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The sensitization of the population toward organ donation is fundamental; for that reason, it is important to determine the factors that condition the opinion toward donation on the population scope in order to carry out cost-effective campaigns.To analyze the attitude toward the donation of the proper organs for transplantation among the population residing in Cienfuegos, Cuba.Population under study: Population who reside in Cienfuegos, Cuba.Population over 15 years old as stratified by age and sex. Assessment instrument: The attitude questionnaire for organ donation for transplant-PCID-DTO Ríos. Fieldwork: A random selection based on stratification. The available data from the census were used. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. Verbal consent was requested to collaborate in the study.Student t test, χA sample of 636 respondents was included in the study, of which 71% (n = 453) are in favor of donating their organs after death, 16% (n = 103) are against, and 13% (n = 80) are undecided. This attitude is associated with different psychosocial variables (P .001): age, marital status, having offspring, level of studies, carrying out prosocial activities, discussing with the family the subject of donation and transplantation, knowledge of the concept of brain death, the attitude toward the manipulation of the corpse, the religion of the respondent, and the attitude of the couple toward organ transplantation. The main independent factors obtained in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio2.5): knowledge of the brain death concept, attitude toward the manipulation of the corpse, religion, and attitude of the couple toward transplantation.The attitude toward organ donation among the population of Cienfuegos, Cuba, is favorable and is conditioned by several psychosocial factors.

Because personal decisions affect the availability of organs for transplants, awareness about organ donations among the general population is fundamental.To analyze attitudes toward organ donation among the citizens of Havana, Cuba.The sample population was the residents of the city of Havana, Cuba. The inclusion criterion was being older than 15 years; the sample was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects of organ donation and transplant (PCID-DTO-Ríos). A random selection of people to be surveyed was carried out.A sample of 920 respondents was included in the study. Attitude toward cadaveric donation was favorable in 68% of respondents, while 14% were against and 18% were undecided. Several variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude. In the multivariate analysis, the following variables continue to feature as independent variables (P .05): 1. level of studies; 2. knowledge of the concept of brain death; 3. attitude toward organ donation of a relative; 4. having discussed the issue of organ donation and transplantation with one's family; 5. the attitude of the couple toward organ donation and transplantation; 6. the religion of the respondent; 7. knowing the opinion of one's religion toward organ transplantation; 8. fear of manipulation of the body after death; and 9. acceptance of burial as a treatment of the body after the death.The attitude toward cadaveric organ donation among the residents of Havana is favorable and similar to that of the citizens of Spain. Improving the organ procurement system will increase donation rates given the population's awareness of the issue.

Introduction Making xenotransplantation socially acceptable is the first step in working toward the promotion of this potential therapy option for providing transplant organs. However, most of the questionnaires used for this task are not validated. Objective To analyze the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire of attitud toward xenotransplantation PCID-XENOTx-Rios (Questionnaire of Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante about Xenotransplantation developed by Dr. Rios) to validate the questionnaire in the Spanish speaking population. Methods The study population was the native Spanish population living in southeast Spain. A sample of the population was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex (N = 600), using the following inclusion criteria: 1. being older than 18 years; 2. being Spanish; and 3. living in Spain. Instrument valuation. Attitude was assessed using the validated PCID-XENOTx-Rios questionnaire to gauge attitudes toward organ and tissue xenotransplantation. The statistical analysis included an initial description of the data, an exploratory factor analysis, an items analysis, and an internal consistency analysis. Results The questionnaire consists of a total of 30 items, distributed in 4 subscales: 1. Factor 1: consequences (11 items); 2. Factor 2: associated risks (7 items); 3. Factor 3: transmission of infections (6 items); and 4. Factor 4: origins of transplantation (6 items). This structure presents a total explained variance of 61.18%. The internal consistency of each factor was as follows: α1 = 0.91; α2 = 0.92; α3 = 0.89; and α4 = 0.72. The analysis of items and internal consistency supported the 4 factors' composition. Conclusions Dimensions analyzed in the PCID-XENOTx-Rios questionnaire of attitudes toward organ and tissue xenotransplantation show a good fit in relation to their factorial validity and internal consistency values.

The number of people of Nigerian origin in Europe is growing. However, there are no studies that have analyzed their awareness of organ donation and transplantation.To analyze the attitude toward organ donation among Nigerian-born population living in Spain.The sample population was a selection of people born in Nigeria who are now living in Spain. A sample of this cohort older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on the psychosocial attitudes toward organ donation (PCID-DTO-Ríos). A random selection of people from this cohort was surveyed.A sample of 183 respondents was included in the study. Of their attitudes toward cadaveric donation, 33% were in favor of it, 34% were against it, and 33% were undecided. The variables associated with having a more favorable attitude (P .001) were: 1. Knowledge related to donation and transplantation; 2. attitude toward the body; 3. religion; and 4. social interaction. In the multivariate analysis, the main independent factor associated with the attitude toward organ donation was the knowledge of the concept of encephalic death. Respondents who are familiar with the concept of brain death are 10 times more likely to be in favor of donation than those who are not.The attitude toward organ donation among the Nigerian-born population living in Spain is not very favorable and is associated with psychosocial factors. A campaign to raise awareness among Nigerian residents in Spain has become a priority.

Xenotransplantation carries many social and cultural implications. The immigrant population in countries with xenotransplantation programs, such as Spain and the United States, will play an important role in accepting such therapy. The objective of the study is to analyze the attitude toward xenotransplantation among the Dominican population residing in the United States and Spain.The study population was born in the Dominican Republic and resides in the southeastern United States and Spain. A sample population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward xenotransplantation (PCID-XENOTx-Ríos). A random selection of people to be surveyed was carried out. Assistance from immigration support associations was needed to advise on the location of potential respondents.A total of 123 respondents were included in the study: A sample was taken of residents of the population from the Dominican Republic residing in Florida, United States (n = 66), and in Spain (n = 57). If it was assumed that xenotransplanted organs functioned as well as human ones, 30% would be in favor. If the results were worse, only 7% would be in favor. This favorable attitude was related to the following variables (P .05): level of education, an attitude in favor of deceased and living organ donation, and having spoken about donation and transplantation within the family.The attitude toward xenotransplantation among the population from the Dominican Republic who are residing in the southeastern United States and Spain is unfavorable.

