in patients with early stage cancer.