127 results on '"Cooper, Dan"'
Search Results
2. Functional Data Analysis for Predicting Pediatric Failure to Complete Ten Brief Exercise Bouts
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Coronato, Nicholas, Brown, Donald E, Sharma, Yash, Bar-Yoseph, Ronen, Radom-Aizik, Shlomit, and Cooper, Dan M
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Health Sciences ,Sports Science and Exercise ,Clinical Research ,Prevention ,Pediatric ,Heart Disease ,Cardiovascular ,Adolescent ,Humans ,Child ,Oxygen Consumption ,Exercise ,Exercise Test ,Heart Rate ,Time Factors ,Machine learning ,generalized spectral additive models ,time series ,cardiopulmonary exercise testing ,CPET ,Information and Computing Sciences ,Engineering ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Medical Informatics ,Health services and systems ,Applied computing - Abstract
Physiological response to physical exercise through analysis of cardiopulmonary measurements has been shown to be predictive of a variety of diseases. Nonetheless, the clinical use of exercise testing remains limited because interpretation of test results requires experience and specialized training. Additionally, until this work no methods have identified which dynamic gas exchange or heart rate responses influence an individual's decision to start or stop physical activity. This research examines the use of advanced machine learning methods to predict completion of a test consisting of multiple exercise bouts by a group of healthy children and adolescents. All participants could complete the ten bouts at low or moderate-intensity work rates, however, when the bout work rates were high-intensity, 50% refused to begin the subsequent exercise bout before all ten bouts had been completed (task failure). We explored machine learning strategies to model the relationship between the physiological time series, the participant's anthropometric variables, and the binary outcome variable indicating whether the participant completed the test. The best performing model, a generalized spectral additive model with functional and scalar covariates, achieved 93.6% classification accuracy and an F1 score of 93.5%. Additionally, functional analysis of variance testing showed that participants in the 'failed' and 'success' groups have significantly different functional means in three signals: heart rate, oxygen uptake rate, and carbon dioxide uptake rate. Overall, these results show the capability of functional data analysis with generalized spectral additive models to identify key differences in the exercise-induced responses of participants in multiple bout exercise testing. more...
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- 2022
Catalog
3. Heart rate and gas exchange dynamic responses to multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB) in early‐ and late‐pubertal boys and girls
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Bar‐Yoseph, Ronen, Radom‐Aizik, Shlomit, Coronato, Nicholas, Moradinasab, Nazanin, Barstow, Thomas J, Stehli, Annamarie, Brown, Don, and Cooper, Dan M
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Medical Physiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Pediatric ,Cardiovascular ,Prevention ,Clinical Research ,Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions ,6.7 Physical ,Adolescent ,Child ,Ergometry ,Exercise ,Exercise Test ,Female ,Heart Rate ,Humans ,Male ,Oxygen Consumption ,adolescents ,cardiopulmonary exercise testing ,children ,puberty ,Physiology ,Clinical Sciences ,Medical physiology - Abstract
Natural patterns of physical activity in youth are characterized by brief periods of exercise of varying intensity interspersed with rest. To better understand systemic physiologic response mechanisms in children and adolescents, we examined five responses [heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen uptake (V̇O2 ), carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2 ), and minute ventilation (V̇E), measured breath-by-breath] to multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB). Two groups of healthy participants (early pubertal: 17 female, 20 male; late-pubertal: 23 female, 21 male) performed five consecutive 2-min bouts of constant work rate cycle-ergometer exercise interspersed with 1-min of rest during separate sessions of low- or high-intensity (~40% or 80% peak work, respectively). For each 2-min on-transient and 1-min off-transient we calculated the average value of each cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variable (Y̅). There were significant MBEB changes in 67 of 80 on- and off-transients. Y̅ increased bout-to-bout for all CPET variables, and the magnitude of increase was greater in the high-intensity exercise. We measured the metabolic cost of MBEB, scaled to work performed, for the entire 15 min and found significantly higher V̇O2 , V̇CO2 , and V̇E costs in the early-pubertal participants for both low- and high-intensity MBEB. To reduce breath-by-breath variability in estimation of CPET variable kinetics, we time-interpolated (second-by-second), superimposed, and averaged responses. Reasonable estimates of τ ( more...
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- 2022
4. Diffuse optical spectroscopic method for tissue and body composition assessment
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Warren, Robert V, Bar-Yoseph, Ronen, Hill, Brian, Reilly, Drew, Chiu, Abraham, Radom-Aizik, Shlomit, Cooper, Dan M, and Tromberg, Bruce J
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Bioengineering ,Biomedical Imaging ,Nutrition ,Obesity ,Clinical Research ,4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies ,Adipose Tissue ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Body Composition ,Child ,Humans ,Muscle ,Skeletal ,Spectrum Analysis ,Young Adult ,near-infrared spectroscopy ,diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging ,body composition ,dual energy x-ray absorptiometry ,bed-side monitoring ,Optical Physics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Opthalmology and Optometry ,Optics ,Ophthalmology and optometry ,Biomedical engineering ,Atomic ,molecular and optical physics - Abstract
SignificanceGrowing levels of obesity and metabolic syndrome have driven demand for more advanced forms of body composition assessment. While various techniques exist to measure body composition, devices are typically expensive and not portable, involve radiation [in the case of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)], and are limited to analysis of adiposity while metabolic information from blood supply and oxygenation are not considered.AimWe evaluate whether diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI) can be used to predict site-specific adiposity and percent fat (whole body) while simultaneously providing information about local tissue hemoglobin levels and oxygenation.ApproachDOSI measures of tissue composition in gastrocnemius, quadriceps, abdomen, and biceps, DXA whole-body composition, and ultrasound-derived skin and adipose tissue thickness (SATT) in the quadriceps were obtained from 99 individuals aged 7 to 34 years old.ResultsVarious DOSI-derived parameters were correlated with SATT and an optical method is proposed for estimating SATT using a newly defined parameter, the optical fat fraction (OFF), which considers all parameters that correlate with SATT. Broadband absorption and scattering spectra from study participants with the thinnest (SATT ≈ 0.25 ± 0.02 cm) and thickest SATT (SATT ≈ 1.55 ± 0.14 cm), representing best estimates for pure in vivo lean and fatty tissue, respectively, are reported. Finally, a trained prediction model is developed which allows DOSI assessment of OFF to predict DXA body-fat percentage, demonstrating that DOSI can be used to quantify body composition.ConclusionsThis study shows that DOSI can be used to assess the adiposity of specific tissues or the entire human body, and the OFF parameter is defined for corroboration and further evaluation in future research. more...
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- 2022
5. Association of Congenital and Acquired Cardiovascular Conditions With COVID-19 Severity Among Pediatric Patients in the US
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Ehwerhemuepha, Louis, Roth, Bradley, Patel, Anita K, Heutlinger, Olivia, Heffernan, Carly, Arrieta, Antonio C, Sanger, Terence, Cooper, Dan M, Shahbaba, Babak, Chang, Anthony C, Feaster, William, Taraman, Sharief, Morizono, Hiroki, and Marano, Rachel more...
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Cardiovascular ,Pediatric ,Prevention ,Clinical Research ,Heart Disease ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,COVID-19 ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Female ,Heart Arrest ,Hospital Mortality ,Humans ,Male ,Retrospective Studies ,SARS-CoV-2 - Abstract
ImportanceIdentifying the associations between severe COVID-19 and individual cardiovascular conditions in pediatric patients may inform treatment.ObjectiveTo assess the association between previous or preexisting cardiovascular conditions and severity of COVID-19 in pediatric patients.Design, setting, and participantsThis retrospective cohort study used data from a large, multicenter, electronic health records database in the US. The cohort included patients aged 2 months to 17 years with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 or a diagnosis code indicating infection or exposure to SARS-CoV-2 at 85 health systems between March 1, 2020, and January 31, 2021.ExposuresDiagnoses for 26 cardiovascular conditions between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019 (before infection with SARS-CoV-2).Main outcomes and measuresThe main outcome was severe COVID-19, defined as need for supplemental oxygen or in-hospital death. Mixed-effects, random intercept logistic regression modeling assessed the significance and magnitude of associations between 26 cardiovascular conditions and COVID-19 severity. Multiple comparison adjustment was performed using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate procedure.ResultsThe study comprised 171 416 pediatric patients; the median age was 8 years (IQR, 2-14 years), and 50.28% were male. Of these patients, 17 065 (9.96%) had severe COVID-19. The random intercept model showed that the following cardiovascular conditions were associated with severe COVID-19: cardiac arrest (odds ratio [OR], 9.92; 95% CI, 6.93-14.20), cardiogenic shock (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.90-4.96), heart surgery (OR, 3.04; 95% CI, 2.26-4.08), cardiopulmonary disease (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.56-2.34), heart failure (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.46-2.26), hypotension (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.38-1.79), nontraumatic cerebral hemorrhage (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.24-1.91), pericarditis (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.17-1.94), simple biventricular defects (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.29-1.62), venous embolism and thrombosis (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.73), other hypertensive disorders (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.09-1.63), complex biventricular defects (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.14-1.54), and essential primary hypertension (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.08-1.38). Furthermore, 194 of 258 patients (75.19%) with a history of cardiac arrest were younger than 12 years.Conclusions and relevanceThe findings suggest that some previous or preexisting cardiovascular conditions are associated with increased severity of COVID-19 among pediatric patients in the US and that morbidity may be increased among individuals children younger than 12 years with previous cardiac arrest. more...
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- 2022
6. Adolescent COVID-19 Vaccine Decision-Making among Parents in Southern California.
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Hopfer, Suellen, Fields, Emilia J, Ramirez, Magdalen, Long, Sorina Neang, Huszti, Heather C, Gombosev, Adrijana, Boden-Albala, Bernadette, Sorkin, Dara H, and Cooper, Dan M
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Humans ,Vaccines ,Vaccination ,Adolescent ,Child ,United States ,California ,COVID-19 ,COVID-19 Vaccines ,5C vaccine hesitancy model ,adolescent COVID-19 vaccination ,parent vaccine decision-making ,public health vaccine communication ,vaccine acceptance ,vaccine confidence ,Pediatric Research Initiative ,Vaccine Related ,Pediatric ,Prevention ,Adolescent Sexual Activity ,Clinical Research ,Immunization ,Prevention of disease and conditions ,and promotion of well-being ,3.4 Vaccines ,Good Health and Well Being ,Toxicology - Abstract
Adolescent COVID-19 vaccination has stalled at 53% in the United States. Vaccinating adolescents remains critical to preventing the continued transmission of COVID-19, the emergence of variants, and rare but serious disease in children, and it is the best preventive measure available to return to in-person schooling. We investigated parent-adolescent COVID-19 vaccine decision-making. Between 24 February and 15 March 2021, we conducted surveys and 12 focus groups with 46 parent-adolescent dyads in Southern California. Parents and adolescents completed a survey prior to participation in a focus group discussion, which focused on exploring COVID-19 vaccine acceptance or uncertainty and was guided by the 5C vaccine hesitancy model. Parents uncertain about vaccinating adolescents expressed low vaccine confidence and high COVID-19 disease risk complacency. Parents who accepted COVID-19 vaccination for adolescents expressed high confidence in health authority vaccine recommendations, high perceived COVID-19 risk, and collective responsibility to vaccinate children. Additionally, unique pandemic-related factors of vaccine acceptance included vaccinating for emotional health, resuming social activities, and vaccine mandates. Among parents, 46% were willing to vaccinate their adolescent, 11% were not, and 43% were unsure. Among adolescents, 63% were willing to vaccinate. Despite vaccine availability, 47% of adolescents remain unvaccinated against COVID-19. Factors associated with vaccine uncertainty and acceptability inform health care practitioner, school, community, and public health messaging to reach parents and adolescents. more...
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- 2022
7. SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and immune pathogenesis among school-aged learners in four diverse schools
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Cooper, Dan M, Zulu, Michael Z, Jankeel, Allen, Ibraim, Izabela Coimbra, Ardo, Jessica, Kasper, Kirsten, Stephens, Diana, Meyer, Andria, Stehli, Annamarie, Condon, Curt, Londoño, Mary E, Schreiber, Casey M, Lopez, Nanette V, Camplain, Ricky L, Weiss, Michael, Golden, Charles, Radom-Aizik, Shlomit, Boden-Albala, Bernadette, Chau, Clayton, Messaoudi, Ilhem, and Ulloa, Erlinda R more...