Awareness about organ donation among the general population is fundamental to organ donation programs. It is important to determine the factors that influence attitudes toward organ donation within the general population in order to carry out cost-effective campaigns.To analyze the attitude toward organ donation among Santiago, Cuba, citizens.The study population encompassed residents in Santiago, Cuba. A sample population of residents older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward organ donation and transplant (PCID-DTO Ríos). Available census data were used. The survey was self-administered and completed anonymously.Of the 455 respondents, 70% of respondents are in favour of cadaveric donation, 16% are against, and 14% were undecided. Several variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude. And in the multivariate analysis, the following variables continue to feature as independent variables: 1. knowledge of the concept of brain death [OR = 2.386 (4.761-1.194); P = .014]; 2. being in favor of donating a family member's organs [OR = 3.067 (5.952-1.584); P = .001]; 3. a partner's favorable attitude [OR = 5.795 (1.477-22.731); P = .012]; 4. being an atheist/agnostic as the religious beliefs [OR = 1.845 (3.289-1.038); P = .037]; 5. not being concerned about the possible mutilation of the body after donation [OR = 7.437 (2.918-18.955); P .001]; 6. not accepting other treatment options after death, such as inhumation [OR = 3.048 (5.714-1.626); P = .001].The attitude toward cadaveric organ donation among the Santiago, Cuba population is favorable and it is associated with several psychosocial factors.

INTRODUCTION Living kidney donation is currently the most important kidney donor source in Latin America, and it is necessary to further increase its rates. OBJECTIVE To analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation among the Santiago de Cuba's population and to determine the sociopersonal factors with which it is associated. METHOD The population over 15 years old residing in Santiago de Cuba, stratified by sex and age, was screened. The "PCID-LKD Rios" attitude questionnaire toward living kidney donation was administered to a random selection of the people surveyed according to the stratification and the census data. The completion was anonymized and self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained. RESULTS The study was completed by 445 people, of whom the 86% (n = 389) were in favor of living related kidney donation. This attitude is associated with the level of education (P < .001); previous experience with organ donation (P = .006); attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (P < .001); carrying out of prosocial activities (P = .010); discussion of the issue with the family (P < .001) and the significant other (P < .001); concern about mutilation after donation (P = .001); religious beliefs (P = .001); and assessment of the risk of living kidney donation (P < .001). In the multivariate study, the following variables persisted: (1) level of education; (2) attitude of cadaveric donation; (3) carrying out of prosocial activities; and (4) risk assessment of living donation. CONCLUSIONS Living related donation is very well accepted among the Santiago de Cuba's population.

The Nigerian population is an emerging group in Spain and in Europe, but their sensitization toward living kidney donation has not been studied. The aim of this work was to analyze the attitude toward related renal donation while alive among the population born in Nigeria resident in Spain.A population older than 15 years born in Nigeria and resident in Spain, stratified by age and sex, was studied with the use of the attitude questionnaire about living kidney donation, "PCID-DVR-Ríos." People were randomly selected based on stratification. African immigration support associations advised on the location of potential respondents. Completion of the questionnaire was anonymous and self-administered. Verbal consent was requested to assist in the study. Statistical methods included Student t test, χA total of 179 respondents were included in the study: 70% (n = 125) were in favor of living-related kidney donation, and 30% (n = 54) remained against or undecided. This attitude was associated with different psychosocial factors: marital status (P = .001), having offspring (P = .029), risk assessment of live donation (P .001), partner's opinion about donation (P .001), previous relationship with donation and/or transplantation (P .001), religion (P .001), and fear of mutilation after donation (P .001). In the multivariate analysis, the previous relationship with donation and/or transplantation (odds ratio, 8.064) persisted as the main related factor.The Nigerian immigrant population in Spain has a less favorable attitude toward living kidney donation than the native western European and Spanish population.

The Puerto Rican population represents one of the largest immigration groups in Florida, and this has an impact on the organ transplant donation process. Our aim was to analyze attitudes toward organ donation among Puerto Ricans who currently reside in the state of Florida (USA).The population screened consisted of individuals15 years old, who were born in Puerto Rico, living in Florida, and awaiting organs for transplant. All participants completed the "PCID-DTO Rios" questionnaire. Random selection was done according to stratification. Support from immigration associations in Spain was needed for advice on the locations of potential respondents. Study participation was anonymized and self-administered.There were 259 respondents, 37% (n = 95) were in favor of donation, 36% (n = 93) were against donation, and 27% (n = 71) were undecided. The variables associated with these attitudes were: age (P = .017); civil status (P = .021); level of education (P .001); previous experience with donation and transplant (P .001); attitude toward organ donation of a relative (P .001); carrying out pro-social activities (P .001); discussing the issue of transplant with the family (P .001) or couple (P .001); attitude toward incineration (P .001), burial (P .001), and autopsy (P .001); fear of mutilation after donation (P .001); and religious beliefs (P .001). In the multivariate study, it remained an independent variable to have discussed the issue at the family level (odds ratio = 11.627; P = .009).The Puerto Rican study population residing in Florida has an unfavorable attitude toward organ donation.

The Guinean population is an emerging group in Europe, but the group's awareness of organ donation and transplantation has not been studied.To analyze the attitude toward organ donation among the population born in Guinea living in Spain.The population older than 15 years, born in Guinea, and resident in Spain was studied, stratified by age and sex, according to census data and immigrant assistance associations. The valuation tool used was the attitude questionnaire toward organ donation PCID-DTO RIOS (questionnaire on "Donor International Collaborative Project" on organ donation and transplantation developed by Dr Ríos). A random selection of people to survey was based on stratification. Support from African immigration support associations was needed to advise on the location of potential respondents. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. A descriptive statistic was performed, and Student t, χIn all, 181 Guineans were surveyed, of whom 32% (n = 58) were in favor of the donation of their own organs after death, 32% (n = 57) were against, and 36% (n = 66) were undecided. The variables that are associated with attitude toward donation are separated mainly into 4 large groups (P .001): (1) knowledge about the process of donation and organ transplantation; (2) attitude toward the manipulation of the body; (3) religious variables; and (4) sociofamily variables, especially in relation to the couple.The Guinean population emigrant to Spain has an unfriendly attitude toward organ donation.

Introduction The Uruguayan population is sensitized toward transplantation. However, it has not been studied how this awareness can change when emigrating to different countries. Objective To analyze the attitude toward cadaveric organ donation and living organ donation between the Uruguayan population residing in Florida (United States) and the Uruguayan population residing in Spain. Method Adults born in Uruguay and residing in Florida and Spain were screened. The questionnaire “PCID—DTO Rios” (donation of cadaveric organs) and “PCID—DVR Rios” (living renal donation) were used. Subjects were randomly selected according to age and gender stratification. Support from Latin-American immigration associations in Spain and Florida was needed. The survey was anonymized and self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained to collaborate in the study. Results Because the emigrant population to Spain is far larger than the emigrant population to the United States, a 2:1 proportional sampling was performed (n = 132). Sixty-seven percent of residents in Spain were in favor of organ donation at the time of death compared with 50% among residents in Florida ( P = .082), and 100% of residents in Spain were in favor of living renal donation compared with 50% of those living in Florida ( P Conclusions The attitude toward donation is more favorable among Uruguayan emigrants to Spain than emigrants to the United States, especially in related kidney donation.

