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Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is characterized by multiple polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract in association with mucocutaneous pigmentation. Although Peutz-Jeghers syndrome polyps are hamartomas, frequent association of this syndrome with both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal tumours had led to reassessment of the cancer risk in this hereditary disorder. The most common gynaecological tumors in this syndrome are adenoma malignum of the uterine cervix and ovarian sex cord tumor, particularly sex cord tumor with annular tubules. The question of malignant change in a polyp or of the association of gastro intestinal carcinomas still discuss. The authors report a case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in a young patient who developed a colonic adenocarcinoma in a hamartomatous polyp together with an incidentally discovered bilateral malignant sex cord tumours. We discuss its association with certain benign and malignant tumors and the risk of rare complications of these hamartomatous polyps. Although malignant tumors are increasingly reported in association with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, to our knowledge, there have been no previous reports of such an association in the literature.

We report a case of minimal deviation adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in a 32 year old women who present a Peutz Jeghers syndrome. This patient also had fibroadenoma of the breast and dystrophic mastopathy. This case represent an example of predisposition to developing tumors of the Peutz Jeghers syndrome.

Tumors of ceruminous glands, called "ceruminoma" are rare. They arise from the ceruminous glands of the external auditory canal. They realise a group of glandular tumors diversified in histologic pattern and prognosis. Three patients with ceruminous gland tumors are reported: one case of ceruminous adenoma, one case of adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma in the third one.

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Simple Summary: The development of targeted therapies has led to personalized medicine for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) with actionable genetic alterations, such as EGFR, ALK, KRAS, and ROS1. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and angiogenesis inhibitors have shown better therapeutic responses and lower toxicity compared to systemic chemotherapy. However, resistance to these therapies remains a challenge. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 have changed the treatment paradigm for NSCLC without actionable genetic alterations, but combining targeted therapy and ICIs does not provide survival benefits. The review focuses on the tumor immune microenvironment and its role in applying ICIs for this subpopulation of lung ADC patients. The rapid development of targeted therapy paved the way toward personalized medicine for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) harboring actionable genetic alternations including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (ALK) and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) incurred lesser treatment toxicity but better therapeutic responses compared with systemic chemotherapy. Angiogenesis inhibitors targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have also shown an increase in overall survival (OS) for NSCLC patients. However, acquired resistance to these targeted therapies remains a major obstacle to long-term maintenance treatment for lung ADC patients. The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has changed the treatment paradigm for NSCLC tumors without actionable genetic alternations. Clinical studies have suggested, however, that there are no survival benefits with the combination of targeted therapy and ICIs. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the tumor immune microenvironment and the dynamics of immune phenotypes, which could be crucial in extending the applicability of ICIs for this subpopulation of lung ADC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in developed countries. Only 15% of patients are candidates for radical surgery, and adequate prognostication may guide proper postsurgical management. We aimed to retrospectively assess the prognostic significance of the immunohistochemical expression of immune checkpoint receptors (PD-L1 and VISTA), markers of systemic inflammation, thrombosis in the tumor area, and the tumor budding in the group of 107 patients diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a single center. The high expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells (TCs) was associated with worse overall survival (OS, p = 0.041, log-rank). On the contrary, high PD-L1 or VISTA on tumor-associated immune cells (TAICs) was correlated with better OS (p = 0.006 and p = 0.008, respectively, log-rank). The joint status of PD-L1 on TCs and TAICs stratified patients into three prognostic groups. The cases with high-grade budding were characterized by higher PD-L1 expression on TCs (p = 0.008) and elevated systemic inflammatory markers. Moreover, budding was identified as the independent prognostic factor in multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.75–4.68; p < 0.001). To conclude, the pattern of PD-L1 and VISTA expression was associated with survival in univariate analysis. Tumor budding accurately predicts outcomes in pancreatic cancer and should be incorporated into routine histopathological practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the most common gynecologic tumor of the female genital system is endometrial adenocarcinoma, endometrial squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is rarely seen. The presence of ESCC is commonly known as a concomitant tumor secondary to cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However primary endometrial squamous cell carcinoma (PESCC) is a more rare tumor type. In situ carcinoma, defined as the inflammation of entire intraepithelial tissue with dysplastic cells without identifying any concomitant invasion or metastasis, is considered to be among the precancerous lesions of the female genital system. In situ squamous cell carcinoma cases, especially identified in the cervical region, can be rarely observed in the endometrial tissue. In this case report, the authors aimed to discuss a case of cervical and ESCC in situ which is reported for the first time in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a 56-year-old woman who developed mucinous infiltrating adenocarcinoma of stomach. The patient presented with headache and intermittent projectile vomiting for 10 days. She underwent treatment with low molecular weight heparin, antiepileptics and anti edema measures. After one month of neurological stabilisation, a subtotal gastrectomy with lymph node resection was performed.

This study aims at clarifying the prognostic role of high-grade tumor budding (TB) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with the first systematic review and meta-analysis on this topic. Furthermore, we analyzed with a systematic review the relationship between TB and a recently suggested TB-associated mechanism: the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Analyzing a total of 613 patients, 251 of them (40.9%) with high grade-TB, we found an increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.13–1.88, p = 0.004; HR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.79–3.91; p < 0.0001) and of recurrence (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.05–2.47, p = 0.03) for PDAC patients with high-grade TB. Moreover, we found that EMT is a central process in determining the presence of TB in PDAC. Thanks to this meta-analysis, we demonstrate the potential clinical significance of high-grade TB for prognostic stratification of PDAC. TB also shows a clear association with the process of EMT. Based on the results of the present study, TB should be conveyed in pathology reports and taken into account by future oncologic staging systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]