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Immunology ,Pediatric ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Immunization ,Biodefense ,Lung ,Infectious Diseases ,Prevention ,Vaccine Related ,Infection ,Adolescent ,Age Factors ,COVID-19 ,COVID-19 Testing ,California ,Child ,Communicable Disease Control ,Education ,Distance ,Female ,Host-Pathogen Interactions ,Humans ,Immunity ,Cellular ,Immunity ,Humoral ,Incidence ,Male ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Students ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Public Health and Health Services ,Pediatrics ,Paediatrics - Abstract
BackgroundUnderstanding SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is necessary to reopen schools safely.MethodsWe measured SARS-CoV-2 infection in 320 learners [10.5 ± 2.1 (sd); 7-17 y.o.] at four diverse schools with either remote or on-site learning. Schools A and B served low-income Hispanic learners; school C served many special-needs learners, and all provided predominantly remote instruction. School D served middle- and upper-income learners, with predominantly on-site instruction. Testing occurred in the fall (2020), and 6-8 weeks later during the fall-winter surge (notable for a tenfold increase in COVID-19 cases). Immune responses and mitigation fidelity were also measured.ResultsWe found SARS-CoV-2 infections in 17 learners only during the surge. School A (97% remote learners) had the highest infection (10/70, 14.3%, p more...
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- 2021
8. US School‐Based Physical Fitness Assessments and Data Dissemination
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Krochmal, Patrick, Cooper, Dan M, Radom‐Aizik, Shlomit, and Lu, Kim D
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Prevention ,Pediatric ,Adolescent ,COVID-19 ,Child ,Exercise Test ,Humans ,Pandemics ,Physical Education and Training ,Physical Fitness ,Schools ,United States ,physical fitness ,school-aged children ,fitness testing ,Public Health and Health Services ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Public Health - Abstract
BackgroundLow physical fitness (PF) levels during childhood affect healthy growth and development, and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Physical education standards exist for nearly all states in the United States, but evaluation of PF in youth has yet to be systematic, reproducible, and harmonized. The purpose of this project was to describe publicly available data of school-based PF testing (SB-PFT).MethodsA list of state-mandated SB-PFT programs published by SHAPE 2016 was confirmed by contacting appropriate authorities. SB-PFT data were obtained through each state's department of education.ResultsSixteen states mandate SB-PFT, with 10 states providing publicly available data; 92% to 100% of states perform the pacer/mile, curl-up, and push-up; 54.2% to 78.5% of elementary and 44% to 66.5% of high-school youth are in the "healthy fitness zone" for aerobic capacity.ConclusionsSB-PFT provided PF data in children across the United States. The variability and inconsistency in reporting and in the values, however, raises questions about the current status of SB-PFT data and its utility in assessing PF in children. The critical nature of PF assessments is highlighted in the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which physical education has been curtailed, and emerging data demonstrate worsening of the already low levels of PF in youth. more...
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- 2021
9. Reopening Schools Safely: The Case for Collaboration, Constructive Disruption of Pre-Coronavirus 2019 Expectations, and Creative Solutions.
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Cooper, Dan M, Guay-Woodford, Lisa, Blazar, Bruce R, Bowman, Scott, Byington, Carrie L, Dome, Jeffrey, Forthal, Donald, Konstan, Michael W, Kuppermann, Nathan, Liem, Robert I, Ochoa, Eduardo R, Pollock, Brad H, Price, Olga Acosta, Ramsey, Bonnie W, Ross, Lainie Friedman, Sokol, Ronald J, and Wright, Rosalind J more...
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Humans ,Pneumonia ,Viral ,Coronavirus Infections ,Safety ,Child Welfare ,Schools ,Adolescent ,Child ,United States ,Pandemics ,Creativity ,Intersectoral Collaboration ,Betacoronavirus ,COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Pediatrics - Published
- 2020
10. Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC): Mapping the Dynamic Responses to Exercise
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Sanford, James A, Nogiec, Christopher D, Lindholm, Malene E, Adkins, Joshua N, Amar, David, Dasari, Surendra, Drugan, Jonelle K, Fernández, Facundo M, Radom-Aizik, Shlomit, Schenk, Simon, Snyder, Michael P, Tracy, Russell P, Vanderboom, Patrick, Trappe, Scott, Walsh, Martin J, Consortium, the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity, Evans, Charles R, Fernandez, Facundo M, Li, Yafeng, Tomlinson, Lyl, Alekel, D Lee, Bekirov, Iddil, Boyce, Amanda T, Boyington, Josephine, Fleg, Jerome L, Joseph, Lyndon JO, Laughlin, Maren R, Maruvada, Padma, Morris, Stephanie A, McGowan, Joan A, Nierras, Concepcion, Pai, Vinay, Peterson, Charlotte, Ramos, Ed, Roary, Mary C, Williams, John P, Xia, Ashley, Cornell, Elaine, Rooney, Jessica, Miller, Michael E, Ambrosius, Walter T, Rushing, Scott, Stowe, Cynthia L, Rejeski, W Jack, Nicklas, Barbara J, Pahor, Marco, Lu, Ching-ju, Trappe, Todd, Chambers, Toby, Raue, Ulrika, Lester, Bridget, Bergman, Bryan C, Bessesen, David H, Jankowski, Catherine M, Kohrt, Wendy M, Melanson, Edward L, Moreau, Kerrie L, Schauer, Irene E, Schwartz, Robert S, Kraus, William E, Slentz, Cris A, Huffman, Kim M, Johnson, Johanna L, Willis, Leslie H, Kelly, Leslie, Houmard, Joseph A, Dubis, Gabriel, Broskey, Nick, Goodpaster, Bret H, Sparks, Lauren M, Coen, Paul M, Cooper, Dan M, Haddad, Fadia, Rankinen, Tuomo, Ravussin, Eric, Johannsen, Neil, Harris, Melissa, Jakicic, John M, Newman, Anne B, Forman, Daniel D, Kershaw, Erin, Rogers, Renee J, Nindl, Bradley C, Page, Lindsay C, Stefanovic-Racic, Maja, and Barr, Susan L more...
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Prevention ,Physical Activity ,Cardiovascular ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Generic health relevance ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Animals ,Child ,Exercise ,Female ,Humans ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Oxygen Consumption ,Physical Endurance ,Research Design ,Young Adult ,Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Developmental Biology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences - Abstract
Exercise provides a robust physiological stimulus that evokes cross-talk among multiple tissues that when repeated regularly (i.e., training) improves physiological capacity, benefits numerous organ systems, and decreases the risk for premature mortality. However, a gap remains in identifying the detailed molecular signals induced by exercise that benefits health and prevents disease. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) was established to address this gap and generate a molecular map of exercise. Preclinical and clinical studies will examine the systemic effects of endurance and resistance exercise across a range of ages and fitness levels by molecular probing of multiple tissues before and after acute and chronic exercise. From this multi-omic and bioinformatic analysis, a molecular map of exercise will be established. Altogether, MoTrPAC will provide a public database that is expected to enhance our understanding of the health benefits of exercise and to provide insight into how physical activity mitigates disease. more...
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- 2020
11. Exercise-associated prevention of adult cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents: monocytes, molecular mechanisms, and a call for discovery.
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Cooper, Dan and Radom-Aizik, Shlomit
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Adolescent ,Adolescent Development ,Adult ,Age Factors ,Atherosclerosis ,Child ,Child Development ,Exercise ,Healthy Lifestyle ,Heart Disease Risk Factors ,Humans ,Immunity ,Innate ,Monocytes ,Phenotype ,Protective Factors ,Risk Assessment ,Risk Reduction Behavior ,Young Adult - Abstract
Atherosclerosis originates in childhood and adolescence. The goal of this review is to highlight how exercise and physical activity during childhood and adolescence, critical periods of growth and development, can prevent adult cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly through molecular mechanisms of monocytes, a key cell of the innate immune system. Monocytes are heterogeneous and pluripotential cells that can, paradoxically, play a role in both the instigation and prevention of atherosclerosis. Recent discoveries in young adults reveal that brief exercise affects monocyte gene pathways promoting a cell phenotype that patrols the vascular system and repairs injuries. Concurrently, exercise inhibits pro-inflammatory monocytes, cells that contribute to vascular damage and plaque formation. Because CVD is typically asymptomatic in youth, minimally invasive techniques must be honed to study the subtle anatomic and physiologic evidence of vascular dysfunction. Exercise gas exchange and heart rate measures can be combined with ultrasound assessments of vascular anatomy and reactivity, and near-infrared spectroscopy to quantify impaired O2 transport that is often hidden at rest. Combined with functional, transcriptomic, and epigenetic monocyte expression and measures of monocyte-endothelium interaction, molecular mechanisms of early CVD can be formulated, and then translated into effective physical activity-based strategies in youth to prevent adult-onset CVD. more...
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- 2020
12. A new approach to estimate aerobic fitness using the NHANES dataset
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Lu, Kim D, Bar‐Yoseph, Ronen, Radom‐Aizik, Shlomit, and Cooper, Dan M
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Health Sciences ,Public Health ,Sports Science and Exercise ,Clinical Sciences ,Prevention ,Cardiovascular ,Nutrition ,Adolescent ,Body Composition ,Body Mass Index ,Cardiorespiratory Fitness ,Exercise ,Exercise Test ,Female ,Heart Rate ,Humans ,Lipids ,Male ,Nutrition Surveys ,Oxygen Consumption ,Prospective Studies ,Sedentary Behavior ,Time Factors ,adolescents ,cardiorespiratory fitness ,children ,exercise ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Medical Physiology ,Sport Sciences ,Clinical sciences ,Medical physiology ,Sports science and exercise - Abstract
IntroductionPhysical activity and fitness are essential for healthy growth in children. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) evaluated fitness by estimating V̇O2 max from submaximal measurements of heart rate (HR) during graded treadmill exercise. Our aims were (a) to examine how well NHANES methodology used to estimate V̇O2 max correlated with actual VO2 max and (b) to evaluate a novel fitness metric using actual data collected during exercise and its relationship to physical activity and sedentary time, lipid profiles, and body composition.MethodsFifty-three adolescents completed NHANES submaximal exercise protocol and maximal graded cardiopulmonary exercise testing. We used a novel approach to quantifying fitness (Δvelocity × incline × body mass (VIM)/ΔHR slopes) and evaluated its relationship to physical activity and sedentary time using NHANES data (n = 4498). In a subset (n = 740), we compared ΔVIM/ΔHR slopes to NHANES estimated V̇O2 max and examined their relationship to cardiovascular risk factors (BMI percentiles and lipid levels).ResultsMeasured V̇O2 peak was moderately correlated with NHANES estimated V̇O2 max (r = 0.53, P more...
- Published
- 2019
13. The effect of test modality on dynamic exercise biomarkers in children, adolescents, and young adults
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Bar‐Yoseph, Ronen, Porszasz, Janos, Radom‐Aizik, Shlomit, Lu, Kim D, Stehli, Annamarie, Law, Pearl, and Cooper, Dan M
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Medical Physiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Prevention ,Pediatric ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Aging ,Child ,Ergometry ,Exercise Test ,Female ,Heart Rate ,Humans ,Male ,Oxygen Consumption ,Pulmonary Gas Exchange ,Reference Values ,Cycle ergometry ,peak oxygen uptake ((V) over dot) ,puberty ,submaximal biomarkers of fitness ,treadmill ,peak oxygen uptake ,Physiology ,Clinical Sciences ,Medical physiology - Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) modalities, treadmill (TM), and cycle ergometer (CE), influence maximal gas exchange and heart rate (HR) responses. Little is known regarding CPET modality effect on submaximal biomarkers during childhood and adolescence. Ninety-four healthy participants (7-34 y.o., 53% female) performed TM and CE CPET to address two major gaps: (1) the effect of modality on submaximal CPET biomarkers, and (2) estimation of work rate in TM CPET. Breath-by-breath gas exchange enabled calculation of linear regression slopes such as V˙ O2 /ΔHR and Δ V˙ E/Δ V˙ CO2 . Lean body mass (LBM) was measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry. We tested a novel TM CPET estimate of work rate based on TM velocity2 , incline, and body mass (VIM). Like the linear relationship between V˙ O2 and work rate in CE CPET, V˙ O2 increased linearly with TM VIM. TM Δ V˙ O2 /ΔHR was highly correlated with CE (r = 0.92), and each increased substantially with LBM (P more...