Introduction Organ refusal rates among Gypsies is much higher than that of any other social group in Spain. However, their attitude toward new therapies related to transplantation, such as the xenotransplantation, is not known. This is especially important in countries such as Spain, where there are research and development units for xenotransplantation. Objective To analyze the attitude toward xenotransplantation among the Gypsy population living in Spain. Method Type of study: Observational sociological study. Population under study: Adult Gypsy population currently residing in Spain. Sample: A random sampling of 230 adult Gypsies. Assessment instrument: A validated attitude questionnaire for xenotransplantation—PCID–XenoTx Rios. Fieldwork: Random selection based on stratification. Anonymity and self-administered fulfillment. Statistics: Student t test, χ2, Fisher, and a logistic regression analysis. Results A sample of 206 Gypsies was obtained. Forty-five percent (n = 93) would accept a solid organ xenotransplantation if they needed it, and the results were similar to those currently obtained with human organs; 24% (n = 49) have doubts, and 31% (n = 64) would not accept the xenotransplantation. If the results were worse than with human organs, only 9% would accept the xenotransplantation (n = 19). Respondents with a favorable attitude toward xenotransplantation presented a more favorable attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (55% vs 34%, P = .01). Conclusions Gypsies do not present a very favorable attitude toward xenotransplantation, especially compared with other Spanish population groups. A favorable sensitivity is presented by the population group in favor of it to cadaveric organ donation, which could be used to sensitize this social group and promote donation campaigns with the aim of increasing donation rates.

Introduction Religious factors have conditioned the attitude toward organ donation and transplantation (ODT) since the beginning of transplantation, despite the fact that most religions are in favor of transplantation. Objective To assess the impact of religious beliefs of medical students on their attitude toward ODT. Method Population under study: Medical students in Spanish universities. Study sample: Stratified by geographical area and academic course. Assessment instrument: Attitude ODT questionnaire PCID-DTO-Ríos, anonymous and self-administered. Results Of all students, 42% (n = 3907) declare themselves atheists or agnostics. The remaining 58% (n = 5368) declare themselves to be religious, the majority being Catholic (55%, n = 5102). Of the rest, 0.2% are Muslims (n = 8), 0.1% Protestants (n = 1), and the remaining 2.7% (n = 257) indicate other religious doctrines but do not want to specify it. Regarding their attitude toward ODT, those who consider themselves atheists or agnostics have a more favorable attitude than those who consider themselves religious (84% versus 76%; P < .001). Among those who follow some kind of religion, Catholics are more in favor of ODT than non-Catholics (77% vs 64%, P < .001). Note that among the religious, only 57% (n = 3050) know which religion is in favor of transplantation, while 22% (n = 1,152) consider that it has not been pronounced on the matter, 13% (n = 723) think the religion is against donation, and the remaining 8% (n = 443) do not know. Conclusion The religion professed by medical students conditions their attitude toward donation, with the atheists and agnostics being more in favor of donation. Sin financiación 0.784 JCR (2019) Q4, 155/158 Immunology, 191/210 Surgery, 24/24 Transplantation 0.363 SJR (2019) Q3, 254/451 Surgery, 27/41 Transplantation No data IDR 2019 UEM

Introduction The knowledge of the brain death (BD) concept is important when determining the attitude toward organ donation. Objective To analyze the level of knowledge of the BD concept among the population in Santiago de Cuba and determine the factors that condition it. Methods From the Collaborative International Donor Project, we obtained a sample of Cubans living in the area of Santiago de Cuba (n = 455). The attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire (PCID-DTO-RIOS). The survey was self-administered and completed anonymously. Student t test, χ2, Fisher, and logistic regression analysis were used. Results Forty percent (n = 180) of the respondents know the BD concept and consider it as the death of an individual. Of the rest, 43% (n = 199) do not know about it, and the remaining 17% (n = 76) consider that it does not mean the death of a patient. The variables significantly related to the correct knowledge of BD in the multivariate analysis and considered as independent are: level of studies; the opinion of the couple toward organ donation; the religion of the respondent; having offspring; and a favorable attitude toward organ donation. Conclusion There is ignorance about the brain death concept among the population of Santiago de Cuba. This lack of knowledge has a direct relationship with various psychosocial factors.

The Bolivian population is growing in Spain. Xenotransplantation of organs and/or tissues carries many social and cultural implications. It is important to find out the level of acceptance of xenotransplantation in immigrant populations, especially in populations where there are preclinical trials. The objective of the study is to analyze the attitude toward xenotransplantation of organs and tissues in the Bolivian population residing in Spain and the variables that influence their attitude.We selected a sample of the Bolivian population living in Spain. A sample of the population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward xenotransplantation (PCID-XENOTX-Ríos).Of the 206 respondents, 26% of respondents are in favor of xenotransplantation of organs if it was assumed that xenotransplanted organs functioned as well as human ones. If the results were worse, only 6% would be in favor. The following factors were associated with this attitude: (1) level of education (P = .008), (2) a favorable attitude toward human donation (P = .004), (3) a partner's favorable attitude toward transplantation (P .001), and (4) a belief that one might need a transplant in the future (P = .01). The following were associated with attitude in the multivariate analysis: (1) having secondary education (odds ratio, 3.690; P = .004) and (2) a partner's favorable attitude toward transplantation (odds ratio, 6.024; P = .003).The attitude of Bolivian residents in Spain toward xenotransplantation is negative and is determined by educational and family factors.

Introduction The Bolivian population is growing in Spain. The knowledge and acceptance of the concept of brain death are fundamental. Objective To analyze the level of understanding of the brain death concept among the population of Bolivians residing in Spain. Methods The study population was Bolivians living in Spain. The inclusion criteria were being older than 15 years, being born in Bolivia, and residing in Spain; participants were selected randomly from this group and stratified by age and sex. Knowledge of the concept of brain death was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward organ donation. A group of people to be surveyed was randomly selected. Assistance from immigration support associations in Spain was needed to advise on the location of potential respondents. The survey was self-administered and completed anonymously. Results Of the 206 respondents, 27% understood brain death (BD) and believed that this was the death of an individual. Of the rest, 18% did not understand it and the remaining 55% believed it did not mean the death of a patient. Those who understood the concept of BD were more in favor of deceased donation than those who did not (52% vs 47%; P = .886). None of the sociopersonal variables analyzed is associated with knowledge of the concept of BD. A high percentage of respondents indicated fear of apparent death during organ donation. Conclusions The majority of the Bolivian population residing in Spain does not understand the concept of BD. Contrary to most psychosocial studies, it is not associated with attitudes toward organ donation or other sociopersonal factors.

