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Summary: Background: Cisplatin-induced anemia may correlate with adverse events, poor quality of life (QoL), decreased adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) dose intensity, shorter relapse-free survival (RFS) or overall survival (OS). Methods: The JBR.10 trial demonstrated significantly longer survival with adjuvant cisplatin and vinorelbine (n =242) compared to observation (n =240) in patients with resected NSCLC [Winton T, Livingston R, Johnson D, Rigas J, Johnston M, Butts C, et al. Vinorelbine plus cisplatin vs. observation in resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;352(25):2640–2]. This exploratory analysis evaluates the predictive value of baseline (in all patients) and during-treatment (in ACT arm only) hemoglobin (Hb) levels on OS and RFS when adjusted for prognostic factors. Baseline (in all patients) and during treatment (in ACT arm only) Hb levels were also correlated with adverse events, QoL, morbidity and ACT dose intensity. Results: Baseline Hb did not predict RFS or OS. However, there was a trend to shorter OS (p =0.1) when baseline Hb was <120g/L. Lower baseline Hb predicted increased hospitalization (p =0.04) and worse QoL (SOB item, p =0.03) but had no impact on adverse events or dose intensity. There was a trend to longer RFS (p =0.08) in patients with lower nadir during-treatment Hb and to longer OS (p =0.06) and RFS (p =0.08) in patients with maximum during-treatment Hb drop >30% that was not maintained when ACT dose intensity was included in the model. Maximum during-treatment Hb drop >30% correlated with increased lethargy (p =0.003) and worse QoL (fatigue item, p =0.07). Conclusions: Lower baseline and during-treatment Hb levels seem associated with poorer QoL, fatigue and increased hospitalization. There is a trend for shorter OS in patients with lower baseline Hb levels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]