- Published
- 2019
14. Exercise Science and Child Health: A Tale of Many Journeys.
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Cooper, Dan M
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Cardiovascular ,Pediatric ,Clinical Research ,Prevention ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adolescent Development ,Adolescent Health ,Cardiorespiratory Fitness ,Child ,Child Development ,Child Health ,Chronic Disease ,Exercise ,Exercise Test ,Humans ,Oxygen Consumption ,CPET ,development ,growth ,peak VO2 ,physical activity ,submaximal ,peak VO ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Sport Sciences ,Paediatrics ,Sports science and exercise - Abstract
Children are the most naturally physically active human beings; reduced physical activity is a cardinal sign of childhood disease, and exercise testing provides mechanistic insights into health and disease that are often hidden when the child is at rest. The physical inactivity epidemic is leading to increased disease risk in children and, eventually, in adults in unprecedented ways. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) biomarkers are used to assess disease severity, progress, and response to therapy across an expanding range of childhood diseases and conditions. There is mounting data that fitness in children tracks across the life span and may prove to be an early, modifiable indicator of cardiovascular disease risk later in life. Despite these factors, CPET has failed to fulfill its promise in child health research and clinical practice. A major barrier to more accurate and effective clinical use of CPET in children is that data analytics and testing protocols have failed to keep pace with enabling technologies and computing capacity. As a consequence, biomarkers of fitness and physical activity have yet to be widely incorporated into translational research and clinical practice in child health. In this review, the author re-examines some of the long-held assumptions that mold CPET in children. In particular, the author suggests that current testing strategies that rely predominantly on maximal exercise may, inadvertently, obfuscate novel and clinically useful insights that can be gleaned from more comprehensive data analytics. New pathways to discovery may emanate from the simple recognition that the physiological journey that human beings undertake in response to the challenge of exercise may be far more important than the elusive destination of maximal or peak effort. more...
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- 2019
15. Exercise capacity in patients with cystic fibrosis vs. non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.
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Bar-Yoseph, Ronen, Ilivitzki, Anat, Cooper, Dan M, Gur, Michal, Mainzer, Gur, Hakim, Fahed, Livnat, Galit, Schnapp, Zeev, Shalloufeh, George, Zucker-Toledano, Merav, Subar, Yael, and Bentur, Lea
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Humans ,Cystic Fibrosis ,Bronchiectasis ,Oxygen ,Exercise Test ,Exercise ,Retrospective Studies ,Prospective Studies ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Oxygen Consumption ,Exercise Tolerance ,Quality of Life ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Female ,Male ,Young Adult ,MD Multidisciplinary ,General Science & Technology - Abstract
BackgroundBronchiectasis is associated with morbidity, low exercise capacity and poor quality of life. There is a paucity of data on exercise capacity using cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis. Our aim was to compare exercise capacity using CPET in CF and non-CF bronchiectasis patients.MethodsCross-sectional retrospective/prospective controlled study assessing CPET using cycle ergometer. Exercise parameters and computed tomography (CT) findings were compared. Results: Hundred two patients with bronchiectasis and 88 controls were evaluated; 49 CF (age 19.7 ± 9.7 y/o, FEV1%predicted 70.9 ± 20.5%) and 53 non-CF (18.6 ± 10.6 y/o, FEV1%predicted 68.7 ± 21.5%). Peak oxygen uptake (peak [Formula: see text]) was similar and relatively preserved in both groups (CF 1915.5±702.0; non-CF 1740±568; control 2111.0±748.3 mL/min). Breathing limitation was found in the two groups vs. control; low breathing reserve (49% in CF; 43% non-CF; 5% control) and increased [Formula: see text] (CF 31.4±4.1, non-CF 31.7±4.1 and control 27.2 ± 2.8). Oxygen pulse was lower in the non-CF; whereas a linear relationship between peak [Formula: see text] vs. FEV1 and vs. FVC was found only for CF. CT score correlated with [Formula: see text] and negatively correlated with [Formula: see text] and post exercise oxygen saturation (SpO2).ConclusionsCPET parameters may differ between CF and non-CF bronchiectasis. However, normal exercise capacity may be found unrelated to the etiology of the bronchiectasis. Anatomical changes in CT are associated with functional finding of increased [Formula: see text] and decreased SpO2. Larger longitudinal studies including cardiac assessment are needed to better study exercise capacity in different etiologies of non-CF bronchiectasis.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, registration number: NCT03147651. more...
- Published
- 2019
16. Glucocorticoid receptor expression on circulating leukocytes in healthy and asthmatic adolescents in response to exercise.
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Lu, Kim D, Cooper, Dan, Haddad, Fadia, Zaldivar, Frank, Kraft, Monica, and Radom-Aizik, Shlomit
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Leukocytes ,Humans ,Asthma ,Receptors ,Glucocorticoid ,Respiratory Function Tests ,Anthropometry ,Exercise ,Case-Control Studies ,Adolescent ,Female ,Male ,Clinical Research ,Lung ,Genetics ,Prevention ,Respiratory ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Public Health and Health Services ,Pediatrics - Abstract
BackgroundPoor aerobic fitness is associated with worsening of asthma symptoms, and fitness training may improve asthma control. The mechanism linking fitness with asthma is not known. We hypothesized that repeated bouts of exercise would lead to a downregulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression on circulating leukocytes, reflecting a reduced responsiveness to stress.MethodsIn a prospective exercise training intervention of healthy and asthmatic adolescents, GR expression in leukocytes was measured using flow cytometry in response to an acute exercise challenge before and after the exercise training intervention. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression of GR, GRβ, HSP70, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2 was determined using reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR).ResultsPeak VO2 increased by 14.6±2.3%, indicating an effective training (P more...
- Published
- 2017
17. Sex Differences in the Relationship between Fitness and Obesity on Risk for Asthma in Adolescents.
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Lu, Kim D, Billimek, John, Bar-Yoseph, Ronen, Radom-Aizik, Shlomit, Cooper, Dan M, and Anton-Culver, Hoda
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Humans ,Asthma ,Prevalence ,Risk Assessment ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Sex Factors ,Sex Distribution ,Physical Fitness ,Adolescent ,Child ,Female ,Male ,Young Adult ,Pediatric Obesity ,adolescents ,asthma ,fitness ,obesity ,Nutrition ,Lung ,Prevention ,Obesity ,Clinical Research ,Pediatric ,Aetiology ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Metabolic and endocrine ,Respiratory ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Pediatrics - Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship of fitness and obesity on asthma risk in adolescent girls and boys.Study designA cross-sectional assessment of participants 12-19 years of age was conducted by the use of data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants completed cardiorespiratory fitness testing, body composition measurements, and respiratory questionnaires.ResultsA total of 4828 participants were included. Overweight/obesity was associated with increased odds of history of asthma (aOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.16-2.30), current asthma (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.13, 2.64), and wheezing (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03-1.91) in girls. Overweight/obesity also was associated with increased odds of asthma attacks (aOR 2.67, 95% CI 1.56-4.65) and wheezing related to exercise (aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.07-2.38) in girls. High fitness was associated with lower odds of asthma-related visits to the emergency department (aOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.89), wheezing-related medical visits (aOR 0.31, 95% CI 0.13-0.75), wheezing-related missed days (aOR 0.14, 95% CI 0.06-0.33), and wheezing related to exercise (aOR 0.43, 95% CI 0.24-0.76) in boys.ConclusionOverweight/obesity is associated with increased asthma prevalence and morbidity in girls but not in boys, independent of fitness. High fitness is associated with decreased rates of asthma morbidity in boys but not in girls, independent of weight status. Obesity and fitness may each influence asthma onset and severity in different ways for girls compared with boys. more...
- Published
- 2016
18. Bridging the Gaps: the Promise of Omics Studies in Pediatric Exercise Research.
- Author
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Radom-Aizik, Shlomit and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Humans ,Exercise ,Adolescent Development ,Child Development ,Proteomics ,Genomics ,Pediatrics ,Adolescent ,Child ,Metabolomics ,Epigenomics ,Pediatric ,Prevention ,Genetics ,Cancer ,physical activity ,genomics ,epigenetics ,proteomics ,metabolomics ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Sport Sciences - Abstract
In this review, we highlight promising new discoveries that may generate useful and clinically relevant insights into the mechanisms that link exercise with growth during critical periods of development. Growth in childhood and adolescence is unique among mammals and is a dynamic process regulated by an evolution of hormonal and inflammatory mediators, age-dependent progression of gene expression, and environmentally modulated epigenetic mechanisms. Many of these same processes likely affect molecular transducers of physical activity. How the molecular signaling associated with growth is synchronized with signaling associated with exercise is poorly understood. Recent advances in "omics"-namely genomics and epigenetics, metabolomics, and proteomics-now provide exciting approaches and tools that can be used for the first time to address this gap. A biologic definition of "healthy" exercise that links the metabolic transducers of physical activity with parallel processes that regulate growth will transform health policy and guidelines that promote optimal use of physical activity. more...
- Published
- 2016
19. Cerebral and Muscle Tissue Oxygenation During Incremental Cycling in Male Adolescents Measured by Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.
- Author
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Ganesan, Goutham, Leu, Szu-yun, Cerussi, Albert, Tromberg, Bruce, Cooper, Dan M, and Galassetti, Pietro
- Subjects
Health Sciences ,Sports Science and Exercise ,Physical Activity ,Hematology ,Adolescent ,Bicycling ,Exercise ,Exercise Test ,Humans ,Male ,Muscle ,Skeletal ,Oxygen Consumption ,Spectroscopy ,Near-Infrared ,near-infrared spectroscopy ,exercise ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Sport Sciences ,Paediatrics ,Sports science and exercise - Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy has long been used to measure tissue-specific O2 dynamics in exercise, but most published data have used continuous wave devices incapable of quantifying absolute Hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations. We used time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy to study exercising muscle (Vastus Lateralis, VL) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) Hb oxygenation in 11 young males (15.3 ± 2.1 yrs) performing incremental cycling until exhaustion (peak VO2 = 42.7 ± 6.1 ml/min/kg, mean peak power = 181 ± 38 W). Time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of reduced scattering (μs´) and absorption (μa) at three wavelengths (759, 796, and 833 nm) were used to calculate concentrations of oxyHb ([HbO2]), deoxy Hb ([HbR]), total Hb ([THb]), and O2 saturation (stO2). In PFC, significant increases were observed in both [HbO2] and [HbR] during intense exercise. PFC stO2% remained stable until 80% of total exercise time, then dropped (-2.95%, p = .0064). In VL, stO2% decreased until peak time (-6.8%, p = .01). Segmented linear regression identified thresholds for PFC [HbO2], [HbR], VL [THb]. There was a strong correlation between timing of second ventilatory threshold and decline in PFC [HbO2] (r = .84). These findings show that time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy can be used to study physiological threshold phenomena in children during maximal exercise, providing insight into tissue specific hemodynamics and metabolism. more...
- Published
- 2016
20. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents with High Body Mass Index.
- Author
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Cooper, Dan M, Leu, Szu-Yun, Taylor-Lucas, Candice, Lu, Kim, Galassetti, Pietro, and Radom-Aizik, Shlomit
- Subjects
Humans ,Exercise Test ,Body Mass Index ,Exercise ,Case-Control Studies ,Oxygen Consumption ,Physical Fitness ,Adolescent ,Child ,Female ,Male ,Pediatric Obesity ,Clinical Research ,Pediatric ,Nutrition ,Prevention ,Obesity ,obesity ,physical fitness ,slopes ,peak VO2 ,aerobic ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Sport Sciences - Abstract
Consensus has yet to be achieved on whether obesity is inexorably tied to poor fitness. We tested the hypothesis that appropriate reference of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variables to lean body mass (LBM) would eliminate differences in fitness between high-BMI (≥ 95th percentile, n = 72, 50% female) and normal-BMI (< 85th percentile, n = 142, 49% female), otherwise-healthy children and adolescents typically seen when referencing body weight. We measured body composition with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and CPET variables from cycle ergometry using both peak values and submaximal exercise slopes (peak VO2, ΔVO2/ΔHR, ΔWR/ΔHR, ΔVO2/ΔWR, and ΔVE/ΔVCO2). In contrast to our hypothesis, referencing to LBM tended to lessen, but did not eliminate, the differences (peak VO2 [p < .004] and ΔVO2/ΔHR [p < .02]) in males and females; ΔWR/ΔHR differed between the two groups in females (p = .041) but not males (p = .1). The mean percent predicted values for all CPET variables were below 100% in the high-BMI group. The pattern of CPET abnormalities suggested a pervasive impairment of O2 delivery in the high-BMI group (ΔVO2/ΔWR was in fact highest in normal-BMI males). Tailoring lifestyle interventions to the specific fitness capabilities of each child (personalized exercise medicine) may be one of the ways to stem what has been an intractable epidemic. more...