Introduction The number of Population of Guinea residents in Spain has increased significantly; however, there are no studies that analyze their awareness of transplantation and especially living kidney donation. Objective To analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation among the Spanish resident population born in Guinea. Methods People born in Guinea and residents in Spain were included in this study. A sample of population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects with respect to living kidney donation (PCID-DVR-Rios). Results Of the 170 respondents, 68% of respondents are in favor of related living kidney donation. The remaining 32% were against it or undecided. The results of the multivariable analysis indicated that respondents who were in favor of cadaveric organ donation and transplantation had a probability of being in favor of living kidney donation 10 times greater than those who were not in favor, and that respondents who had collaborated in prosocial activities had a probability of being in favor of living kidney donation that was 10,638 times greater than those who have not collaborated and will not collaborate in the future. Conclusions The attitude toward related living kidney donation among the population born in Guinea and residing in Spain is not very favorable compared with studies of attitude in the European and Spanish population, and it is associated with psychosocial factors.

One of the main reasons against organ donation is the fear of apparent death due to ignorance of the brain death concept. Our aim was to assess knowledge about and acceptance of the brain death concept among the population of Havana, Cuba.The population screened, stratified by gender and age, included those15 years old and living in Havana, Cuba. The appraisal tool utilized was a questionnaire on attitude toward organ donation ("PCID-DTO Ríos"). A random selection of individuals were surveyed according to the stratification. Cuba's census data were used. The participation was anonymized and self-administered. The verbal consent of participants was provided.There were 920 respondents: 31% (n = 282) knew the concept of brain death and accepted it; 57% (n = 529) did not; and 12% (n = 109) had a misperception, or did not accept brain death as a person's death. Those who knew and accepted the concept had a more favorable attitude toward their own organ donation after death (85% vs 61%; P .001). The psychosocial factors related to the knowledge of brain death concept were: the gender (P = .002), to make up for speaking at a family level about the organ transplant (P .001), the couple's opinion about the organ donation (P .001) and the religion (P .001).The brain death concept is not well understood in the population of Havana, Cuba.

Background There are social groups with very low donation rates, and action is needed to try to reverse this situation. The goal of this study was to determine which approach is the best to use with the gypsy population in Spain to determine their attitude toward organ donation. Methods The study population screened was the adult gypsy population resident in Spain. An attitude questionnaire regarding organ donation for transplant (“PCID-DTO Rios: Questionnaire of “Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante” about Organ Donation and Transplant [developed by Dr. Rios]”) was used as the assessment instrument. In 3 gypsy towns, the patriarch was contacted, who agreed to the questionnaire and to inform the others of our presence. Two forms of action were valued: (1) a direct approach (n = 100), with personal interview; and (2) an alternative approach (n = 200), which involved leaving the questionnaire in a meeting point of the town and collecting the questionnaires at the end of the meeting. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. Results The completion level of the study was anecdotal in both groups. The direct approach presented several problems: (1) null participation to complete the questionnaire (only 12 questionnaires were collected); (2) the attempt to generate empathy and request re-evaluation generated in 78% of the cases a hostile environment; and (3) the male population presented a harder and more aggressive attitude. With the alternative approach, only 10 of the 200 questionnaires left were retrieved, 9 of them blank or painted. Conclusions The approach of the gypsy population is complex; because of their hostile and unfavorable attitude, a more global approach is needed, with the collaboration of people of their own ethnic group.

The involvement of health professionals from their training period is important for the promotion of living liver donation. There are data that indicate that the awareness of living donation is lower in areas with high rates of deceased donation. Objective To analyze the attitude toward living liver donation among Spanish medical students, according to donation rates of their regions. Method Population under study: Medical students in Spanish universities. Database of the Collaborative International Donor Project, stratified by geographic area and academic course. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. Groups under study: group 1 (n = 1136): students in universities of regions with >50 donors per million population (pmp); group 2 (n = 2018): students in region universities with 50 donors pmp. Thus, in group 1, a total of 88% (n = 1002) of students are in favor compared with 91% (n = 1831) of group 2 (P=.02). The psychosocial profile of each study group about their attitude toward living related liver donation is analyzed. There is a similar profile between the 2 groups, although there are differences in some variables such as age, a belief that one might need a transplant, family discussion about donation and transplantation, discussion with friends about donation and transplantation, and knowing about a donor. Conclusions The awareness of living related donation among Spanish medical students is greater among the regions with lower organ donation rates. Sin financiación 0.784 JCR (2019) Q4, 155/158 Immunology, 191/210 Surgery, 24/24 Transplantation 0.363 SJR (2019) Q3, 254/451 Surgery, 27/41 Transplantation No data IDR 2019 UEM

The awareness of organ donation among health professionals is important at the time of transplant promotion. In this sense, the training and awareness of the professionals in training is fundamental. Objective To analyze the differences in the attitude toward organ donation and the factors that condition it among medical students of regions with donation rates >50 donors per million population (pmp) with respect to those with rates 50 donors pmp. Group 2 (n = 2018): university students in regions with 50 donors pmp and with

Immunological molecules are implicated in inflammatory disorders, including IBD [CD and UC]. A further group of genetically variable proteins involved in immune function are killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). These are expressed by NK cells and certain T lymphocytes where they regulate specificity and function by interaction with HLA Class I molecules. KIRs may either be inhibitory or activating and are polymorphic both in terms of alleles and haplotype gene content. Genetic associations of activating KIRs with certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have been demonstrated. However, there are several conflicting articles of KIR association with IBD and their relationships seem to be unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between KIR repertoire and the IBD pathologies in a Spanish population. KIR variability analysis was performed using PCR-SSOP. We found an increased frequency in inhibitory KIR2DL5 in UC and IBD patient groups respect to Controls (P = 0.028 and P = 0.01, respectively, but Pc > 0.05) and in the same manner an increased frequency in activating KIR2DS1 (P = 0.02, Pc > 0.05, UC vs Controls; P = 0.001, Pc = 0.01, IBD vs Controls; P = 0.01, Pc > 0.05, Controls vs CR), KIR2DS5 (P = 0.0028, Pc = 0.04, Controls vs UC; P = 0.0001, Pc = 0.0017, Controls vs IBD; P = 0.01, Pc > 0.05, Controls vs CD) and KIR3DS1 (P = 0.012, Pc > 0.05, Controls vs IBD). Our data suggest that the eventual imbalance between activating and inhibitory KIR may make sense, at least in part, to the differential pathogenesis of these IBDs and could also suggest a hypothetical role for the telomeric B region (which contains both KIR2DS5 and KIR2DS1) in these diseases.

The Ghanaian population is migrating toward the European economic community, especially toward the southern countries.To analyze the attitude toward organ donation among the population born in Ghana but currently residing in Spain.The study included the population born in Ghana who are ≥ 15 years of age and residents of Spain, stratified by age and sex. The assessment instrument used is the donation and transplant attitude questionnaire of Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante (PCID-DTO Ríos), which was self-administered and anonymously completed with verbal consent. The statistics used were descriptive, χThe questionnaire was completed by 237 Ghanaians. Forty-three percent (n = 102) are in favor of cadaveric organ donation, 35% (n = 83) are against donating their own organs, and 20% (n = 48) are undecided. In the multivariate analysis, the association was maintained at the level of the primary studies (P .001, OR = 25), not being afraid of possible mutilation after donating (P .001, OR = 76.923), religion (P .001; OR = 27.777), performing prosocial activities (P = .016, OR = 12.048), and having previously commented on the issue of organ donation and transplantation in the family setting (P = .012, OR = 4.878).The Ghanaian immigrant population in Spain has an unfavorable attitude toward the donation of their own organs at death, which is conditioned by multiple psychosocial factors.

