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Limb blood flow and skin and deep tissue temperature change during the menstrual cycle. However, the impact of these changes on isometric exercise performance has not been investigated.Isometric endurance was assessed at contraction tensions of 20, 40 and 60% of the maximal voluntary contraction strength (MVC) of the handgrip muscles in 8 women every other day throughout their menstrual cycles (MC). For any MC, contractions were only accomplished at one of the three tensions. For contractions at 40% MVC, an additional two MC were studied during which the circulation to the forearm was occluded during the contractions in one cycle and muscle temperature stabilized and occluded in another cycle.The results of these experiments showed a small variation in endurance during the MC for contractions at 60% MVC. This effect increased at 40% and was greatest for contractions at 20% MVC. When circulation was occluded, the response was changed in both magnitude and timing during the MC showing that there was variation in muscle performance due to the menstrual cycle not due to changes in blood flow. Further, when muscle temperature was stabilized and flow occluded, there was still lower endurance at the end of the Follicular phase showing an effect of the menstrual cycle on endurance absent changes in muscle temperature and blood flow.The results show that the MC alters isometric endurance due to 1) a cyclic variation in muscle temperature, 2) direct effects of the menstrual cycle on circulation and 3) Direct effects of the MC on muscle.

While it is well documented that diabetes impairs the microcirculation, its effect on isometric exercise has not been determined.Isometric strength and endurance of the handgrip muscles for a series of 2 fatiguing isometric contractions at a tension of 40% of the maximum strength were assessed in 10 subjects with Type 2 diabetes compared to 10 control subjects; 5 minutes were allowed between the contractions. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), blood flow (BF) of the whole arm and of the skin on the chest and foot were measured.Strength and endurance for the first contraction was the same in control subjects compared to subjects with Type 2 diabetes (p0.05), but endurance of the second contraction was significantly less in subjects with diabetes (p0.01). HR increased significantly (p0.01) by over three fold during exercise in control subjects compared to subjects with diabetes. Resting and peak blood pressures were greater in subjects with type 2 diabetes compared to control subjects (p0.01). Forearm blood flow was significantly lower at rest, during exercise and post exercise in subjects with diabetes compared to control subjects (p0.01).The results are probably explained by the damage to the microcirculation seen in subjects with diabetes.