- Published
- 2016
21. The GH-IGF-I response to typical field sports practices in adolescent athletes: a summary.
- Author
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Eliakim, Alon, Cooper, Dan M, and Nemet, Dan
- Subjects
Pediatric ,Adaptation ,Physiological ,Adolescent ,Female ,Growth Hormone ,Humans ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ,Lactic Acid ,Male ,Physical Education and Training ,Physical Exertion ,Sports ,growth hormone ,field exercise ,adolescents ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Sport Sciences - Abstract
The present study compares previous reports on the effect of "real-life" typical field individual (i.e., cross-country running and wrestling--representing combat versus noncombat sports) and team sports (i.e., volleyball and water polo-representing water and land team sports) training on GH and IGF-1, the main growth factors of the GH→IGF axis, in male and female late pubertal athletes. Cross-country running practice and volleyball practice in both males and females were associated with significant increases of circulating GH levels, while none of the practices led to a significant increase in IGF-I levels. The magnitude (percent change) of the GH response to the different practices was determined mainly by preexercise GH levels. There was no difference in the training-associated GH response between individual and team sports practices. The GH response to the different typical practices was not influenced by the practice-associated lactate change. Further studies are needed to better understand the effect of real-life typical training in prepubertal and adolescent athletes and their role in exercise adaptations. more...
- Published
- 2014
22. Dynamic interactions of gas exchange, body mass, and progressive exercise in children.
- Author
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Cooper, Dan M, Leu, Szu-Yun, Galassetti, Pietro, and Radom-Aizik, Shlomit
- Subjects
Humans ,Oxygen ,Exercise Test ,Pulmonary Gas Exchange ,Body Mass Index ,Body Size ,Exercise ,Age Factors ,Sex Factors ,Heart Rate ,Physical Fitness ,Adolescent ,Child ,Female ,Male ,Physical Exertion ,Clinical Research ,Pediatric ,VENTILATION ,CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING ,DXA ,HEART RATE ,CARBON DIOXIDE OUTPUT ,OXYGEN UPTAKE ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Medical Physiology ,Public Health and Health Services ,Sport Sciences - Abstract
PurposeCardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is increasingly used as a biomarker of fitness in children. Maximal or peak values remain the most common variables obtained in CPET, but these physiologically challenging high-intensity work rates (WR) are often not achieved. We hypothesized that interactions of gas exchange, heart rate (HR), and WR CPET variables (slopes) could yield useful mechanistic and clinical insights that might enhance the clinical utility of CPET in children. We further hypothesized that the dependence of the slope on body mass could be predicted by the first-principle analysis of body size and physiological response.MethodsOne hundred and sixty-nine healthy participants (8-18 yr old, body mass index more...
- Published
- 2014
23. Multicenter study of pectus excavatum, final report: complications, static/exercise pulmonary function, and anatomic outcomes.
- Author
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Kelly, Robert E, Mellins, Robert B, Shamberger, Robert C, Mitchell, Karen K, Lawson, M Louise, Oldham, Keith T, Azizkhan, Richard G, Hebra, Andre V, Nuss, Donald, Goretsky, Michael J, Sharp, Ronald J, Holcomb, George W, Shim, Walton KT, Megison, Stephen M, Moss, R Lawrence, Fecteau, Annie H, Colombani, Paul M, Cooper, Dan, Bagley, Traci, Quinn, Amy, Moskowitz, Alan B, and Paulson, James F more...
- Subjects
Humans ,Funnel Chest ,Postoperative Complications ,Tomography ,X-Ray Computed ,Exercise Test ,Respiratory Function Tests ,Treatment Outcome ,Orthopedic Procedures ,Follow-Up Studies ,Prospective Studies ,Body Image ,Psychological Tests ,Adolescent ,Child ,Female ,Male ,CO(2) production ,FEV(1) ,FVC ,HR ,O(2) consumption ,V(CO(2)) ,V(O(2)) ,VE ,WR ,forced expiratory volume in 1 second ,forced vital capacity ,heart rate ,ventilation ,work rate ,Tomography ,X-Ray Computed ,Surgery ,Clinical Sciences - Abstract
BackgroundA multicenter study of pectus excavatum was described previously. This report presents our final results.Study designPatients treated surgically at 11 centers were followed prospectively. Each underwent a preoperative evaluation with CT scan, pulmonary function tests, and body image survey. Data were collected about associated conditions, complications, and perioperative pain. One year after treatment, patients underwent repeat chest CT scan, pulmonary function tests, and body image survey. A subset of 50 underwent exercise pulmonary function testing.ResultsOf 327 patients, 284 underwent Nuss procedure and 43 underwent open procedure without mortality. Of 182 patients with complete follow-up (56%), 18% had late complications, similarly distributed, including substernal bar displacement in 7% and wound infection in 2%. Mean initial CT scan index of 4.4 improved to 3.0 post operation (severe >3.2, normal = 2.5). Computed tomography index improved at the deepest point (xiphoid) and also upper and middle sternum. Pulmonary function tests improved (forced vital capacity from 88% to 93%, forced expiratory volume in 1 second from 87% to 90%, and total lung capacity from 94% to 100% of predicted (p < 0.001 for each). VO2 max during peak exercise increased by 10.1% (p = 0.015) and O2 pulse by 19% (p = 0.007) in 20 subjects who completed both pre- and postoperative exercise tests.ConclusionsThere is significant improvement in lung function at rest and in VO2 max and O2 pulse after surgical correction of pectus excavatum, with CT index >3.2. Operative correction significantly reduces CT index and markedly improves the shape of the entire chest, and can be performed safely in a variety of centers. more...
- Published
- 2013
24. Cardiopulmonary exercise function among patients undergoing transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation in the US Melody valve investigational trial.
- Author
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Batra, Anjan S, McElhinney, Doff B, Wang, Wayne, Zakheim, Richard, Garofano, Robert P, Daniels, Curt, Yung, Delphine, Cooper, Dan M, and Rhodes, Jonathan
- Subjects
Humans ,Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency ,Pulmonary Valve Stenosis ,Exercise Test ,Treatment Outcome ,Exercise ,Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ,Follow-Up Studies ,Prospective Studies ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Middle Aged ,Child ,United States ,Female ,Male ,Hemodynamics ,Young Adult ,Cardiac Catheterization ,Cardiovascular ,Lung ,Clinical Research ,Heart Disease ,Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology ,Public Health and Health Services ,Cardiovascular System & Hematology - Abstract
ObjectivesWe assessed the hypothesis that there is an improvement in clinical and physiologic parameters of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) after implantation of a transcatheter pulmonary valve (TPV).BackgroundTranscatheter pulmonary valve provides a new tool for treating conduit stenosis and regurgitation in patients with right ventricle (RV) to pulmonary artery conduit dysfunction.MethodsPatients who underwent a TPV placement between January 2007 and January 2010 (N = 150) were investigated with a standardized CPET protocol before and at 6 months after TPV placement. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer with respiratory gas exchange analysis.ResultsSix months post TPV, small but statistically significant improvements were observed in the maximum workload (65.0% ± 18.8% to 68.3% ± 20.3% predicted, P < .001) and the ratio of minute ventilation to CO(2) production at the anaerobic threshold (30.8 ± 4.7 to 29.1 ± 4.1, P < .001). There was no significant change in peak oxygen consumption (VO(2)). Patients with pre-TPV hemodynamics consistent with RV dysfunction and patients with a lower pre-TPV peak VO(2) tended to have the greatest improvement in peak VO(2). The correlation between TPV-related improvements in peak VO(2) and baseline clinical variables were weak, however, and these variables could not be used to reliably identify patients likely to have improved peak VO(2) after TPV.ConclusionIn patients with RV to pulmonary artery conduit dysfunction, TPV is associated with modest improvement in exercise capacity and gas exchange efficiency during exercise. more...
- Published
- 2012
25. The effect of HMB supplementation on body composition, fitness, hormonal and inflammatory mediators in elite adolescent volleyball players: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
- Author
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Portal, Shawn, Zadik, Zvi, Rabinowitz, Jonathan, Pilz-Burstein, Ruty, Adler-Portal, Dana, Meckel, Yoav, Cooper, Dan M, Eliakim, Alon, and Nemet, Dan
- Subjects
Pediatric ,Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities ,Clinical Research ,Prevention ,Nutrition ,Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions ,6.1 Pharmaceuticals ,Adolescent ,Athletes ,Body Composition ,Dietary Supplements ,Double-Blind Method ,Exercise Test ,Female ,Hormones ,Humans ,Inflammation Mediators ,Male ,Muscle Strength ,Physical Fitness ,Placebos ,Valerates ,Volleyball ,Supplements ,Youth ,Cytokines ,Growth ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Sport Sciences - Abstract
The use of ergogenic nutritional supplements is becoming inseparable from competitive sports. β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyric acid (HMB) has recently been suggested to promote fat-free mass (FFM) and strength gains during resistance training in adults. In this prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we studied the effect of HMB (3 g/day) supplementation on body composition, muscle strength, anaerobic and aerobic capacity, anabolic/catabolic hormones and inflammatory mediators in elite, national team level adolescent volleyball players (13.5-18 years, 14 males, 14 females, Tanner stage 4-5) during the first 7 weeks of the training season. HMB led to a significant greater increase in FFM by skinfold thickness (56.4 ± 10.2 to 56.3 ± 8.6 vs. 59.3 ± 11.3 to 61.6 ± 11.3 kg in the control and HMB group, respectively, p < 0.001). HMB led to a significant greater increase in both dominant and non-dominant knee flexion isokinetic force/FFM, measured at fast (180°/sec) and slow (60°/sec) angle speeds, but had no significant effect on knee extension and elbow flexion and extension. HMB led to a significant greater increase in peak and mean anaerobic power determined by the Wingate anaerobic test (peak power: 15.5 ± 1.6 to 16.2 ± 1.2 vs. 15.4 ± 1.6 to 17.2 ± 1.2 watts/FFM, mean power: 10.6 ± 0.9 to 10.8 ± 1.1 vs. 10.7 ± 0.8 to 11.8 ± 1.0 watts/FFM in control and HMB group, respectively, p < 0.01), with no effect on fatigue index. HMB had no significant effect on aerobic fitness or on anabolic (growth hormone, IGF-I, testosterone), catabolic (cortisol) and inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist). HMB supplementation was associated with greater increases in muscle mass, muscle strength and anaerobic properties with no effect on aerobic capacity suggesting some advantage for its use in elite adolescent volleyball players during the initial phases of the training season. These effects were not accompanied by hormonal and inflammatory mediator changes. more...
- Published
- 2011
26. Hormonal and Inflammatory Responses to Different Types of Sprint Interval Training
- Author
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Meckel, Yoav, Nemet, Dan, Bar-Sela, Sheli, Radom-Aizik, Shlomit, Cooper, Dan M, Sagiv, Moran, and Eliakim, Alon
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Athletes ,Human Growth Hormone ,Humans ,Inflammation Mediators ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ,Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein ,Interleukin-1 ,Interleukin-6 ,Lactic Acid ,Running ,Testosterone ,Young Adult ,anaerobic exercise ,cytokines ,growth hormone ,IGF-I ,interval training ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Medical Physiology ,Sport Sciences ,Clinical sciences ,Medical physiology ,Sports science and exercise - Abstract
We evaluated the effect of different types of sprint interval sessions on the balance between anabolic and catabolic hormones and circulating inflammatory cytokines. Twelve healthy elite junior handball players (17-25 years) participated in the study. Exercise consisted of increasing distance (100 m, 200 m, 300 m, 400 m) and decreasing distance (400 m, 300 m, 200 m, 100 m) sprint interval runs on a treadmill (at random order), at a constant work rate of 80% of the personal maximal speed (calculated from the maximal speed of a 100 m run). The total rest period between the runs in the different interval sessions were similar. Blood samples were collected before, after each run, and after 1-hour recovery. Both types of sprint interval trainings led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in lactate and the anabolic factors growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and testosterone levels. Both types of sprint interval sessions led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators IL-1, IL-6, and IL1ra. IL-6 remained elevated in both sessions after 1-hour recovery. Area under the curve was significantly greater (p < 0.05) for lactate and growth hormone (GH) in the decreasing distance session. In contrast, rate of perceived exertion was higher in the increasing distance session, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). Changes in anabolic-catabolic hormones and inflammatory mediators can be used to gauge the training intensity of anaerobic-type exercise. Changes in the GH-IGF-I axis and testosterone level suggest exercise-related anabolic adaptations. Increases in inflammatory mediators may indicate their important role in muscle tissue repair after anaerobic exercise. The decreasing distance interval was associated with a greater metabolic (lactate) and anabolic (GH) response but not with a higher rate of perceived exertion. Coaches and athletes should be aware of these differences, and as a result, of a need for specific recovery adaptations after different interval training protocols. more...