Introduction The refusal to consider death and the donation and transplantation of organs make Gypsies one of the subpopulation groups with the lowest donation rates in Europe. The approach of this social group implies the support of the most favorable social groups within their own ethnic group. In this sense, the young population with a high level of education is usually the most favorable toward organ donation. Objective To analyze the attitude toward the donation of one's own organs for transplantation among the Gypsy population under 45 years and with secondary or university studies. Method Population under study: The Gypsy population under 45 years old with secondary or university studies who currently reside in Spain. Assessment instrument: The attitude questionnaire for organ donation for transplantation PCID–DTO Rios. Fieldwork: A random selection based on stratification. Anonymity and self-administered fulfillment. Statistics: Student t test and χ2. Results A total of 44 Gypsy people under 45 years of age were surveyed (mean age 31 ± 8.9 years); 66% were women, and the rest were men. Of these, 20 had university studies, and 24 had secondary or vocational studies. The attitude is favorable toward organ donation in 64% of the respondents, with 80% among university students and 50% among those with secondary or vocational education (P Conclusions The young Gypsy population with university studies has a very favorable attitude toward organ donation. This population subgroup must be key in the promotion of organ donation in the Gypsy population, so the transplant coordinators must request their collaboration in the promotion campaigns of organ donation and transplantation.

The population from Mali is migrating toward Europe in a significant way.To analyze the attitude toward organ donation (ODT) among the population born in Mali who are currently residents in Spain.Study population: people born in Mali who are ≥15 years of age and residents of Spain, stratified by age and sex. The assessment instrument is the validated attitude questionnaire toward organ donation (PCID-DTO-Ríos). Fulfillment was anonymous and self-administred. The statistics used were descriptive, χThis study surveyed 402 Malians. Thirty-four percent (n = 136) are in favor of donating their own organs after dying, 39% (n = 156) are against organ donation, and 27% (n = 110) are undecided. Multiple factors are associated with this attitude, such as level of studies (P = .042, OR = 6.535), having a positive attitude toward ODT (P = .001, OR = 47.619), performing prosocial activities (P = .001, OR = 141.679), being familiar with the scope of the transplant (P .001, OR = 16.949), the attitude toward the incineration of the body (P = .002, OR = 8.928) and toward autopsy (P = .003, OR = 8.620), having had a prior donation or transplantation relationship (P = .001, OR = 17.910) and not having concerns about the possible mutilation of the body after donating (P .001; OR = 90.909).The Malians have an unfavorable attitude toward the donation of their own organs, which is conditioned by multiple psychosocial factors.

Negative organ donation rates among the Gypsies is much higher than that of any other social group in Spain. However, living donation rates have not been raised much in this social group, despite the existence of several Gypsy patients on the waiting list for transplantation.To analyze the attitude toward related living donation among the Gypsy population who reside in Spain.This type of study is an observational sociological study. The study consisted of the adult Gypsy population residing in Spain, and a random sampling of 230 adult gypsies was conducted. Attitude questionnaires for live donation, both hepatic PCID-DVH-Ríos and renal PCID-DVR-Ríos, were used, and random selection was based on stratification. Questionnaires were self-administered and completed anonymously. Student t test, χ2, Fisher, and a logistic regression analysis were used.A sample of 206 Gypsies (52% women) with a mean age of 34 years is obtained. Seventy-two percent (n = 150) would donate an organ to a relative in life, 8% (n = 16) would not donate it, and 20% (n = 41) have doubts. Respondents with a favorable attitude toward living donation presented a more favorable attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (55% vs 0%, P .001). The attitude toward living kidney donation was more favorable (81% in favor) than toward living liver donation (P .001).The Gypsy ethnic group is sensitized to live donor transplantation. The family and cultural roots of Gypsy people could condition this favorable attitude, a fact to be taken into account to sensitize this social group and promote donation campaigns with the aim of increasing donation rates.

The Nigerian population, an emerging group in Europe, has not been studied in terms of its knowledge of the concept of brain death (BD) and its relationship with organ donation and transplantation (ODT).To analyze knowledge of the BD concept among Nigerians living in Spain.A sample of Nigerians who are ≥15 years of age and living in Spain were stratified by age and sex and interviewed. The assessment instrument is the attitude questionnaire for donation and transplantation, Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donación y Trasplante de Órgano (in Spanish) Ríos, which was self-administered and anonymously completed. The statistics used were descriptive, χThe questionnaire was completed by 362 Nigerians. Eighteen percent (n = 66) know the concept of BD and accept it as a person's death. Of the rest, 58% (n = 210) do not know it and 24% (n = 86) have a misconception. Those who know the BD concept have a more favorable attitude toward organ donation after death than those who do not know it (29% vs 13%, P .001). Couples' opinions about organ donation (P .001) and level of studies (P = .039) are related to the knowledge of the BD concept. In the multivariate analysis, the following persist as independent variables: the attitude in favor (P .001, OR = 3.925) and the opinion of the couples toward donation (P . 001, OR = 6.776).Knowledge of the BD concept is anecdotal among the Nigerian population in Spain.

The Senegalese population is migrating massively to southern Europe, especially Spain, France, and Italy. The ignorance of the concept of brain death (BD) is one of the main factors that condition organ donation.To analyze the knowledge of the BD concept among the Senegalese population who currently reside in Spain.A sample of the population born in Senegal who are ≥15 years of age and currently living in Spain, stratified by age and sex, were surveyed. The assessment instrument is the questionnaire of attitude toward donation and transplant-Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donación y Trasplante de Órgano (in Spanish) RIOS-which is self-administered, with anonymous completion and prior verbal consent. The statistics used were descriptive, χThe survey included 468 people. Of these, 25% (n = 115) know about the BD concept and accept it as the death of a person. Of the rest, 57% (n = 266) do not know the meaning of the BD concept, and 18% (n = 87) have a misconception. Those who know the concept have a more favorable attitude toward the donation of their own organs after dying than those who do not (41% vs 14%, P .001). Having talked about the transplant (P .001), a couple's opinion about organ donation (P .001), and religion (P .001) are related to knowledge of the BD concept. In the multivariate analysis, the association with the attitude in favor of cadaver organ donation (P .001, OR = 3.848) and religion (P .001, OR = 12.332) is maintained.The lack of knowledge of the BD concept in the Senegalese population has a negative effect on the attitude toward organ donation.

Puerto Rican and Cuban populations are 2 of the most important migration groups in Florida. Awareness about organ donation among them is fundamental. It is important to determine the factors that influence attitudes toward organ donation.To analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation (LKD) among Florida's Puerto Rican residents.Study population: Population born in Puerto Rico resident in Florida (United States).A sample of population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Instrument valuation: LKD attitude questionnaire Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donantesobre Donación de Vivo Renal, Rios.for the study: Random selection based on stratification. Immigration support associations in Florida were needed to locate potential respondents. Anonymized and self-administered with verbal consent completion.Of the 259 respondents, 55% (n = 143) are in favor of related LKD (family or friends). The following factors were associated with this attitude: marital status (P = .008); educational level (P .001); personal experience with organ donation and transplantation (P .001); attitude toward deceased organ donation (P .001); realization of prosocial activities (P = .02); family comments about organ donation (P .001) and comments within couples (P .001); not being concerned about possible mutilation of the body after donation (P .001); believing that one's own religion was in favor of donation and transplantation (P .001); economic incentives of donation (P .001), and evaluation of the risk from living kidney donation (P .001). In the multivariate analysis, only marital status is featured as an independent variable (odds ratio, 32.258; P .001).The attitude toward related LKD among the Puerto Rican population who resides in Florida is not very favorable; only 55% would do it.

Introduction Given the lack of a sufficient number of livers available for transplantation, living liver donation (LLD) is being developed in the Spanish-speaking world. Knowing the population's attitude toward this donation will help in designing more effective campaigns to increase the number of such donations. However, there are few validated questionnaires. Objective To analyze the psychometric characteristics of questionnaire PCID-DVH-Rios [questionnaire of the International Collaborative Donor Project about Living Liver Donation (”Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donacion de Vivo Hepatico” in Spanish) developed by Dr. Rios, in order to validate the questionnaire for the Spanish-speaking population. Methods The study population comprised native Spanish citizens. A sample of the population was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex (N = 600) according to the following: 1. being older than 18 years; 2. being Spanish; and 3. living in Spain. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire of attitude toward liver donation (PCID-DVH-Rios). This questionnaire included items distributed into subscales or factors, an initial description of the data, an exploratory factor analysis, and an internal consistency analysis. Results The questionnaire consists of a total of 11 items, distributed into 3 subscales: 1. factor 1 (6 items); 2. factor 2 (3 items); and 3. factor 3 (2 items), presenting a total explained variance of 63.995%. The factors have an explained variance of F1: 38.461%; F2: 14.228%; and F3: 11.306%, respectively. The analysis of items and internal consistency supported the 3 factors' composition. The internal consistency of each factor is as follows: α1 = 0.80; α2 = 0.70; and α3 = 0.55, respectively. Conclusions The dimensions analyzed in the PCID-DVH-Rios questionnaire on attitudes toward living liver donation show a good fit in relation to their factorial validity and internal consistency values.

Veterinarians often hold decision-making positions in the public health care system, and therefore can influence public opinion about organ donation. The objective is to analyze the attitude of Spanish veterinarian students toward living liver donation (LLD) and to establish which factors have an influence on this attitude.A sociological, interdisciplinary, multicenter, and observational study was carried out in the veterinarian students enrolled in Spain (n = 9000) (university academic year 2010-2011). A sample of 2854 students was stratified by geographic area and academic year. A validated questionnaire (PCID-DVH RIOS) was self-administered and completed anonymously. The questionnaire was applied to each academic year at compulsory sessions at randomly selected veterinary schools. Statistical analysis included t test, χCompletion rate was 94% (n = 2683); 89% (n = 2345) were in favor of related LLD, and 40% (n = 1053) supported unrelated LLD. The following variables were associated with a more favorable attitude: (1) age (P .001), (2) sex (P .001), (3) academic year (P .001), (4) believing in the possibility of needing a transplant oneself in the future (P .001), (5) attitude toward deceased donation (P .001), (6) attitude toward living kidney donation (P .001), (7) acceptance of a donated liver segment from a family member if one were needed (P .001), (8) having discussed the subject with one's family (P = .009) and friends (P .001), (9) a partner's opinion about the subject (P = .002), and (10) fear of the possible mutilation of the body after donation (P .001).Spanish veterinary students have a favorable attitude toward LLD.

The number of foreign residents in Spain increased significantly with Moroccans and Algerians as the 2 largest nationalities. However, there are no studies that analyze their awareness of living kidney donation although an increasing number of patients of these nationalities are included on the waiting list. The aim of this study is to analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation among the population of Spain residents born in Algeria. METHODS The study population was Spain residents born in Algeria. A sample of the population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward living kidney donation (PCID-DVR Rios). A random selection of people to be surveyed was carried out. RESULTS Of the 420 respondents, 64% of respondents are in favor of related living kidney donation (family or friends). The remaining 36% were against or undecided. The factors associated with this attitude are personal reasons and family (P < .001). Psychosocial factors are not related to this attitude (P < .001). The following factors were associated with this attitude: (1) not being concerned about the possible mutilation of the body after donation (P < .001) and (2) evaluation of the risk from living kidney donation (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The attitude toward related living kidney donation among the population of Spain residents born in Algeria is unfavorable. Only 64% would do it, and it is associated with affective factors and the evaluation of the risk from living kidney donation.

Living kidney related donations (LKRD) should be promoted because of the current deficit of organs for transplantation. The objective of the study was to analyze the attitude of Spanish veterinary students toward LKRD, because they may influence public opinion in the future, and to determine the factors that condition it.A sociological, interdisciplinary, multicenter, and observational study was carried out in the veterinary students enrolled in Spain (n = 9000) in the university academic year 2010-2011. A sample of 2815 students was stratified by geographical area and academic year. The students' attitude toward LKRD was assessed using a psychosocial validated questionnaire (PCID-DVR Rios), was self-administered, and was completed anonymously. Veterinary schools were randomly selected. The questionnaire was applied to each academic year at compulsory sessions. Statistical analysis was preformed using t test, χThe completion rate was 95% (n = 2683); 93% (n = 2504) were in favor of LKRD and 36% (n = 945) supported unrelated living kidney donation. The following variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude: (1) sex (P .001), (2) being a student of southern universities (P = .03), (3) attitude toward deceased donation (P .001), (4) having a father (P .001) or a mother (P .001) in favor of organ donation, and (5) having discussed the subject with friends (P = .03) or family (P = .02). However, only 60% would accept a kidney from a relative.Spanish veterinary students have a favorable attitude toward LKRD. However, only 60% would accept a kidney from a relative.