- Published
- 2011
27. Enjoyment of exercise moderates the impact of a school-based physical activity intervention.
- Author
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Schneider, Margaret and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Adolescent ,Body Composition ,Exercise ,Female ,Happiness ,Health Promotion ,Humans ,Linear Models ,School Health Services ,Schools ,Self Report - Abstract
A school-based physical activity intervention designed to encourage adolescent girls to be more active was more effective for some participants than for others. We examined whether baseline enjoyment of exercise moderated response to the intervention.Adolescent girls with a low level of baseline activity who participated in a controlled trial of an intervention to promote increased physical activity participation (n = 122) self-reported their enjoyment of exercise and physical activity participation at baseline, mid-way through the intervention, and at the end of the 9-month intervention period. At all three time points, participants also underwent assessments of cardiovascular fitness (VO2peak) and body composition (percent body fat). Repeated measures analysis of variance examined the relationship of baseline enjoyment to change in physical activity, cardiovascular fitness, body composition and enjoyment of exercise.A significant three-way interaction between time, baseline enjoyment, and group assignment (p < .01) showed that baseline enjoyment moderated the effect of the intervention on vigorous activity. Within the intervention group, girls with low enjoyment of exercise at baseline increased vigorous activity from pre-to post-intervention, and girls with high baseline enjoyment of exercise showed no pre-post change in vigorous activity. No differences emerged in the comparison group between low-and high-enjoyment girls.Adolescent girls responded differently to a physical activity promotion intervention depending on their baseline levels of exercise enjoyment. Girls with low enjoyment of exercise may benefit most from a physical-education based intervention to increase physical activity that targets identified barriers to physical activity among low-active adolescent girls. more...
- Published
- 2011
28. Inhaled Fluticasone and the Hormonal and Inflammatory Response to Brief Exercise
- Author
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SCHWINDT, CHRISTINA D, ZALDIVAR, FRANK, ELIAKIM, ALON, SHIN, HYE-WON, LEU, SZU-YUN, and COOPER, DAN M
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Asthma ,Lung ,Physical Activity ,Clinical Research ,4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies ,5.1 Pharmaceuticals ,Administration ,Inhalation ,Adolescent ,Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ,Adult ,Androstadienes ,Catecholamines ,Exercise ,Fluticasone ,Human Growth Hormone ,Humans ,Hydrocortisone ,Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ,Interleukin-6 ,Male ,Neutrophils ,Pituitary-Adrenal System ,Young Adult ,EXERTION ,INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS ,HPA AXIS ,GROWTH HORMONE ,NEUTROPHILS ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Medical Physiology ,Public Health and Health Services ,Sport Sciences ,Clinical sciences ,Medical physiology ,Sports science and exercise - Abstract
PurposeInhaled corticosteroids (ICS) improve symptoms in lung diseases, such as asthma. Initial data suggest that the effects of ICS remain localized in the lung; however, recent studies demonstrate alteration to the peripheral immune system in patients with asthma. We sought to evaluate the effect of ICS on peripheral immune mediators and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and their response to exercise in healthy men.MethodsEleven healthy males (18-30 yr old) were placed on 2 wk of fluticasone proprionate (440 μg) twice daily. A 30-min bout of exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer at approximately 70% of peak work rate before and after the start of ICS. Blood was sampled before and after exercise. Cytokines and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis mediators were measured by ELISA, and fluticasone was measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsAfter ICS treatment, cortisol and adrenocorticotropin were decreased, and a blunted exercise response was observed for cortisol, adrenocorticotropin, and growth hormone. Peripheral leukocytes and neutrophils were significantly increased in response to exercise in both the untreated and the ICS-treated conditions and at baseline after ICS treatment. Interleukin-6 was elevated with ICS treatment, but the exercise response was blunted. Circulating median fluticasone levels were 0.15 ng·mL(-1) and were increased to 0.20 ng·mL(-1) in response to exercise.ConclusionsExercise revealed deficits in growth hormone production after ICS treatment not identified by static markers. Neutrophils were shown to be surrogate markers of the systemic effect of ICS. Exercise significantly increased circulating levels of fluticasone. Exercise challenge tests can be used to assess the physiological effect of exogenous corticosteroids. more...
- Published
- 2010
29. The relationships between leptin and measures of fitness and fatness are dependent upon obesity status in youth.
- Author
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Hosick, Peter A, McMurray, Robert G, and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Prevention ,Obesity ,Clinical Research ,Pediatric ,Nutrition ,Cancer ,Stroke ,Adolescent ,Body Fat Distribution ,Body Mass Index ,Child ,Exercise Test ,Female ,Humans ,Leptin ,Male ,Overweight ,Oxygen Consumption ,Physical Fitness ,Regression Analysis ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Sport Sciences - Abstract
The relationship between peak aerobic fitness (peakVO2) and plasma leptin was assessed in 25 normal (BMI < 85th %tile) and 25 overweight (BMI > 85th %tile) youth, ages 7-17 years. In the overall analysis peakVO2 was related to leptin when expressed in mL/kg/min (R2 = .516, p < .0001), or as ml/kg(FFM)/min (R2 = .127, p = .01). The relationships between peak VO2 and leptin were no longer significant when percent bodyfat was added to the models. In subanalyses by weight groups, peak VO2: leptin relationships were not evident for normal weight, but remained for overweight youth. In conclusion the relationship between aerobic fitness and leptin in youth is dependent upon weight status. more...
- Published
- 2010
30. Regional brain activation and affective response to physical activity among healthy adolescents
- Author
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Schneider, Margaret, Graham, Dan, Grant, Arthur, King, Pamela, and Cooper, Dan
- Subjects
Biological Psychology ,Cognitive and Computational Psychology ,Psychology ,Neurosciences ,Physical Activity ,Prevention ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Pediatric ,Clinical Research ,1.1 Normal biological development and functioning ,Neurological ,Adolescent ,Affect ,Analysis of Variance ,Brain Mapping ,Electrocardiography ,Electroencephalography ,Exercise ,Female ,Frontal Lobe ,Functional Laterality ,Heart Rate ,Humans ,Male ,Oxygen Consumption ,Parietal Lobe ,Patient Selection ,Physical Exertion ,Signal Processing ,Computer-Assisted ,Time Factors ,Physical activity ,Electroencephalogram ,Cognitive Sciences ,Experimental Psychology ,Biological psychology ,Cognitive and computational psychology - Abstract
Research has shown that frontal brain activation, assessed via electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry, predicts the post-exercise affective response to exercise among adults. Building on this evidence, the present study investigates the utility of resting cortical asymmetry for explaining variance in the affective response both during and after exercise at two different intensities among healthy adolescents. Resting EEG was obtained from 98 adolescents (55% male), who also completed two 30-min exercise tasks on a cycle ergometer at a moderate and hard intensity. Affect (as measured by the Feeling Scale) was assessed prior to exercise, every 10min during exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 10min post-exercise. When moderate exercise was performed first, resting frontal cortical asymmetry was related to the affective response to moderate exercise, such that left-dominant adolescents reported more positive affect compared to right-dominant adolescents. When hard exercise was performed first, the association was not significant. The results are interpreted in light of current theory related to affect in response to exercise. more...
- Published
- 2009
31. Circulating T-regulatory cells, exercise and the elite adolescent swimmer.
- Author
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Wilson, Lori D, Zaldivar, Frank P, Schwindt, Christina D, Wang-Rodriguez, Jessica, and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Health Sciences ,Sports Science and Exercise ,Asthma ,Physical Activity ,Clinical Research ,Lung ,Pediatric ,Prevention ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Adolescent ,Case-Control Studies ,Exercise ,Female ,Forkhead Transcription Factors ,Humans ,Lymphocyte Count ,Male ,Physical Exertion ,Rhinitis ,Swimming ,T-Lymphocyte Subsets ,T-Lymphocytes ,Regulatory ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Sport Sciences ,Paediatrics ,Sports science and exercise - Abstract
Brief high intensity exercise induces peripheral leukocytosis possibly leading to a higher incidence of allergic symptoms in athletes undergoing excessive training. We studied the exercise-induced alternation of circulating Tregs and FoxP3+ Tregs due to acute intense swim exercise in elite swimmers (n = 22, 12 males, age = 15.4 yrs). Twelve had prior or current rhinitis or asthma and 10 had no current or prior allergy or asthma. Circulating Tregs increased significantly (p < .001) following exercise (pre = 133 +/- 11.2, post = 196 +/- 17.6) as did FoxP3+ cells (pre = 44, post = 64 cells/microl). Increases in Tregs and FoxP3+ Tregs occurred to the same extent in both groups of adolescent swimmers. more...
- Published
- 2009
32. The Effect of a Volleyball Practice on Anabolic Hormones and Inflammatory Markers in Elite Male and Female Adolescent Players
- Author
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Eliakim, Alon, Portal, Shawn, Zadik, Zvi, Rabinowitz, Jonathan, Adler-Portal, Dana, Cooper, Dan M, Zaldivar, Frank, and Nemet, Dan
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Health Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Sports Science and Exercise ,Paediatrics ,Clinical Research ,Adolescent ,Biomarkers ,Endopeptidases ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Female ,Growth Hormone ,Humans ,Hydrocortisone ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ,Interleukin-6 ,Lactic Acid ,Male ,Testosterone ,Volleyball ,cytokines ,gender ,GH ,IGF-I ,training ,team sport ,youth athletes ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Medical Physiology ,Sport Sciences ,Clinical sciences ,Medical physiology ,Sports science and exercise - Abstract
The effect of a single exercise as well as exercise training on the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) axis and inflammatory cytokines was studied mainly in adults participating in individualized endurance-type sports. The gender-specific effect of exercise on these systems in adolescents is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a typical volleyball practice on anabolic (GH, IGF-I, and testosterone) and catabolic hormones (cortisol) and inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 [IL-6]) in elite, national team level, male (n = 14) and female (n = 13) adolescent volleyball players (13-18 years, Tanner stage 4-5). Exercise consisted of a typical 1-hour volleyball practice. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the practice. Exercise led to significant increases in GH (0.2 +/- 0.1 to 2.7 +/- 0.7 and 1.7 +/- 0.5 to 6.4 +/- 1.4 ng x mL, in men and women, respectively, p < 0.05 for both), testosterone (6.1 +/- 0.9 to 7.3 +/- 1.0 and 2.4 +/- 0.6 to 3.3 +/- 0.7 ng x mL, in men and women, respectively, p < 0.05 for both), and IL-6 (1.1 +/- 0.6 to 3.1 +/- 1.5 and 1.2 +/- 0.5 to 2.5 +/- 1.1 pg x mL, in men and women, respectively, p < 0.002 for both). Exercise had no significant effect on IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, and cortisol levels. There were no gender differences in the hormonal response to training. Changes in GH and testosterone after the volleyball practice suggest exercise-related anabolic adaptations. The increase in IL-6 may indicate its important role in muscle tissue repair. These changes may serve as an objective quantitative tool to monitor training intensity in unique occasions in team sports. more...