Immigrants from Ecuador represent the largest group of Latin Americans in Spain and are, therefore, a subgroup of interest to understand their attitudes and influences in respect to organ donation and transplantation.To analyze the attitude of nationals of Ecuador residing in Spain regarding deceased organ donation.The study population included the Ecuadorian population residing in Spain. A sample of population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex (n=461). Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward organ donation (PCID-DTO-Ríos). Assistance from immigration support associations in Spain was needed to advice on the location of potential respondents.Attitude toward cadaveric donation was favorable in 59% (n=271) of respondents, 12% (n=57) were against cadaveric donation, and 29% (n=133) were undecided. Several variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude. In the multivariate analysis, the following variables were independently associated with a more positive attitude toward organ donation: 1. level of formal education (odds ratio [OR]=6.849 [25.641-1.818]; P = .004); 2. being in favor of donating a family member's organs (OR=8.849 [20.833-3.717]; P .001); 3. having commented at a family level about transplant (OR=3.717 [6.578-2.109]; P .001); 4. not being concerned about the possible mutilation of the body after donation (OR=4.608 [8.547-2.487]; P .001) and 5. knowing the attitude of one's religion toward donation (OR=7.462 [34.482-1.623]; P = .010).The attitude toward cadaveric organ donation among the Ecuadorian population residing in Spain is less favorable than that of the Spanish population and is determined by many different psychosocial variables.

Objective: To analyze the level of understanding of the brain death concept among medical students in universities in Spain. Methods: This cross-sectional sociological, interdisciplinary, and multicenter study was performed on 9598 medical students in Spain. The sample was stratified by geographical area and academic year. A previously validated self-reported measure of brain death knowledge (questionnaire Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre la Donación y Transplante de Organos) was completed anonymously by students. Results: Respondents completed 9275 surveys for a completion rate of 95.7%. Of those, 67% (n = 6190) of the respondents understood the brain death concept. Of the rest, 28% (n = 2652) did not know what it meant, and the remaining 5% (n = 433) believed that it did not mean that the patient was dead. The variables related to a correct understanding of the concept were: (1) being older ( P < .001), (2) studying at a public university ( P < .001), (3) year of medical school ( P < .001), (4) studying at one of the universities in the south of Spain ( P = .003), (5) having discussed donation and transplantation with the family ( P < .001), (6) having spoken to friends about the matter ( P < .001), (7) a partner’s favorable attitude toward donation and transplantation ( P < .001), and (8) religious beliefs ( P < .001). Conclusions: Sixty-seven percent of medical students know the concept of brain death, and knowledge improved as they advanced in their degree.

Background Senegalese populations are massively migrating to the southern parts of the European Union, especially Spain, France, and Italy. The attitude towards living kidney donation in this group is little known. The objective of this study was to analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation of subjects from the population of Senegalese residents in Spain. Methods The study subjects were the Senegalese population residing in Spain aged >15 years stratified according to age and sex, according to census data and immigrant support associations. The evaluation instrument used was an attitude questionnaire toward renal live transplant (“PCID-DVR” Rios: The questionnaire of the International Collaborative Donor Project about Living Kidney Donation [“Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donacion de Vivo Renal” in Spanish] developed by Dr. Rios). Support of African immigration associations was used to advise on the location of potential respondents. Fulfillment of the questionnaire was anonymous and self-administered. Verbal consent was requested for collaboration in the study. Student t tests, the χ2 test, Fisher exact test, and a logistic regression analysis were used in the statistical analysis. Results The study included 293 respondents. Overall, 62% (n = 181) were in favor of renal live donation (relatives and close friends); 38% (n = 112) did not consider the possibility of renal live donation or they had doubts. This attitude is not related to social variables or general information (P > .05). The variables associated with this attitude (P Conclusions Based on these results, the Senegalese population that has immigrated to Spain has a very unfriendly attitude toward renal live donation.

Veterinarians often hold decision-making positions in the public health care system and can therefore influence public opinion about organ donation and transplantation (ODT). The aim of this work was to analyze the attitude of Spanish veterinary students toward ODT, because they may influence public opinion in the future, and to determine the factors that condition it.This was a sociologic, interdisciplinary, multicenter, observational study in Spain. The study population was students studying for a veterinary degree in Spain (n = 9000), and a sample of 2815 students (confidence of 99% and precision of ±1%) was stratified by geographic area and academic year. A validated questionnaire of attitude toward ODT (PCID-DTO-Ríos) was self-administered and anonymous.Of the 2815 selected students (2790 plus the 0.9% per type of sample), 2650 completed the questionnaire (response rate, 94.14%): 83% (n = 2207) of the respondents were in favor of donation and 17% against. The following main variables were related to a favorable attitude: being female (odds ratio [OR], 0.752; P = .034); knowing a donor (OR, 1.834; P = .003); having discussed the matter with one's family (OR, 1.587; P = .002); having spoken about the subject in social circles with friends (OR, 1.633; P .001), and being in favor of donating a deceased family member's organs (OR, 2.403; P .001).Seventeen percent of Spanish veterinary students were not in favor of ODT. It is important to know the factors that determine their attitude, because this will make it possible to optimize the resources invested in campaigns to promote ODT and to take more specific action.

Many Africans are emigrating to the European Economic Community from countries with little knowledge of transplantation. This population has not yet been studied.Analyze the attitude toward donation among the Algerian population living in Spain.We studied the population born in Algeria and residing in Spain, over 15 years old, and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was surveyed using a questionnaire of organ donation for transplantation ("PCID-DTO Ríos"). Support from African immigration associations was needed to advise on the location of potential respondents. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained to assist in the study.Of the 441 respondents, 27% (n = 119) were in favor of donation after death, 43% (n = 191) were against, and 30% (n = 131) were undecided. The variables associated with the attitude toward the donation were sex (P = .033), having offspring (P = .027), having commented on the subject of organ transplantation at the family level (P .001), attitude (P .001), religion (P .001), and partner's opinion on organ donation and transplantation (P .001). Only 16% of the respondents have known a transplant recipient or donor, with this subgroup having the most favorable attitude (68% vs 19%, P .001).The Algerian population emigrant to Spain has a very unfriendly attitude toward the donation of their own organs.

Background The attitude toward living kidney donation is important for certain promotion campaigns, however, there are few validated questionnaires in this regard. The aim of this work was to analyze the psychometric characteristics of the attitudes questionnaire about living renal donation, PCID-DVR-Rios (Cuestionario del Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donacion de Vivo Renal [Questionnaire of the International Collaborative Donor Project on Living Kidney Donation] developed by Dr Rios) for the validation of the questionnaire in population of Spanish speakers. Methods The sample studied represented the population >18 years of age, native and resident of Spain, stratified by age and sex. The measurement instrument was the PCID-DVR-Rios questionnaire. Analysis of data was structured in several stages: an initial description of the data, exploratory factor analysis, item analysis, and internal consistency of the factors. Results The questionnaire consists of 11 items, distributed in 3 factors of 6, 3, and 2 items. This structure accounts for 63.995% of the total variance. By factors, the variance is distributed as follows: factor 1: 38.461%; factor 2: 14.228%; and factor 3: 11.306%. The analysis of items and internal consistency supported the trifactorial composition. Each factor is internally consistent (α1 = .80; α2 = .70; α3 = .55). Conclusions The analyzed dimensions of the PCID-DVR Rios questionnaire to analyze attitude toward living kidney donation showed a good fit in terms of factorial validity and internal consistency values.

Background The Ecuadorian population is the largest Latin-American immigrant group in Spain. Currently, several Ecuadorians have received transplants or are awaiting transplants in Spain. The aim of this work was to analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation among the Ecuadorian population residing in Spain. Methods The population screened were born in Ecuador, residing in Spain, and >15 years old, stratified by gender and age, and appraised with the use of the questionnaire on attitude toward organ donation for transplantation “PCID-DVR-Rios.” Support from immigration associations in Spain was used to advise on the location of potential respondents. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained. Statistics included Student t test, χ2, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 461 respondents were included: 80% (n = 367) were in favor of living-related kidney donation (for a relative or close friend). This attitude was associated with psychosocial variables that persisted in the multivariate study: 1) female gender (odds ratio [OR], 3.086; P = .001); 2) considering oneself a potential kidney receptor in the future (OR, 16.949; P = .002); 3) economic incentive in the donation (OR, 100; P = .004); and 4) knowing the attitude of their religion toward transplantation (OR, 32.258; P Conclusions Living-related donation is accepted among the Ecuadorian population residing in Spain and is associated with sociopersonal and religious factors.

Introduction Most psychosocial attitude studies for donors are not evaluated and are not valid. Validated questionnaires are necessary to compare results and guarantee that they measure what they are intended to measure. Objective To analyze the psychometric characteristics of the attitude questionnaire toward the donation of one's own organs after death. We evaluated PCID-DTO RIOS (Questionnaire of “Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante” about organ donation and transplant; donacion y trasplante de organos in Spanish), developed by Dr Rios, for its validation in a Spanish-speaking population. Method A sample of 600 Spaniards over 18 stratified by age and gender according to the center were included. The PCID-DTO-RIOS was used, which allows determination of the factors that condition that attitude. Structured analysis was used in several stages, with an initial description of the data, exploratory factorial analysis, item analysis, and internal factor consistency. Results The 20 items of the questionnaire are grouped into 4 factors, which explain 63.203% of the total variance. By factors, this is distributed as follows: factor 1 (6 items) 26.287%; factor 2 (7 items) 24.972%; factor 3 (4 items) 6.834%; and factor 4 (3 items) 5.110%. The analysis of the items and the internal consistency measured through Cronbach α (α1 = .95, α2 = .80, α3 = .74, and α4 = .64) support the four-factor composition, with α = 0.834. Conclusions The questionnaire PCID-DTO-RIOS is composed of 4 factors that explain a high percentage of the attitude toward the donation of one's own organs after death.

The Dominican population has a double-emigration pathway: one is to the USA, by proximity, and the other is to Spain, by sociocultural identification. Our aim was to determine attitudes toward living organ donation among Dominicans residing in Florida (USA) and Spain.All study participants were at least 15 years old and living in either Florida (USA) or Spain, and stratified by gender and age. A questionnaire on attitudes toward living kidney donation ("PCID-LKD Ríos") was used. The support of immigrant associations in Florida and Spain was required to advise on survey locations. Data obtained were anonymized and self-administered.The study questionnaire was completed by 123 Dominicans, 68% of whom were in favor of living related kidney donation. There were differences (P = .004) according to the country of residence. Eighty-one percent of Spain's Dominican residents were in favor, compared with 56% of Florida's residents. Factors associated with attitude toward donation were level of education (P .001), previous experience with organ donation (P = .006), attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (P .001), belief in the possibility of needing a transplant in the future (P = .016), discussing the issue with one's family (P = .007), discussing the issue with husband/wife/partner (P = .002), carrying out pro-social activities (P = .029), religious beliefs (P = .001), and understanding the risk of living kidney donation (P = .046).Attitudes toward living kidney donation among immigrant Dominicans varies between Spain and the USA, with the former showing a more positive view.

The Bolivian population is an emerging Latin American immigrant group in Spain, several of whom have been transplanted or are awaiting transplant. We aimed to assess attitudes toward organ donation among Bolivians currently residing in Spain.The population screened was born in Bolivia but living in Spain, stratified by gender and age. The appraisal tool used was a questionnaire that assesses attitudes toward organ donation for transplant ("PCID-DTO Ríos"). Support from immigration associations in Spain was needed for advice on locations of potential respondents. Survey participation was anonymized and the questionnaire was self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained before participation.There were 206 respondents: 49% (n = 101) in favor of donating their organs after death; 21% (n = 44) against donation; and 30% (n = 61) undecided. Their attitudes were found to be associated with level of education (P = .008), previous experience with donation and transplant (P = .011), concern regarding mutilation after donation (P = .002), knowing the attitude of their religion toward transplant (P = .001), the opinion of their partner (P .001), and the possibility of needing a future transplant (P = .050). In the multivariate study, the main factor was having a partner in favor of organ donation (odds ratio = 16.129; P = .003).Attitudes toward organ donation among Bolivians residing in Spain are far more negative compared with rest of the Spanish population, due to various factors.

Medical students represent a new generation of medical thought, and if they have a favourable attitude towards organ donation this will greatly encourage its promotion. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the attitude of medical students in Spanish universities towards the donation of their own organs and to determine the factors affecting this attitude. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Type of study: A sociological, interdisciplinary, multicentre, and observational study in Spain. STUDY POPULATION: Students studying a degree in medicine enrolled in Spain (n = 34,000). SAMPLE SIZE: A sample of 9598 students (confidence of 99% and precision of ±1%), stratified by geographical area and academic year. Instrument of measurement: A validated questionnaire of attitude towards organ donation and transplantation (PCID-DTO RIOS) was self-administered and completed anonymously. RESULTS: The questionnaire completion rate was 95.7% (n = 9.275). 80% were in favour of donation, 2% against and 18% were undecided. The following main variables were related to a favourable attitude: being of the female sex (Odds Ratio = 1.739); being in the sixth year of the degree (OR = 2.506); knowing a donor (OR = 1.346); having spoken about the subject with one's family (OR = 2.132) and friends (OR = 1.333); having a family circle that is in favour, more specifically, having a father (OR = 1.841), mother (OR = 2.538) or partner in favour (OR = 2.192); being a blood donor (OR = 2.824); acceptance of the mutilation of the body if it were necessary (OR = 2.958); and being an atheist or an agnostic (OR = 1.766). CONCLUSIONS: Spanish medical students generally have a favourable attitude towards organ donation, although 20% are not in favour. Sin financiación 2.554 JCR (2019) Q1, 2/20 Ethnic Studies; Q2, 67/193 Public, Environmental & Occupational Health 0.688 SJR (2019) Q1, 105/468 Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), 42/1093 Cultural Studies; Q2, 184/559 Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health No data IDR 2019 UEM