- Published
- 2009
33. A brief bout of exercise alters gene expression and distinct gene pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of early- and late-pubertal females
- Author
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Radom-Aizik, Shlomit, Zaldivar, Frank, Leu, Szu-Yun, and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Biological Sciences ,Physical Activity ,Prevention ,Pediatric ,Genetics ,Adolescent ,Body Size ,Child ,Exercise ,Exercise Test ,Female ,Humans ,Leukocytes ,Mononuclear ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ,Puberty ,Delayed ,Puberty ,Precocious ,RNA ,Messenger ,leukocytes ,puberty ,gender ,microarrays ,immune system ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Physiology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
Recent studies show that brief exercise alters circulating neutrophil and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression, ranging from cell growth to both pro-and anti-inflammatory processes. These initial observations were made solely in males, but whether PBMC gene expression is altered by exercise in females is not known. Ten early-pubertal girls (8-11 yr old) and 10 late-pubertal girls (15-17 yr old) performed ten 2-min bouts of cycle ergometry ( approximately 90% peak heart rate) interspersed with 1-min rest intervals. Blood was obtained at rest and after exercise, and microarrays were performed in each individual subject. RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix U133+2.0 Arrays. Exercise induced significant changes in PBMC gene expression in early (1,320 genes)- and late (877 genes)-pubertal girls. The expression of 622 genes changed similarly in both groups. Exercise influenced a variety of established gene pathways (EASE < 0.04) in both older (6 pathways) and younger girls (11 pathways). Five pathways were the same in both groups and were functionally related to inflammation, stress, and apoptosis, such as natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antigen processing and presentation, B cell receptor signaling, and apoptosis. In summary, brief exercise alters PBMC gene expression in early- and late-pubertal girls. The pattern of change involves diverse genetic pathways, consistent with a global danger-type response, perhaps readying PBMCs for a range of physiological functions from inflammation to tissue repair that would be useful following a bout of physical activity. more...
- Published
- 2009
34. Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in a Sixth- Grade Multiracial Cohort The HEALTHY study
- Author
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Kaufman, Francine R, Hirst, Kathryn, Linder, Barbara, Baranowski, Tom, Cooper, Dan M, Foster, Gary D, Goldberg, Linn, Harrell, Joanne S, Marcus, Marsha D, and Treviño, Roberto P
- Subjects
Pediatric ,Clinical Research ,Diabetes ,Obesity ,Nutrition ,Prevention ,Metabolic and endocrine ,Adolescent ,Black People ,Blood Glucose ,Body Mass Index ,Child ,Cohort Studies ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Type 2 ,Fasting ,Female ,Humans ,Insulin ,Male ,Nuclear Family ,Overweight ,Puberty ,Racial Groups ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ,Risk Factors ,United States ,White People ,HEALTHY Study Group - Abstract
ObjectiveHEALTHY is a 3-year middle school intervention program designed to reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes risk factors at baseline in a cohort of 6,358 sixth-grade students is reported.Research design and methodsForty-two schools at seven U.S. sites were randomly assigned to intervention or control. Students participated in baseline data collection during fall of 2006.ResultsOverall, 49.3% of children had BMI >or=85th percentile, 16.0% had fasting blood glucose >or=100 mg/dl (or=126 mg/dl), and 6.8% had fasting insulin >or=30 microU/ml. Hispanic youth were more likely to have BMI, glucose, and insulin levels above these thresholds than blacks and whites.ConclusionsSixth-grade students in schools with large minority populations have high levels of risk factors for type 2 diabetes. The HEALTHY intervention was designed to modify these risk factors to reduce diabetes incidence. more...
- Published
- 2009
35. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes in a sixth- grade multiracial cohort: the HEALTHY study.
- Author
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HEALTHY Study Group, Kaufman, Francine R, Hirst, Kathryn, Linder, Barbara, Baranowski, Tom, Cooper, Dan M, Foster, Gary D, Goldberg, Linn, Harrell, Joanne S, Marcus, Marsha D, and Treviño, Roberto P
- Subjects
HEALTHY Study Group ,Humans ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Type 2 ,Insulin ,Blood Glucose ,Body Mass Index ,Fasting ,Risk Factors ,Cohort Studies ,Nuclear Family ,Puberty ,Adolescent ,Child ,Continental Population Groups ,African Continental Ancestry Group ,European Continental Ancestry Group ,United States ,Female ,Male ,Overweight ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Type 2 ,Pediatric ,Obesity ,Clinical Research ,Diabetes ,Prevention ,Nutrition ,Metabolic and Endocrine ,Endocrinology & Metabolism ,Medical and Health Sciences - Abstract
ObjectiveHEALTHY is a 3-year middle school intervention program designed to reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes risk factors at baseline in a cohort of 6,358 sixth-grade students is reported.Research design and methodsForty-two schools at seven U.S. sites were randomly assigned to intervention or control. Students participated in baseline data collection during fall of 2006.ResultsOverall, 49.3% of children had BMI >or=85th percentile, 16.0% had fasting blood glucose >or=100 mg/dl (or=126 mg/dl), and 6.8% had fasting insulin >or=30 microU/ml. Hispanic youth were more likely to have BMI, glucose, and insulin levels above these thresholds than blacks and whites.ConclusionsSixth-grade students in schools with large minority populations have high levels of risk factors for type 2 diabetes. The HEALTHY intervention was designed to modify these risk factors to reduce diabetes incidence. more...
- Published
- 2009
36. Brief Bout of Exercise Alters Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Early- and Late-Pubertal Males
- Author
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Radom-Aizik, Shlomit, Zaldivar, Frank, Leu, Szu-Yun, and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Research ,Genetics ,Physical Activity ,Biotechnology ,Pediatric ,Adolescent ,Age Factors ,Body Mass Index ,Child ,Energy Metabolism ,Exercise ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Humans ,Lactic Acid ,Leukocytes ,Mononuclear ,Male ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ,Oxygen Consumption ,Puberty ,Reproducibility of Results ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Public Health and Health Services ,Pediatrics ,Paediatrics - Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are stimulated by exercise and contribute not only to host defense, but also to growth, repair, and disease pathogenesis. Whether PBMC gene expression is altered by exercise in children is not known. Ten early pubertal boys (8-12 y) and 10 late pubertal boys (15-18 y) performed ten 2-min bouts of strenuous, constant work rate exercise with 1-min rest intervals. PBMCs were isolated before and after exercise and microarray (Affymetrix U133 + 2 chips) analyzed. Statistical criterion to identify gene expression changes was less than 5% false discovery rate (FDR) with 95% confidence interval. One thousand two hundred forty-six genes were altered in older boys (517 up, 729 down), but only 109 were altered in the younger group (79 up, 30 down). In older boys, 13 gene pathways (using Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer, p < 0.05) were found (e.g. natural killer cell cytotoxicity, apoptosis). Epiregulin gene expression (EREG, a growth factor involved in wound healing) increased in older boys. In older boys exercise altered genes such as TBX21, GZMA, PGTDR, and CCL5 also play roles in pediatric inflammatory diseases like asthma. Sixty-six genes were changed significantly in both groups. The pattern of PBMC gene expression suggests the initiation of an immunologic "danger" signal associated with a sudden change in energy expenditure. more...
- Published
- 2009
37. Repeated hospital encounters for asthma in children and exposure to traffic-related air pollution near the home.
- Author
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Delfino, Ralph J, Chang, Joyce, Wu, Jun, Ren, Cizao, Tjoa, Thomas, Nickerson, Bruce, Cooper, Dan, and Gillen, Daniel L
- Subjects
Humans ,Asthma ,Recurrence ,Air Pollutants ,Risk Factors ,Seasons ,Air Pollution ,Vehicle Emissions ,Residence Characteristics ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Adolescent ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Infant ,Emergency Service ,Hospital ,California ,Female ,Male ,Pediatric ,Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions ,Clinical Research ,Prevention ,Lung ,Aetiology ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,Respiratory ,Sustainable Cities and Communities ,Immunology ,Allergy - Abstract
BackgroundAggregate hospital encounters for asthma (admissions or emergency department visits) have been associated with daily regional air pollution. There are fewer data on relationships between repeated hospital encounters and traffic-related air pollution near the home.ObjectiveTo estimate the association of local traffic-generated air pollution with repeated hospital encounters for asthma in children.MethodsHospital records for 2,768 children aged 0 to 18 years (697 of whom had > or = 2 encounters) were obtained for a catchment area of 2 hospitals in northern Orange County, California. Residential addresses were geocoded. A line source dispersion model was used to estimate individual seasonal exposures to local traffic-generated pollutants (nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide) longitudinally beginning with the first hospital encounter. Recurrent proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate risk of exposure to air pollution adjusting for sex, age, health insurance, census-derived poverty, race/ethnicity, residence distance to hospital, and season. The adjustment variables and census-derived median household income were tested for effect modification.ResultsAdjusted hazard ratios for interquartile range increases in nitrogen oxides (4.00 ppb) and carbon monoxide (0.056 ppm) were 1.10 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.16) and 1.07 (1.01-1.14), respectively. Associations were strongest for girls and infants but were not significantly different from other groups. Stronger associations in children from higher-income block groups (P < .09 for trend) may have been due to more accurate data.ConclusionsAssociations for repeated hospital encounters suggest that locally generated air pollution near the home affects asthma severity in children. Risk may begin during infancy and continue in later childhood, when asthma diagnoses are clearer. more...
- Published
- 2009
38. The Effect of a Brief Sprint Interval Exercise on Growth Factors and Inflammatory Mediators
- Author
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Meckel, Yoav, Eliakim, Alon, Seraev, Mariana, Zaldivar, Frank, Cooper, Dan M, Sagiv, Michael, and Nemet, Dan
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Health Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Sports Science and Exercise ,Paediatrics ,Physical Activity ,Adolescent ,Analysis of Variance ,Anthropometry ,Baseball ,Blood Chemical Analysis ,Cytokines ,Energy Metabolism ,Exercise ,Exercise Test ,Exercise Tolerance ,Growth Hormone ,Humans ,Hydrocortisone ,Inflammation Mediators ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins ,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Interleukin-6 ,Male ,Physical Exertion ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Young Adult ,growth hormone ,insulin-like growth factor-I ,cytokines ,anaerobic exercise ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Medical Physiology ,Sport Sciences ,Clinical sciences ,Medical physiology ,Sports science and exercise - Abstract
Exercise training efficiency depends on the intensity, volume, duration, and frequency of training, as well as on the athlete's ability to tolerate it. Recent efforts to quantify the effects of aerobic exercise training on hormonal response have suggested that exercise leads to simultaneous changes of antagonistic mediators. The effects of anaerobic exercise on these mediators are not known. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a brief sprint interval session on the balance between anabolic (growth hormone [GH]--> insulin-like growth factor [IGF]-I axis) and catabolic hormones (cortisol), and circulating inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6. Twelve healthy elite junior handball players (17-20 years) participated in the study. Exercise consisted of a 4 x 250-m run on a treadmill, at a constant intensity of 80% of the personal maximal speed. Each run was separated by 3 minutes of rest. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after each 250-m run, and 1 hour after the last run. Exercise led to significant increases in GH (0.3 +/- 0.2 to 5.1 +/- 2.2 ngxml, p < 0.05), IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 (4191 +/- 2.48 to 4875 +/- 301 ngxml, p < 0.05), IL-6 (1.3 +/- 0.2 to 2.1 +/- 0.3 pgxml, p < 0.002), testosterone, and testosterone/cortisol ratio, and to a significant decrease in IGFBP-1 levels. Levels of IL-6 remained elevated 1 hour after the end of exercise. Exercise had no significant effects on IGF-I and cortisol levels. Changes in the GH-IGF-I axis and testosterone/cortisol ratio after the brief sprint interval exercise suggested exercise-related anabolic adaptations. The increase in IL-6 may indicate its important role in muscle tissue repair after anaerobic exercise. Changes in the anabolic-catabolic hormonal balance and in inflammatory mediators can be used as an objective tool to gauge the training intensity of different types of anaerobic exercises and training periods. more...
- Published
- 2009
39. Television Viewing: Moderator or Mediator of an Adolescent Physical Activity Intervention?
- Author
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Graham, Dan J, Schneider, Margaret, and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Clinical Research ,Pediatric ,Cardiovascular ,Prevention ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Physical Activity ,Adolescent ,Body Mass Index ,Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena ,Female ,Health Education ,Humans ,Linear Models ,Motor Activity ,Oxygen Consumption ,Physical Fitness ,Schools ,Television ,Obesity ,Adolescents ,Intervention ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Public Health and Health Services ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Public health - Abstract
PurposeTo determine whether the amount of television (TV) watched by participants enrolled in a physical activity intervention mediates or moderates program effectiveness.DesignNine-month, controlled, school-based physical activity intervention.SettingPublic high school.ParticipantsOne hundred twenty-two sedentary adolescent females (mean +/- standard deviation age = 15.04 +/- 0.79 years).InterventionSupervised in-class exercise, health education, and internet-based self-monitoring.MeasuresPhysical activity by 3-day physical activity recall; TV viewing by self-reports; cardiovascular fitness by cycle ergometer.AnalysisT-tests were conducted to examine between-group differences. Linear regression equations tested the mediating or moderating role of TV watching relative to the intervention.ResultsTV viewing moderated the intervention's effect on vigorous activity; the intervention significantly predicted change in physical activity among high (beta = -.45; p < .001), but not among low (p > .05), TV watchers. TV viewing did not mediate the intervention effect.ConclusionsConsistent with displacement theory, adolescents who watched more TV prior to the intervention showed postintervention increases in vigorous physical activity and concomitant decreases in TV viewing, whereas those who watched less TV showed no change in physical activity or TV viewing. more...
- Published
- 2008
40. Media Use and Obesity in Adolescent Females
- Author
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Schneider, Margaret, Dunton, Genevieve Fridlund, and Cooper, Dan Michael
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Communication and Media Studies ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Creative Arts and Writing ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Language ,Communication and Culture ,Screen and Digital Media ,Paediatrics ,Obesity ,Clinical Research ,Pediatric ,Childhood Obesity ,Prevention ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Cardiovascular ,Nutrition ,Oral and gastrointestinal ,Stroke ,Cancer ,Adipose Tissue ,Adolescent ,Adolescent Behavior ,Body Mass Index ,Cardiovascular System ,Communications Media ,Computers ,Exercise ,Female ,Humans ,Leisure Activities ,Motor Activity ,Physical Fitness ,Regression Analysis ,Risk Factors ,Television ,Video Games ,television ,computer ,fitness ,body fat ,Endocrinology & Metabolism - Abstract
ObjectiveIn the context of growing public health concern with the obesity rates among children and adolescents, much attention has focused on the role of television as a contributor to the problem. Less attention has been devoted to interactive media (internet surfing and video games), despite the fact that these forms of entertainment are fast gaining in popularity among youth. This study investigated the relative associations of TV viewing and interactive media use with body fat and BMI, controlling for both physical activity participation and cardiovascular fitness.Research methods and proceduresFemale high-school adolescents (N = 194) were assessed for cardiovascular fitness (cycle ergometer), percent body fat (DXA), and BMI. Time spent in moderate, vigorous, and sedentary activities was assessed with a 3-day recall.ResultsMultivariate regression analysis showed that only interactive media use was associated with percentage body fat and BMI, and the relationship remained strong even after controlling for physical activity participation and cardiovascular fitness.DiscussionIt appears that, among this group of adolescent females, the association between interactive media use and obesity is not explained by a reduction in moderate or vigorous activity commensurate with media use. more...
- Published
- 2007
41. Physical Activity, Growth, and Inflammatory Mediators in BMI-Matched Female Adolescents
- Author
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ISCHANDER, MARIAM, ZALDIVAR, FRANK, ELIAKIM, ALON, NUSSBAUM, ELIEZER, DUNTON, GENEVIEVE, LEU, SZU-YUN, COOPER, DAN MICHAEL, and SCHNEIDER, MARGARET
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Public Health ,Clinical Sciences ,Health Sciences ,Paediatrics ,Obesity ,Cardiovascular ,Physical Activity ,Women's Health ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Pediatric ,Prevention ,Osteoporosis ,Clinical Research ,Nutrition ,Mind and Body ,Metabolic and endocrine ,Stroke ,Adolescent ,Anthropometry ,Body Mass Index ,Bone and Bones ,California ,Cardiovascular System ,Exercise ,Female ,Humans ,Inflammation Mediators ,Physical Fitness ,fitness ,inflammation ,adolescence ,bone mineralization ,body composition ,growth mediators ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Medical Physiology ,Public Health and Health Services ,Sport Sciences ,Clinical sciences ,Medical physiology ,Sports science and exercise - Abstract
PurposePhysical inactivity is deleterious to health, but it has been difficult to determine the extent to which these effects are attributable to abnormal body composition or to factors related to physical activity alone. To begin to gauge independent effects of physical activity on health risk, we matched by BMI two groups of normal-weight adolescent females, one physically active (all participants in high school sports), and one sedentary.MethodsThirty-seven sedentary and 37 physically active adolescent females (mean 15.5 yr) were matched for age and BMI percentile (mean = 58.8). Comparisons included fitness, body composition and bone mineralization (by DEXA), circulating inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, bone-turnover markers, leptin, and adiponectin.ResultsCompared with the normal-weight sedentary girls, active girls had significantly (P < 0.05) higher fitness level (peak VO2 35.5 +/- 5.2 vs 24.4 +/- 4.1 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)), lean body mass (43.2 +/- 4.4 vs 38.7 +/- 3.6 kg), bone mineralization (spinal BMD z-scores 0.04 +/- 0.88 vs -0.41 +/- 0.85), and lower percent body fat (25.4 +/- 04.6 vs 29.7 +/- 03.7%). Additionally, active girls had lower inflammatory cytokines levels (e.g., TNF-alpha 1.7 +/- 1.3 vs 2.6 +/- 2.2 pg.mL(-1)), and leptin (17.4 +/- 11.2 vs 24.7 +/- 14.7 ng.mL(-1)), and higher bone-turnover markers (e.g. osteocalcin 12.6 +/- 7.6 vs 7.8 +/- 3.0 U.L(-1)), IGFBP-3 (6416 +/- 21280 vs 4247 +/- 1082 ng.mL(-1)), and adiponectin levels (11919 +/- 3935 vs 9305 +/- 2843 ng.mL(-1)).ConclusionThe normal-weight, physically active group was fitter and had greater lean body mass, stronger bones, and lower levels of inflammatory markers than did the normal-weight, sedentary group. In adolescent girls, the choice of a lifestyle involving high school sports is characterized by a circulating mediator and body composition pattern that, if sustained, is associated with generally lower long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. more...
- Published
- 2007
42. Cellular Immunity and Inflammatory Mediator Responses to Intense Exercise in Overweight Children and Adolescents
- Author
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McMurray, Robert G, Zaldivar, Frank, Galassetti, Pietro, Larson, Jennifer, Eliakim, Alon, Nemet, Dan, and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Paediatrics ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Obesity ,Clinical Research ,Physical Activity ,Prevention ,Pediatric ,Nutrition ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Inflammatory and immune system ,Metabolic and endocrine ,Cardiovascular ,Absorptiometry ,Photon ,Adolescent ,Body Mass Index ,Child ,Cytokines ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Exercise ,Exercise Test ,Female ,Flow Cytometry ,Humans ,Inflammation Mediators ,Interleukin-1beta ,Interleukin-6 ,Leukocytes ,Male ,Receptors ,Interleukin-1 ,T-Lymphocyte Subsets ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,pediatric obesity ,proinflammatory cytokines ,leukocytes ,physical activity ,immune responses ,cytokines ,Clinical Sciences ,General Clinical Medicine ,Clinical sciences - Abstract
BackgroundObesity modifies inflammatory mediators, but little is known about how obesity modifies the inflammatory responses of exercising children. This study assessed the acute effect of exercise on inflammatory mediators in overweight children.MethodsTwenty-eight overweight (OW) youth (body mass index > 85%) and 30 normal-weight (NW) controls of the same proportions of age and gender performed 10 2-minute bouts of cycle ergometry exercise above the anaerobic threshold, with 1-minute rest intervals between bouts. Pre- and postexercise blood samples were collected for white blood cell subpopulation and inflammatory cytokines.ResultsBaseline leukocyte populations were higher in OW youth (p < .05). Exercise increased most leukocyte subtypes for both groups (p < .05). Granulocytes remained elevated 2 hours postexercise (p < .05) for both groups, whereas monocytes remained elevated 2 hours postexercise for the OW children. Natural killer (NK) cells dropped below baseline 2 hours postexercise. Exercise significantly decreased CD4 and CD8 cells, which remained depressed 2 hours postexercise in the OW children. Baseline levels of interleukin (IL)-6 were congruent approximately 64% higher in OW children (p < .001). Exercise increased IL-6 in both groups (p < .001), which further increased 2 hours postexercise (p < .05). Tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-1 receptor antagonist did not change with exercise.ConclusionsElevated baseline leukocyte subtypes and IL-6 levels in OW children suggest that childhood obesity is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state. The acute inflammatory response to intense exercise appears to be similar between NW and OW children for most markers, but the depression of NK, CD4, and CD8 cells 2 hours postexercise suggests that an acute risk of mitogen-induced inflammation may exist in OW children after high-intensity exercise. more...
- Published
- 2007
43. The effect of brief exercise on circulating CD34+ stem cells in early and late pubertal boys.
- Author
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Zaldivar, Frank, Eliakim, Alon, Radom-Aizik, Shlomit, Leu, Szu-Yun, and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Blood Cells ,Stem Cells ,Humans ,Antigens ,CD34 ,Exercise ,Adolescent ,Child ,Male ,Clinical Research ,Stem Cell Research ,Stem Cell Research - Nonembryonic - Human ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Public Health and Health Services ,Pediatrics - Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that exercise could stimulate CD34+ peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells (PBSC) in children. Fourteen early pubertal boys (EP, age 10.3 +/- 0.3 y) and 13 late pubertal boys (LP, age 16.5 +/- 0.4 y) performed 20 min of moderate-to-vigorous cycle ergometer exercise. Blood was drawn before and after exercise. Cells were stained for surface CD34+. Plasma granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT-3), and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) were measured using ELISA. Exercise substantially increased PBSC (in EP from 112 +/- 21 to 182 +/- 30 cells/microL, p=0.0007; in LP from 63 +/- 8 to 152 +/- 21, p=0.0008), and to a smaller extent FLT-3 (in EP from 98 +/- 5 to 110 +/- 6 pg/mL, p more...
- Published
- 2007
44. Impact of a school-based physical activity intervention on fitness and bone in adolescent females.
- Author
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Schneider, Margaret, Dunton, Genevieve F, Bassin, Stan, Graham, Dan J, Eliakim, Alon F, and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Prevention ,Pediatric ,Clinical Research ,Physical Activity ,Cardiovascular ,Osteoporosis ,Adolescent ,Body Composition ,Body Weights and Measures ,Bone Density ,Calcium ,Diet ,Female ,Health Promotion ,Humans ,Motor Activity ,Physical Fitness ,Schools ,Human Movement and Sports Sciences ,Public Health and Health Services ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Allied health and rehabilitation science ,Public health ,Sports science and exercise - Abstract
BackgroundMany female adolescents participate in insufficient physical activity to maintain cardiovascular fitness and promote optimal bone growth. This study evaluates the impact of a school-based intervention on fitness, activity, and bone among adolescent females.MethodsSubjects were assigned to an intervention (n = 63) or comparison (n = 59) group, and underwent assessments of cardiovascular fitness (VO2peak), physical activity, body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and serum markers of bone turnover at baseline and at the end of each of two school semesters.ResultsThe intervention increased physical activity, VO2peak, and BMC for the thoracic spine (P values < 0.05). Bone turnover markers were not affected. In longitudinal analyses of the combined groups, improvements in cardiovascular fitness predicted increased bone formation (P < 0.01) and bone resorption (P < 0.05).ConclusionA school-based intervention for adolescent females effectively increased physical activity, cardiovascular fitness, and thoracic spine BMC. more...
- Published
- 2007
45. Evaluation of daily home spirometry for school children with asthma: new insights.
- Author
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Thompson, Rohan, Delfino, Ralph J, Tjoa, Thomas, Nussbaum, Eliezer, and Cooper, Dan
- Subjects
Humans ,Asthma ,Spirometry ,Home Nursing ,Adolescent ,Child ,Female ,Male ,Clinical Research ,Pediatric ,Lung ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Respiratory ,asthma ,spirometry ,reproducibility of results ,patient compliance ,data collection ,evaluation research ,Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine ,Respiratory System - Abstract
Home spirometers are useful for monitoring asthma therapy and for research, but the validity of maneuvers in children is in question. We evaluated the quality of PEF, FEV(1), and FVC data obtained from 67 children with persistent asthma who self-administered spirometry at home using the hand-held ndd EasyOne Frontline Spirometer with full expiratory curve data, electronic measurements of maneuver quality, and on-screen incentives. Half were studied in 2003 in one region, and half in 2004 in another region of Southern California. Subjects were followed at home weekly over 2 months and daily over 10 consecutive days. We retained completed spirometry sessions (9,916) consisting of three of six best maneuvers in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Percent compliance, software assessed repeatability and acceptability modified from American Thoracic Society criteria, and visually assessed quality of maneuvers, were compared across daily and weekly follow-up, study regions, and subject characteristics. Compliance was higher for daily (>90%) than for weekly follow-up (>84%), but not significantly different, and was consistent across subject characteristics. The number with two reproducible and acceptable maneuvers was significantly lower in the first than second region for daily (70 vs. 90%) and weekly follow-up (66 vs. 87%). Of 22,926 software accepted maneuvers, 1,944 (8.5%) were visually rejected (variable effort, cough, glottic closure). Maneuver quality was significantly lower for subjects age 9-12 versus 13-18 years, for subjects not taking anti-inflammatory medications, and for subjects with more...
- Published
- 2006
46. Reduced exercise-associated response of the GH-IGF-I axis and catecholamines in obese children and adolescents
- Author
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Eliakim, Alon, Nemet, Dan, Zaldivar, Frank, McMurray, Robert G, Culler, Floyd L, Galassetti, Pietro, and Cooper, Dan M
- Subjects
Paediatrics ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Health Sciences ,Sports Science and Exercise ,Obesity ,Pediatric ,Physical Activity ,Nutrition ,Prevention ,Childhood Obesity ,Clinical Research ,Diabetes ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Metabolic and endocrine ,Stroke ,Adolescent ,Age Factors ,Anthropometry ,Blood Glucose ,Case-Control Studies ,Catecholamines ,Child ,Dopamine ,Epinephrine ,Exercise ,Exercise Test ,Female ,Growth Hormone ,Humans ,Hydrocortisone ,Insulin ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ,Male ,Norepinephrine ,Oxygen Consumption ,Time Factors ,overweight ,growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis ,physical activity ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Physiology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
Obesity blunts catecholamine and growth hormone (GH) responses to exercise in adults, but the effect of obesity on these exercise-associated hormonal responses in children is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to asses the effect of childhood obesity on the counterregulatory hormonal response to acute exercise. Twenty-five obese children (Ob; body mass index > 95%), and 25 age, gender, and maturity-matched normal-weight controls (NW) participated in the study. Exercise consisted of ten 2-min bouts of constant-cycle ergometry above the anaerobic threshold, with 1-min rest intervals between each bout. Pre-, post-, and 120-min postexercise blood samples were collected for circulating components of the GH-IGF-I axis and catecholamines. There were no differences in peak exercise heart rate, serum lactate, and peak O2 uptake normalized to lean body mass between the groups. Obesity attenuated the GH response to exercise (8.9 +/- 1.1 vs. 3.4 +/- 0.7 ng/ml in NW and Ob participants, respectively; P < 0.02). No significant differences in the response to exercise were found for other components of the GH-IGF-I axis. Obesity attenuated the catecholamine response to exercise (epinephrine: 52.5 +/- 12.7 vs. 18.7 +/- 3.7 pg/ml, P < 0.02; norepinephrine: 479.5 +/- 109.9 vs. 218.0 +/- 26.0 pg/ml, P < 0.04; dopamine: 17.2 +/- 2.9 vs. 3.5 +/- 1.9 pg/ml, P < 0.006 in NW and Ob, respectively). Insulin levels were significantly higher in the obese children and dropped significantly after exercise in both groups. Despite the elevated insulin levels and the blunted counterregulatory response, none of the participants developed hypoglycemia. Childhood obesity was associated with attenuated GH and catecholamine response to acute exercise. These abnormalities were compensated for, so that exercise was not associated with hypoglycemia, despite increased insulin levels in obese children. more...
- Published
- 2006
47. Constitutive pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and growth factor response to exercise in leukocytes
- Author
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Zaldivar, Frank, Wang-Rodriguez, Jessica, Nemet, Dan, Schwindt, Christina, Galassetti, Pietro, Mills, Paul J, Wilson, Lori D, and Cooper, Dan M
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Physical Activity ,Inflammatory and immune system ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents ,Cytokines ,Exercise ,Granulocytes ,Human Growth Hormone ,Humans ,Inflammation Mediators ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Interleukins ,Leukocytes ,Lymphocyte Count ,Lymphocytes ,Male ,Monocytes ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,immunology ,interleukin-6 ,growth hormone ,intracellular ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Physiology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
Leukocytosis following exercise is a well-described phenomenon of stress/inflammatory activation in healthy humans. We hypothesized that, despite this increase in circulating inflammatory cells, exercise would paradoxically induce expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors within these cells. To test this hypothesis, 11 healthy adult men, 18-30 yr old, performed a 30-min bout of heavy cycling exercise; blood sampling was at baseline, end-exercise, and 60 min into recovery. The percentage of leukocytes positive for intracellular cytokines and growth factors and mean fluorescence intensity was obtained by flow cytometry. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1alpha, IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha), a pleiotropic cytokine (IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors [IL-4, IL-10, growth hormone (GH), and IGF-I] were examined. Median fluorescence intensity was not affected by exercise; however, we found a number of significant changes (P < 0.05 by mixed linear model and modified t-test) in the numbers of circulating cells positive for particular mediators. The pattern of expression reflected both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. In T-helper lymphocytes, TNF-alpha, but also IL-6, and IL-4 were significantly increased. In monocytes, both IFN-gamma and IL-4 increased. B-lymphocytes positive for GH and IGF-I increased significantly. GH-positive granulocytes also significantly increased. Collectively, these observations indicate that exercise primes an array of pro- and anti-inflammatory and growth factor expression within circulating leukocytes, perhaps preparing the organism to effectively respond to a variety of stressors imposed by exercise. more...
- Published
- 2006
48. Exercise, Caloric Restriction, and Systemic Oxidative Stress
- Author
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Galassetti, Pietro R, Nemet, Dan, Pescatello, Andria, Rose-Gottron, Christie, Larson, Jennifer, and Cooper, Dan M
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Nutrition ,Prevention ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Caloric Restriction ,Exercise ,F2-Isoprostanes ,Humans ,Interleukin-6 ,Leptin ,Leukocyte Count ,Male ,Oxidative Stress ,Peroxidase ,oxidative stress ,F-2-isoprostanes ,lipid peroxidation ,General Clinical Medicine ,Clinical sciences - Abstract
BackgroundIn humans, the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the molecules causing oxidative stress, are mitochondrial superoxide ions and neutrophil-derived oxidative radicals. Circulating antioxidants contribute to the protection against oxidative stress. Although the formation of ROS and secretion of antioxidants are independently regulated by exercise and diet, little is known about their combined effect. We hypothesized that relatively brief, intense exercise training may reduce systemic oxidation via an intrinsic mechanism, independent of changes in circulating antioxidants and of neutrophil-derived enzymes (as may be caused by concomitant caloric restriction).MethodsNineteen volunteers exercised for 7 days, 3 hours/day at 75% of oxygen uptake. Caloric intake was either 110% of caloric expenditure (high calorie, n=10) or 75% of caloric expenditure (low calorie, n=9). Blood samples for F2-isoprostanes, catalase, myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-x (IL-x), white blood cells (WBCs), and other metabolic variables were taken at baseline, at the end of training, and 1 week after completion of the study.ResultsSerum F2-isoprostanes (microg/mL), markers of lipid peroxidation, were similarly reduced after 7 days of exercise in the high-calorie (from 35+/-4 to 27+/-2) and low-calorie (from 35+/-3 to 24+/-2) groups. Similar reductions were observed in IL-x concentrations. Conversely, no change was observed in circulating concentrations of the antioxidant catalase. Whereas total WBCs and neutrophil counts were significantly reduced in the low-calorie group only, no difference in neutrophil-derived MPO was measured between groups.ConclusionA significant reduction in systemic oxidation may occur relatively early during intense exercise training in healthy young men, independent of caloric intake. The potential contribution to these effects of circulating antioxidants and neutrophil-derived oxidative enzymes will require further investigation. more...
- Published
- 2006
49. Reduced tetanus antibody titers in overweight children.
- Author
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Eliakim, Alon, Schwindt, Christina, Zaldivar, Frank, Casali, Paolo, and Cooper, Dan M
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Humans ,Obesity ,Immunoglobulins ,Tetanus Toxoid ,Antibodies ,Bacterial ,Cytokines ,Case-Control Studies ,Adolescent ,Child ,Female ,Male ,childhood ,obesity ,tetanus ,immunoglobulin ,humoral immunity ,Immunization ,Nutrition ,Clinical Research ,Prevention ,Pediatric ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Inflammatory and Immune System ,Metabolic and Endocrine ,Cardiovascular ,Stroke ,Antibodies ,Bacterial ,Immunology - Abstract
Under-nutrition impairs immune responses, but far less is known about the impact of over-nutrition, such as obesity, on the response to vaccines. We measured the effect of childhood overweight status on inflammatory mediators, circulating immunoglobulins and tetanus antibodies in fifteen overweight children (BMI > 85 age-adjusted percentile) and 15 age-matched normal weight controls. Fitness was measured by a progressive ramp type exercise test. Lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass were determined by DXA. Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were used to assess the inflammatory status; and circulating immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, IgG and IgG subclasses) and specific IgG titer to tetanus were used to assess humoral immunity. Overweight children had higher LBM and percent fat mass, and lower peak VO2 normalized to body weight. IL-6 was significantly higher in the obese children (2.6 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3 pg/ml, in overweight and normal weight children, respectively; p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in TNF-a, IL-1beta and IL-1ra between the groups. No significant differences were found in immunoglobulin levels (IgM, IgA, IgG and IgG subclasses) between the groups. Anti-tetanus IgG antibodies were significantly lower in the overweight children compared to normal weight controls (2.4 +/- 0.6 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.5 IU/ml, in overweight and normal weight children, respectively; p < 0.05). The reduced specific antibody response to tetanus in obese children and adolescent might be due to mechanical factors such as lower relative vaccination dose, or reduced absorption from the injection site due to increased adipose tissue, or related to reduce immune response due to the chronic low grade inflammation expressed by the higher levels of IL-6. more...
- Published
- 2006
50. Effects of exercise on gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
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Connolly, Peter H, Caiozzo, Vincent J, Zaldivar, Frank, Nemet, Dan, Larson, Jennifer, Hung, She-pin, Heck, J Denis, Hatfield, G Wesley, and Cooper, Dan M
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Physical Activity ,Genetics ,Clinical Research ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Blood Proteins ,Cells ,Cultured ,Cytokines ,Exercise ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Humans ,Leukocytes ,Mononuclear ,Male ,Physical Exertion ,microarray ,inflammation ,growth ,immunity ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Physiology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
Exercise leads to increases in circulating levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to a simultaneous, seemingly paradoxical increase in both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Whether this is paralleled by changes in gene expression within the circulating population of PBMCs is not fully understood. Fifteen healthy men (18-30 yr old) performed 30 min of constant work rate cycle ergometry (approximately 80% peak O2 uptake). Blood samples were obtained preexercise (Pre), end-exercise (End-Ex), and 60 min into recovery (Recovery), and gene expression was measured using microarray analysis (Affymetrix GeneChips). Significant differential gene expression was defined with a posterior probability of differential expression of 0.99 and a Bayesian P value of 0.005. Significant changes were observed from Pre to End-Ex in 311 genes, from End-Ex to Recovery in 552 genes, and from Pre to Recovery in 293 genes. Pre to End-Ex upregulation of PBMC genes related to stress and inflammation [e.g., heat shock protein 70 (3.70-fold) and dual-specificity phosphatase-1 (4.45-fold)] was followed by a return of these genes to baseline by Recovery. The gene for interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (an anti-inflammatory mediator) increased between End-Ex and Recovery (1.52-fold). Chemokine genes associated with inflammatory diseases [macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (1.84-fold) and -1beta (2.88-fold), and regulation-on-activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (1.34-fold)] were upregulated but returned to baseline by Recovery. Exercise also upregulated growth and repair genes such as epiregulin (3.50-fold), platelet-derived growth factor (1.55-fold), and hypoxia-inducible factor-I (2.40-fold). A single bout of heavy exercise substantially alters PBMC gene expression characterized in many cases by a brisk activation and deactivation of genes associated with stress, inflammation, and tissue repair. more...
- Published
- 2004
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